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This study aims to identify the extent of informal finance in Algeria, to review the main decisions taken by the central bank in its fight against the informal and discuss their impact on informal finance. Faced with an informal finance that persists, new actions must be taken, not only on the regulatory level, but must also be part of a strategy aimed at strengthening the operational efficiency of the banking system. Ce travail vise à mettre la lumière sur l’importance de la finance informelle en Algérie, de passer en revue les principales décisions prises par la banque centrale dans sa lutte contre l’informalité et de ressortir leur impact sur la finance informelle. Face à une finance informelle qui perdure, de nouvelles actions doivent être engagées, non seulement sur le plan réglementaire, mais doivent aussi s’inscrire dans une stratégie visant à renforcer l’efficacité opérationnelle du système bancaire.

E-waste has grown exponentially around the world and is estimated to be growing at 3–5 % per annum. China faces a rapidly increasing amount of e-waste, both, from domestic generation and illegal imports. This paper examines the management of e-waste by formal and informal sectors in china, by means of descriptive and analytic approaches. The main results involve that China is the world's largest producer and importer of electrical and electronic devices, likewise China is the largest e-waste market. Furthermore, over 60% of E-waste produced in China is recycled informally. However, about 40% of e-waste was focused on the formal system. Finally, the major challenge for china in e-waste management is how to provide incentives for formal recyclers to reduce informal recycling activities.

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aimed at the championship season on the subject of the study, which is the hidden economy or the informal economy. By focusing on some of the issues in this topic that formed the problem of the study; They are the economic and social effects of this type of economic activity, with a statement of methods for estimating this type of economic practice. The study aimed to draw attention to the reality of this activity in selected countries, with reference to the Arab countries in particular and the developing world in general. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the analytical descriptive approach was used, with an explanation of the methodologies, methods, and methods that are used to estimate the size of the shadow economy in different countries. The study concluded that the economy is still and whatever positives it presents, it remains a human activity fraught with dangers and has negative effects that cannot be ignored on the formal economy, and this is indicated by the current study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quarterly Journal of Economic Growth & Development Research is the property of Payame Noor University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aimed at identifying the role of Jordanian civil society institutions in confronting extremism. To achieve this goal, the descriptive analytical approach was used, the study sample consisted of (378) male and female members of Jordanian civil society institutions were randomly selected, the study questionnaire were distributed to them by google documents. The study concluded that there is a high awareness among members of Jordanian civil society institutions of the concept of extremism, and that their view on the role of Jordanian civil society institutions in combating extremism came at a high level, in addition to that there are many challenges faced by Jordanian civil society institutions in combating extremism from the point of view of the study sample, the most important of which is the lack of funding needed to implement initiatives and activities aimed at combating extremism. The results of the study also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences at the significance level (α≥0.05) on the total degree of the role of Jordanian civil society institutions in combating extremism due to the gender variable, the academic qualification variable, the years of experience in volunteer work, the place of residence, and the variable of academic qualifications . The study recommended that Jordanian civil society institutions take the initiative in developing a clear and comprehensive strategy to combat extremism in partnership with all other formal and informal sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Omran for Social Sciences is the property of Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research mainly aims to conduct an economic study for small and micro projects. The problem of the study is also summarized in the fluctuation of the number of small and micro projects, which leads to the weakening of their role in reducing unemployment and its impact on economic growth, especially since these projects are labor-intensive. The rise in prices for most products is an indication of the weak effect of these projects in increasing production and thus the effect on increasing prices for these products. The study reached to the following results: 1- The total number of small and micro enterprises took a statistically positive trend at a significant level of 0.05. The annual increase in the total number of small and micro enterprises is estimated at 7.28 thousand projects, with a growth rate of about 3.68%. 2- The growth rate of the number of males benefiting from micro-enterprises took a general, statistically significant increasing trend at a level of 0.01 significant. The annual growth rate in the number of beneficiaries of micro-enterprises was about 5.5%, equivalent to about 5.02 thousand male beneficiaries, according to the annual average of the number of males benefiting from micro-enterprises during the study period. 3- The growth rate of the number of women beneficiaries of small enterprises took a general, statistically significant increasing trend at a significant level of 0.05. The annual growth rate is about 4%, equivalent to about 0.158 thousand female beneficiaries. 4- The total loans of small and micro enterprises took a general increasing trend, statistically significant, at the level of 0.01 significance. The annual increase in the total loans for small and micro enterprises is estimated at 501.29 million pounds. 5- The job opportunities provided by small and micro enterprises have taken a general, statistically significant, increasing trend at a significant level of 0.05. The annual increase in job opportunities in small and micro enterprises is estimated at 14.23 thousand job opportunities. 6- The commercial sector and animal production occupy the first and second place in terms of the number of micro-enterprises, and the number of projects is about 1199.40 thousand projects, 442.81 thousand projects represent about 59.86%, 22.1% of the total number of micro-enterprises for each of them respectively during the study period. 7- The commercial and service sectors also occupy the first and second ranks in terms of the number of small projects, and the number of projects is about 74.55 thousand projects, 55.067 thousand projects, representing about 44.02% and 32.53% of the total number of small projects for each them, respectively. 8-It is shown that about 31.307% of the microenterprises are located in three governorates, namely Minya, which occupies the first order with a percentage representing 13.45% of the total number of micro-enterprises, and Beni Suef Governorate and Sharkia Governorate come in the second and third order with a percentage representing 10.33%, 7.527% Of the total number of projects for each of them, respectively 9- As it turns out, 30.6% of the total number of small enterprises is located in four governorates: Cairo, which ranks first with 8.04% of the total small enterprises. Giza, Dakahlia, and Assiut governorates, which occupy the second, third and fourth places, with a rate of 7.94%, 7.02%, 6.09% of the total number of small projects. 10- Increasing the number of these small and micro enterprises and increasing job opportunities in these projects, especially job opportunities in micro enterprises, by increasing the financing of these projects. 11- Increasing the percentage of the micro-enterprises (Y2i) contribution to providing job opportunities. The annual increase rate is about 0.034%. Based on the research results, the following can be recommended: 1- Creating a package of financial, legal and institutional incentives within an integrated program to attract informal sector projects to enter the formal economy after adjusting their positions. 2-Establishing an institutional entity that works on linking medium, small and micro enterprises with large projects to ensure continuity and increase the effectiveness of these projects in increasing the national product and providing job opportunities to eliminate the problem of unemployment. 3- Establishing an insurance fund against risks as independent units for small and micro enterprises working to support these projects in the event of their default. This fund is financed by determining a percentage of the annual profits of the projects in the equity system. 4- Increasing the sources of financing for these projects. This is done through allocating independent financing and credit units aimed at providing the necessary financing for these projects. 5- Creating an electronic platform for small and micro enterprises affiliated with the Council of Ministers or the Central Bank, working to provide economic feasibility studies, technical studies and various training programs related to the activity of the projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Linguistic economy "asit is known", It's from the properties of Arabic, and It's clear characteristics, which is reduced to only deliver purposes, and stop the wasteful use of language at the level of words and sentences. A procedure consort with the nature of the Arabic human life in ancient times, which is characterized by simplicity and a tendency to decrease and austerity in almost all directions of life. Taking a news is a genera of the context of the old Arabic narrative; it is manifestation of this prudent language, and has been achieved through linguistic economy of the two occasions, one: that the economy is in a language the appearance of Arab appearances, news literary context of contexts, and the other: that the news has been marked generally as concise and shortcut; for being based on a small narrative units system mostly . Research has waded into the midst of the language of the news in the written news poets, and try to stand on the clearest manifestations of linguistic economy and it's Manifestations, then the research found that the most are the vivid brevity, objection, metonymy,and the linguistic aspects lead the purposes of rhetorical information sought speaker to achieve them linguistically, and we will stand successively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Roa Iktissadia Review is the property of Roa Iktissadia Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roa Iktissadia Review is the property of Roa Iktissadia Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roa Iktissadia Review is the property of Roa Iktissadia Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Baghdad College of Economic Sciences University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic Development Review (2543-3490) is the property of Economic Development Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Basic Education College Magazine For Educational & Humanities Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alustath is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rouya Turkiyyah is the property of Insight Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roa Iktissadia Review is the property of Roa Iktissadia Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roa Iktissadia Review is the property of Roa Iktissadia Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roa Iktissadia Review is the property of Roa Iktissadia Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zarqa Journal for Research & Studies in Humanities is the property of Zarqa Journal for Research & Studies in Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to highlight the role and extent of informal practice in alleviating the difficulties of living for many families through the practice of women in the informal sector, since it does not require experience and is also considered as an outlet for women with a good educational level due to lack of jobs in the formal sector. Other reasons that lead women to work in the informal sector, we used the analytical descriptive method so that we can reach that the informal sector for many unemployed women and women with a poor standard of living. Problematic: To what extent does the informal practice contribute to raising women's standard of living? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]