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Accurate rainfall information is crucial for various applications, including river flow estimation, water resource management, and flood warning system development. Traditional rain gauge networks, however, suffer from limited spatial coverage, leading to incomplete and biased data for large areas. This study proposes a novel approach for surface rainfall estimation using weather radar data and a MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) Regressor machine learning model. Grid search was employed to explore model performance across different windowing configurations: no windowing, n-1 windowing, and n-2 windowing. The results demonstrate that n-1 windowing outperforms other configurations, achieving an average RMSE of 0.987, MAE of 0.263, and R-squared of 0.242 across five locations. This suggests that n-1 windowing effectively captures the temporal dynamics of rainfall patterns while improving the model's sensitivity to regularization. However, a tendency for underestimating high-intensity rainfall events remains. This research highlights the effectiveness of n-1 windowing with MLP Regressors for enhanced surface rainfall estimation using weather radar data. Further investigation is needed to address the underestimation bias, particularly for high rainfall events.

The gain and front to back ratio of UWB bowtie antenna is improved in this paper to meet the requirements of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) applications. GPR antennas must have good gain toward the ground to achieve more ability of penetration, and high front to back (F/B) ratio to save the power and reduce external electromagnetic interferences. This is done by adding planar and parabolic reflectors to the proposed antenna, which has fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 138% within (1-5.45) GHz. The simulation has been carried out using CST Microwave Studio to study the effect of each reflector on the gain and F/B ratio. Toward the ground, planar reflector achieves maximum gain improvement of 4.75 dB, and maximum F/B ratio of 14 dB with bandwidth (1-2) GHz only. So, it cannot change the general behavior of main antenna gain. While parabolic reflector achieves maximum gain improvement of 35.35 dB, maximum F/B ratio of 33.79 dB over the whole bandwidth, and FBW of 156% within bandwidth (0.92-7.44) GHz. According to these results antenna with parabolic reflector is fabricated, and the gain and return loss is measured. The measurements show a good agreement with the simulation results.

The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method is high-resolution surveys with an electromagnetic pulse reflection method for shallow earth layers. This method is similar to reflection seismography, which operates on the basis of wave propagation and reflection. In a simple case, a GPR device consists of a signal generator. The signal generated by this generator is sent into the earth by the transmitter antenna. Waves travel through the earth at a high speed and when these waves hit an object or reflection surface, due to the change of electromagnetic impedance in these places, part of the waves will be reflected from the surface. The receiving antenna located in the device shows these reflections as a high peak and records the movement time and amplitudes of the reflections. The electromagnetic wave inside the earth moves downwards in the form of a three-dimensional cone, and at the same time, factors affect the speed and loss of the amplitude of these waves. In fact, the electromagnetic characteristics of the materials, which depend on the constituent materials and the amount of water in them, will have a great effect on the speed and loss of the range of the radar waves penetrating the ground. Some materials, such as polar ice, are transparent to ground-penetrating radar waves, and these waves can pass through it without much loss. Some other materials such as clays saturated with water and also sea water is cloudy to these waves and reflect or absorb these waves. Therefore, radar waves penetrating the ground are attenuated in short distances and cannot propagate in such environments. Considering the high-resolution power of the ground penetrating radar method, as well as the high speed and ease of acquisition, it can be said that this method is useful in investigating and detecting shallow subsurface targets similar to subsurface holes, canals and other targets that have a different dielectric constant from the surrounding environment. It is an acceptable method. In addition to the effect of the frequency of the waves sent from the GPR antenna, other factors such as soil moisture, the amount of fine-grained clay materials, or the fineness of the sediments in general, reduce the depth of investigation or penetration of GPR waves. This problem is mainly caused by the higher electrical conductivity due to the presence of moisture or fine-grained sediment particles compared to coarse-grained sediments. In this study, a ground penetrating radar device with 80 MHz antenna was used and seven profiles with a total length of 662 meters were taken to investigate the intersection of Kargar Street in Tehran. The radargrams have been processed and the anomalies related to the meetings have been identified on them. These anomalies are discussed in the next step on the positioning satellite images and on the obtained results. According to the estimated results, there is a good agreement between the anomalies detected in the parallel profiles, which can be proof of the acceptable identification of possible anomalies in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural hazards are one of the factors that cause financial loss every year, and they occur in most regions of the world, including Iran. One of the hazards that mankind has been dealing with in recent decades, especially in alluvial plains is the phenomenon of land subsidence and sinkhole. Land subsidence and sinkhole due to natural and human causes have been reported in many places. Subsidence or sinkhole will damage human structures that are supported by the earth. Land subsidence is the most important environmental problem in Iran. A major cause of this phenomenon is overexploitation of underground water resources has led to land subsidence, and underground water extraction plays an important role in causing land subsidence. The study area is Abarkooh plain with an area of about 250 square kilometers is a part of the Eqlid-Abarkooh watershed. The lowlands are covered by Quaternary alluvial and some older sediments such as unconsolidated conglomerate, clayey, sandy, and saline areas. Based on geographical location, the study area is located in the geographical range of 53 degrees to 53 degrees and 32 minutes east longitude and 30 degrees and 50 minutes to 31 degrees and 12 minutes north latitude. This area contains medium to fine alluvial fan sediments that end in the salt playa or Abarkooh desert. To determine the high-risk and low-risk areas and routes in the study area, to discover subsurface holes and stratigraphic fractures underground up to a depth of 5 meters and the safe route for contracting works, etc., was used the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method. The results showed that in the areas where there are sinkhole traces in the determined distances around in current research, the attenuation signal of the ground penetrating radar, including the effects of subsurface cavities and stratigraphic fractures was discovered and revealed by GPR. On the side of the mountain slopes and high altitudes in the upstream region, no signal attenuation was observed, and sediments and soil were observed uniformly underground. The ultimate goal of the GPR section is to obtain a cross-section that is most consistent with the geological realities of the region and finally, at the final stage, we can talk about the characteristics, effects, and objectives of the research. The GPR method is an easy and low-cost method that is widely used in the field of natural resources and it is also used in other scientific fields. Regarding the common phenomenon of subsidence and sinkhole, these effects can be found underground, so that humans can prevent the development and expansion of this phenomenon. Also, this method can determine the route and safe area for contracting works, urban development, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual polarization weather radar has now become a widely used as instrument in meteorological offices around the world because of its capability in distinguishing different precipitation type and in improving the accuracy of quantitative precipitation estimation. The aim of this work is to estimate the polarimetry radar variables for radars of different frequency bands and study their behavior with rainfall rates. Calculations of polarimetry radar variables were made on the basis of several assumptions. The results showed that factors at horizontal and vertical polarization, ZH,V, ranges between 20 dBz respectively, and more than 55 dBz for light rain and extreme heavy rain respectively, and radar reflectivity factor at horizontal ZH is greater than radar reflectivity factor at vertical ZV for all rainfall rates. The differential reflectivity, ZDR, also increases with increasing rainfall rates since it is the difference between ZH and Zv. Calculations of specific differential attenuation indicated that X band radars are seriously atten-uated by rain and C band radars are less affected by rain. The specific differential attenuation, S band radars is very small. In addition to this feature, the results showed that the differential phase shift between return signals of horizontal and vertical polarizations for S band radars is much less than those for C and X band radars, and also, the results showed that the co-polarization correlation coefficient for S band the radars is much higher than those of C and X bands. In order to investigate the accuracy of the calculated polarimetric weather radar variables per-formed in this research, real radar measurements were used for this purpose. Results indicated that the range of values for calculated polarimetric radar variables are very consistent with range of values for measured variables

Introduction: The forest area of northern Iran is located in the Alborz structural zone. Because of active tectonics of the Alborz Zone, many morphotectonic structures have been developed in the forest area. Among these structures, we can mention the important faults that occurred in this region, such as the Caspian fault and the North Alborz fault, or numerous landslides. The study of geological and morphotectonic studies in forest areas is very difficult due to the presence of tree cover on the soil surface and the impediment to direct observation of the landform and the ground. Therefore, the use of conventional methods of geotechnical studies such as optical satellite image processing in these areas does not work. Compared to traditional methods, the use of radar data in ground-level studies is one of the relatively new approaches in the field of remote sensing science that takes advantage of more capabilities in this field. In addition to using radar data to determine the amount of displacement that occurred at the ground level due to various factors, this data can also be used to prepare a highprecision digital elevation model, a model that directly reflects bare surface properties and extracts very useful information, especially when the land is covered by forests and trees. Methodology: An openness technique expressing the degree of dominance or enclosure of a location on an irregular surface was developed by Yokoyama et al. (2002). This technique calculates an angular measure of the relationship between surface relief and horizontal distance. It uses the horizontal surface distance and elevation-related angle to compute the slope information of an irregular terrain surface at different positions, and the results can be used to identify the topographic features of the area. This method calculates the zenith and nadir angles at equally spaced locations in eight azimuth directions from the line of sight of the terrain. RRIM is a new 3D visualization approach proposed by Chiba et al. An RRIM is a multi-layered illumination-free image that can be used to simultaneously visualize topographic slopes, concavities, and convexities. The basic concept of an RRIM is to multiply three landform element layers: topographic slopes, positive openness, and negative openness. An RRIM is generated using an overlay of a red-colored slope map on the I-value map. The red color is used to describe the slope angle because it has been empirically demonstrated to provide the richest tone for human eyes. This overlay highlights the 3D topography on a single image, where the I-value performs an illumination role and the saturation of red describes the steepness of the topography. Results and Discussion: By performing radar interferometry technique on ALOS/PALSAR images, a digital elevation model of 12 meters from the study area was prepared. The shaded relief maps obtained from different elevation models have been compared. Based on the results, the RRIM model of an area along the North Alborz Fault shows evidence of displacement caused by this fault. The fault wall of the North Alborz fault has been identified. The fault line is marked with yellow arrows. It shows a range of 30 km that has been displaced. In order to identify the landslides occurring in the study area, a 12 m digital elevation model and the RRIM method were used. Landslide areas with yellow arrows are shown. These landslides occur mostly in areas close to the main waterways and in areas with a higher slope. The location of the 3 areas identified by this method is on the landslide map of the country and is approved. The red dots are the landslide ranges and the blue circles are the landslide positions identified in this study that are completely in agreement with the landslides. Conclusions: In forested areas, due to dense tree cover, the study of surface features and phenomena is limited. As a result, it is difficult to map topographically in these areas. But, radar images can be very helpful in such cases because they can capture data from under the cover of trees. The results of applying the interference method on the mentioned radar images led to the preparation of a digital elevation model of 12 meters above the ground in the study area. Since the common methods used in the display and analysis of geomorphology have shortcomings such as deformation of surface features, as a result of changes in the direction of lighting, in this study, the openness method and RRIM were used. These methods overcome the limitations of older methods and provide better capabilities. Field surveys conducted in the study area and adaptation of the identified landslides to the landslide location map of the country indicate the confirmation of the efficiency of the methods used in this study. Therefore, these methods can be used in similar areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Magazine General Union of Arab Archaeologists is the property of General Union of Arab Archaeologists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Automotive radar systems are an important technology that offers intelligent and independent features in modern vehicles to improve road traffic safety. Due to the next large deployment of radar technology, a significant increase in (radar-radar) interference has expected, resulting in lower performance. This paper addresses the issue of mutual interference between automotive radars resulting from the shared spectrum use and real critical road scenarios. First, we built a model of a real system that simulates the geometrical design of vehicles flowing on the highway, depending on the stochastic geometry of the Poisson point process model with density . Then, we used the LWR (Lighthill Whitham Richards) characteristic curves to find the distribution function of traffic density at different time intervals of the studied road. Later, we formed a mathematical formula to calculate the mean interference value at different time intervals of the road. The system has tested using MATLAB program. At the end of the research, we were able to demonstrate the effectiveness of the characteristics method in predicting the distribution function of traffic density, and hence the knowledge of temporal behavior of the interference, especially in real road scenarios. تُعتبر أنظمة رادار السيّارات تقنية هامّة تقدّم ميّزات ذكية ومُستقلّة في السيّارات الحديثة من أجل تحسين السلامة المرورية على الطرق. على الرغم من أهمّية هذه الأنظمة، إلى أنّها تُعاني من مُشكلة تداخل (رادار- رادار) ممّا يؤدّي إلى انخفاض أداؤها. يتناول هذا البحث مسألة التداخل المُتبادل بين رادارات السيّارات الناتج عن الاستخدام المُشترك للطيف والسيناريوهات الحقيقية الحرجة على الطرق. بدايةً، قُمنا ببناء نموذج لنظام حقيقي يُحاكي التصميم الهندسي للسيّارات المُتدفّقة على الطريق السريع بالاعتماد على الهندسة العشوائية لنموذج عملية نقطة بواسون PPP (Poisson Point Process) بكثافة ، ثمّ استخدمنا مُنحنيات المُميّزات الخاصة بنموذج الموجة الحركية (نموذج LWR (Lighthill Whitham Richards)) لإيجاد تابع توزّع كثافة حركة المرور عند فترات زمنية مُختلفة من الطريق المدروس. فيما بعد، قُمنا بتشكيل صيغة رياضية لحساب القيمة المتوسّطة للتداخل عند فترات زمنية مُختلفة من الطريق. تمّ اختبار النظام باستخدام برنامج MATLAB. تمكّنا في نهاية البحث من إثبات فعّالية طريقة المُميّزات في التنبّؤ بتابع توزّع كثافة حركة المرور وبالتالي معرفة السلوك الزمني للتداخل ولا سيما في حالات سيناريوهات حقيقية على الطريق.

The accurate extracting, studying, and analyzing of drainage basin morphometric aspects is important for the accurate determination of environmental factors that formed them, such as climate, tectonic activity, region lithology, and land covering vegetation. This work was divided into three stages; the 1st stage was delineation of the Al-Abiadh basin borders using a new approach that depends on three-dimensional modeling of the studied region and a drainage network pattern extraction using (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) data, the 2nd was the classification of the Al-Abiadh basin streams according to their shape and widenings, and the 3rd was extracting then taking up the quantitative analysis technique to estimate the basin morphometric aspects and the basin's environmental parameters that created them. The Al-Abiadh valley basin is a six-order one with a dendritic, parallel, and deranged drainage network. The flood hazard is absent at the basin mouth because the valley runoff takes a long time to reach the sink (Al-Razaza Lake), located in the middle part of Iraq, with a low flow peak due to the high permeability soil, the arid to semi-arid climate, and the low annual precipitation rate. The region studied is an alluvial basin with similar geological structural solidity in most places. The drainage network was found to be controlled by lineaments and fracture traces; the basin has passed its youth geomorphic phase.

Copyright of Jordanian Educational Journal is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we adapt AI techniques, especially YOLOv5 algorithm, for the detection and classification of underground buried objects in B-scan ground penetrating radar (GPR) images. We used gprMax toolbox to prepare the dataset and we considered seven models: voids, tunnels, groundwater, rebar and subsurface concrete. Data augmentation was applied to enlarge the Dataset. The recognition results were promising and the algorithm was tested on real GPR images taken from different references. This study shows that YOLOv5 can detect and classify underground targets, which makes it a promising methodology for practical investment to analyze this kind of specific GPR data even with few training samples.

حوضة آبريز سيرجان واقع در استان کرمان، يکي از مناطق درگير با بحران کم آبي است. هدف از اين پژوهش، پتانس يل ي ابي منابع آب است. در اي ن پژوهش به منظور شناسايي خطواره ها ي GIS زيرزميني در اين حوضه با استفاده از تکنيک هاي سنجش از دور و تکتونيکي، يکي از عوامل مهم در تشکيل منابع آب زيرزميني، از تصاوير راداري سنتينل 3 استفاده شد. در اي ن زمينه با انجان آناليز بافت و تهية پارامترهاي مربوط به ماتريس هم رويداد گان ها ي خاکستر ي، شام ل مي انگين، واري انس، يکنواخ تي، تبا ين، اختفف، آنتروپي، موقعيت ثانويه و همبستگي، مؤلفه هاي اصلي مربوط تهيه شد؛ سپس با اعمال فيلترهاي جهت دار روي تصوير مؤلف ة اصل ي 3، تعداد 171 خطوارة تکتونيکي بارزسازي شد. به منظور پتانسيل يابي منابع آبي جديد، عوامل ملتل هيدرولوژي و هيدروژئولوژيکي مؤثر ب ر تشک يل منابع آب ز يرزمين ي شامل ية تراکم خطواره ها ي تکتونيکي، بارندگي، تراکم آبراهه اي، Fuzzy- تهيه شد. پس از تشک يل ماتر يس مقايسا زوج ي براسا روش GIS سنگ شناسي، شيب و پوشش گياهي در محيط يه هاي مدنظر وزن دهي و تلفيق شد؛ درنتيجه نقشة پتانسيل آب زيرزميني حوضة سيرجان تهيه شد. ،AHP براسا نتايج، محدودة پژوهش به لحاظ پتانسيل آب زيرزميني به پنج منطقة خيلي خوب 227 کيلومترمربع،، خوب 718 کيلومترمربع،، متوسط 2138 کيلومترمربع،، ضعي 2222 کيلومترمربع، و خيلي ضعي 118 کيلومترمربع، تقسيم مي شود . به منظور صحت سنجي نتايج از داده هاي 11 چاه مشاهده اي استفاده شد. براسا ماتريکس خطا ي تهي ه شده ، صحت نتا يج 81 درصد برآورد شد. / 71 درصد و 11 / به دست آمده برمبناي دبي و شوري به ترتيب [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of an economical and simple colorimetric system based on a smartphone camera and image processing was included in this study. This method was applied to determine three azo dyes namely: Methyl Blue (M.B), Methyl Red (M.R) and Methyl Orange (M.O) using the smartphone's camera as a detector. The results of the radar diagrams were giving a good agreement with the results of the calibration curves which were built using data of RGB for each dye. For establishing the accuracy and precision of this method, a classical method (spectrophotometric) was used for validation. This advancement in smartphone-based detection and identification systems will revolutionize environmental monitoring, ensuring rapid and effective diagnosis of contaminants for individuals and communities. Streamlining the Digital image colorimetry DIC process on smartphones is essential to public health and safety while promoting more conscious and sustainable practices worldwide.

The deep learning algorithm has recently achieved a lot of success, especially in the field of computer vision. This research aims to describe the classification method applied to the dataset of multiple types of images (Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images and non-SAR images). In such a classification, transfer learning was used followed by fine-tuning methods. Besides, pre-trained architectures were used on the known image database ImageNet. The model VGG16 was indeed used as a feature extractor and a new classifier was trained based on extracted features.The input data mainly focused on the dataset consist of five classes including the SAR images class (houses) and the non-SAR images classes (Cats, Dogs, Horses, and Humans). The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has been chosen as a better option for the training process because it produces a high accuracy. The final accuracy has reached 91.18% in five different classes. The results are discussed in terms of the probability of accuracy for each class in the image classification in percentage. Cats class got 99.6 %, while houses class got 100 %.Other types of classes were with an average score of 90 % and above.

The design of equipment and apparatuses throughout the development of technology in continuous and sustainable development, in view of what is happening in the scientific arena of advanced discoveries require designers to employ them in new creations and innovations, appear in the form of adding value to those products, there is no doubt that the frequencies of the different waves of the electromagnetic chain have been applied over the past decades in many applications and most important systems of telecommunications and remote sensing, and appeared radio wave applications in the design of radio apparatuses and various communication systems, based on the properties of the visible and invisible waves of the electromagnetic wave series, It has been activated in the conclusion of information and discoveries on the surface of the earth and its construction and resources, such as raw materials and agricultural areas, using the aerial survey or satellites, and this showed the characteristics of different frequencies in sensing and detection with images by specific indications, or through indications of digital techniques which can be used in conclusion what is being research. Therefore, the development of industrial design products by adding value with functions and smart systems requires activation of electromagnetic waves of sensing and remote control, these techniques need to reinforcement the relationship between the designer and the characteristics of the different waves in the electromagnetic chain, and in safe frameworks that do not harm by human health and achieve new functional purposes aims to upgrade the functional systems to the level of control as the human mind in the design of machines and engineering equipment's.

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This article deals with the study of land slide situation on the proposed path of the gas pipe line from Imam zadeh Hashem to Rudehen in Tehran province, using geophysical studies with 3 geophysical methods of one dimentional geoelectrical method, 2 dimentional Geo electrical Induced Polarization and Resistivity (IP & RS) method, and Ground Peneteration Radar (GPR) method. For this purpose, geophysical studies were carried out in the study area (in 70 kilometers east of Tehran and near Rodhan) as follows. In order to measure the changes of Geoelectrical resistivity in the designated place, to check the ground conditions for the gas pipeline in the Imam zadeh Hashem project, to separate the underground layers based on their Geoelectrical resistivity and to diagnose possible fractures, the number of 20 electrical soundings in an irregular network were recorded in the land slide area along ten profiles. After the approximate identification of the land slide area, 2D study was done in two profiles with a pole - dipole arrangement of 380 meters with induction polarization and resistivity (IP-RS) method. In order to obtain more information near the surface at the same time and also to investigate the extension to the depth, 5-meter electrode intervals with a maximum of 8 jumps and 10-meter intervals from 4 to 13 jumps have been used The depth of investigation will be about 50 meters. Moreover, Ground Peneteration Radar (GPR) method was performed with the length of 1000 meters in 27 profiles. GPR studies have been conducted with the aim of investigating and determining the location of loosened areas and possible holes in the range. Data acquisition was done using 80 MHz antenna. The results of data acquisition for a total area of 1000 meters have been processed by professional software and interpreted by taking into account the environmental conditions and taking into account all the complications in the route of the conducted surveys. Based on conducted studies, the land slide areas were determined and using Ground Peneteration Radar (GPR), underground cavities were located. With the help of the conducted studies, the range of the main land slide resulting from geophysical studies is determined and land slide prone surfaces are actually formed on the slope of land stratification and the mechanism of slides is planar movement. The main problem is related to the surface prone to upper slippage. Therefore, consolidation and stabilization of anomalous areas were investigated using stability analysis software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Revue Universitaire des Sciences Humaines et Sociales is the property of University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Nature - including the forms, existing creatures, and elements that it abounds in its structure and system - is based on the principles and rules placed down by Allah - May He be exalted and glorified - which are considered the most significant essential sources that provide artists with different types of ideas and works of art and considered the first inspiration, whether with its scenery or precise structure and system. Indeed, we gaze in a great astonishment at the images that NASA brings us; however, do we ever think how if we look at our planet from space; unlike the usual image in our minds of the Earth planet? The contemplating of these images - in their forms and types - makes us familiarize ourselves with the Art of Cartography; as it is an art and a science, and one of its most significant principles is the study of the specific aspects of the place and its various relationships with humans. However, the components of this art are represented in the map, global positioning system (GPS) and radar images. Moreover, the map is a perfect cartographic model of the place that makes us observe it clearly and comprehensively; where the map enables us to look at the world in a miniature symbolic form, those geological maps of the Earth are of great significance; as it contains a large number of elements, and these elements differ from one map to another, according to the purpose of the map. The maps enjoy artistic, technical and expressive beauty, especially geological maps; as we see the plastic relations, color harmony and diversity in the spaces resulting from the color coding used in such maps. so, the problem of the research is to ask; "To what extent can the aesthetic values of the art of cartography be used to enrich the printing publications?" The objectives of the research are identified to benefit from the aesthetic values of the art of cartography to enrich the printing publications and to take advantage of the enormous plastic capabilities that result from the combination of different printing techniques. However, the significance of the research lies in shedding light on the art of cartography as an entry point for creating designs for printing publications and finding non-typical plastic and sensible solutions through the combination of different printing techniques.

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Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Dirasat: Human & Social Sciences is the property of University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education - Sohag University is the property of Journal of Education - Sohag University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Khanaqin district belongs administratively to Diyala Governorate, which is located between longitude (45.30-45) east and latitude (30.34 and 34) degrees north. As for the administrative borders, it is bordered by Sulaymaniyah governorate from the north, the Islamic Republic of Iran from the east, Kifri and Sulaymaniyah from the west, and Baladruz and Muqdadiya districts from the south. It includes three sub-districts: Markaz Al-Qada, Al-Saadiya and Jalula. The aim of the study is to calculate the surface temperature of the earth in Khanaqin district, and to compare the temperatures extracted by land sat visuals, geological and topographic maps, and the outputs of (ARCMap10.7) program to build an information base for the region and extract spectral indicators to produce a map of the thermal state index (LST) for four months (March, July, October and December), which represent the months of spring, summer, autumn and winter, which was used to extract the surface temperature. Between the temperatures extracted by the spectral index and the temperatures measured at the ground stations on the date of capturing the satellite image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood is one of the most destructive natural hazards, especially in arid and semi-arid areas that experience great of rainfalls. This hazard is caused by the combination of several natural and human factors. Floods occur when the flow of the river increases to a certain extent. that the water crosses the banks of the river and inundates the nearby areas, as a result it affects the communities that live in the vicinity of the rivers. In addition to that, climate change increases the possibility of floods and their magnitude. Annual 75 world floods on average, affects millions of people worldwide. About 20,000 deaths per year, resulting in economic losses of $95 billion. In recent years, the frequency of floods has increased by more than 40%, as climate change significantly affects the intensity, pattern and magnitude of deadly floods. Especially Asian countries are exposed to floods and earthquakes with a relatively high impact. In Asia, more than 90% of human casualties are caused by natural disasters that are due to flooding. Recently, Iran has experienced catastrophic floods. In addition to the impact of climate change. The impact of human activities caused by the poor management of the watershed, including deforestation, excessive livestock grazing, the development of rural and urban settlements, have reduced the hydraulic space of rivers. In all these researches, the study of floodplains, different return periods, and inundation values in each application have been analyzed. Arid and semi-arid areas are definitely more prone to flooding due to heavy rains. In the present study, in order to investigate and distribute large-scale floods in Etrak river basin, the daily inundation data of 35 hydrometer stations were used over a period of 30 years. In order to extract large floods in the region, first, using the statistical method known as the inverse numerical filter method, the base runoff was separated from the total. The results of time series analysis extracted after applying the regression numerical filter method show that in 3 decades, different behavior of floods in the catchment area are observed. In the first decade, the floods had a higher intensity, and this high intensity also had a high frequency. In the second decade, the volume of floods decreased drastically, and in the third decade, the volume of floods was the same as in the first decade, but they occurred at longer intervals. The investigation of most severe floods showed that with the increase in the volume of the total runoff, there was a large difference between it and the base runoff, and the occurrence of this process is sudden and sometimes reaches more than 10 times the base runoff. The high volume of discharge in flood periods and on the other hand, the decade fluctuation in the occurrence of severe floods in the Atrak catchment area showed that for long-term forecasting, the inverse numerical filter method can be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Arabic Language Sciences & Literature / Maǧallaẗ ʻulūm Al-luġaẗ Al-ʻarabiyyaẗ Wa-ādābi-hā is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Misan Journal of Academic Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites and Polarimetric Sar(POLSAR) have provided a tool to draw the Earth surface and generate high-resolution remote sensing imagery. The images which we obtained from SAR have more information we can use it in many things .Thus, this paper introduces a way for analyzing the image time series of SAR and POLSAR which based on change detection matrix (CDM) which contains information about the changed and unchanged pixels. This matrix has been put for each local position in the time series about similar tests. And then the matrix is used to adaptive with the temporal filtering, analyzing of change dynamics. The proposed approach is illustrated on the three following data sets: 25 ascending TerraSAR-X images and 7 descending RADARSAT 2 full polarization images over Chamonix-MontBlanc, France, where the seasonal evolution of glaciers and mountains can be observed, finally time series of 11 ascending ALOS-PALSAR dual polarization images over Merapi volcano, Indonesia during a period including the 2010 eruption. The use of this matrix has resulted in high accuracy results that can be applied to sudden changes in the radar data collection. استخدام مصفوفة كشف التغير في الترشيح متعدد الأزمنة وفي تحليل التغير في صور SAR وPOLSAR للسلاسل الزمنية يستخدم الرادار ذي الفتحة الاصطناعية SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)والاستقطابية POLSAR (Polarimetric Sar) لرسم خرائط سطح الأرض حيث يولد صوراً عالية الدقة للاستشعار عن بعد. تحتوي الصور التي يتم الحصول عليها من الرادار على معلومات زائدة عن الحاجة يمكن استخدامها في عدة أمور ولذلك يقدم هذا البحث طريقة لتحليل صور السلسلة الزمنية للرادار بالاعتماد على مصفوفة كشف التغير CDM (Change Detection Matrix) والتي تتضمن معلومات عن البكسلات المتغيرة وغير المتغير. تم وضع هذه المصفوفة من أجل كل موضع مكاني في السلاسل الزمنية عبر اختبارات متشابهة. وقد تم استخدام هذه المصفوفة فيما بعد لتتكيف مع التصفية الزمنية، ولتحليل حركات تغير وكشف التغير متعدد الأزمنة. النهج المقترح تم تطبيقه على ثلاث مجموعات من البيانات ،وهي: صور ال25 تصاعدي لـ TerraSAR-X. كذلك صور 7 تنازلي لـ RADARSAT2 كاملة الاستقطاب فوق شاموني مونت بلانك في فرنسا حيث يمكن مراقبة التطور الموسمي للأنهار الجليدية والجبال. وأخيراً صور 11 تصاعدي لـ ALOS-POLSAR ثنائي الاستقطاب فوق بركان ميرابي في اندونيسيا خلال فترة ثورانه في 2010.وقد أدى استخدام هذه المصفوفة إلى الحصول على نتائج بدقة عالية يمكن تطبيقها على التغيرات المفاجئة التي تحصل على مجموعة بيانات الرادار.

Copyright of AIN Journal is the property of Arab Institute of Navigation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecology of Iranian Forest is the property of Sari Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources University (SANRU) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ḥawliyyaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Adāb: Ǧāmiʿaẗ Binī Sūwaīf is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Informatics, Media & Communication Technology (IJIMCT) is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)