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A progressive increase in the desire for environmentally friendly lubricants by users and strict government regulations for the use of these lubricants has provided an opportunity to use plant oils as biodegradable lubricants, therefore vegetable oils have been investigated to replace oil lubricants because of their maintaining the conditions of nature (environment) properties. In this paper, the influences of the blending ratio of mustard seeds oil with commercial mineral oil (SAE40) on the tribological characteristics were investigated and compared with mineral oil using the four-ball tribotester. Mustard seeds oil was blended with mineral oil at a volumetric ratio ranging from 22.5 to 90%. All experimental works were confirmed to ASTM D4172-B standard. The results exhibit that some blends of mustard seeds oil with mineral oil have lower wear scar diameter, friction torque, Friction coefficient and a higher parameter of flash temperature value compared to mineral oil and neat mustard seed oil. In conclusion, the mustard seed oil blend (MU22.5) shows a better anti-wear and anti-friction performance compared to oil samples. Therefore, mustard seeds oil has the potential to be used as a lubricant of mating surfaces.

In this paper, we have investigated some of the most recent energy efficient routing protocols for wireless body area networks. This technology has seen advancements in recent times where wireless sensors are injected in the human body to sense and measure body parameters like temperature, heartbeat and glucose level. These tiny wireless sensors gather body data information and send it over a wireless network to the base station. The data measurements are examined by the doctor or physician and the suitable cure is suggested. The whole communication is done through routing protocols in a network environment. Routing protocol consumes energy while helping non-stop communication in a wireless environment. Because of the very tiny size, energy consumption matters a lot. We have focused on the protocols, which provide energy efficiency and improve network lifetime, through put and minimal path loss. We will be discussing some of the most recent energy efficient routing protocols in this paper; later their comparison with an appropriate table is presented. In addition, recent challenges, possible application and perspectives are discussed.

The security of video applications in mobile devices has become recently an important field research. Dealing with video data, which is large compared to text and image and processing it in the mobile platform is a big challenge. Generally, the efficiency of any video encryption algorithm is concerned with two criteria, the computational time required to process video data, and the memory usage according to the resources on the smartphone. The secured system in 3G devices has become a matter of importance. This paper presents an implementation of full video encryption using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) on a mobile device. The operations on ECC include doubling and addition on the finite field as the backbone for an elliptic curve. Also, mapping representation is introduced to convert every byte of plain video into a point on EC. The paper proposed multi-keys instead of using one key as usual. Also, Chaotic Key Generator (CKG) is exploited for the randomness of the multi-keys. The proposed work focuses on increasing the security with multi-keys and to get acceptable time for encryption and decryption in a limited environment like mobile. The system is implemented using Android Studio with version (3.0) and using java language, it is implemented on Android version 7.0 (Nougat) and on mobile Galaxy S8.

This paper is concerned with introducing an explicit expression for orthogonal Boubaker polynomial functions with some important properties. Taking advantage of the interesting properties of Boubaker polynomials, the definition of Boubaker wavelets on interval [0,1) is achieved. These basic functions are orthonormal and have compact support. Wavelets have many advantages and applications in the theoretical and applied fields, and they are applied with the orthogonal polynomials to propose a new method for treating several problems in sciences, and engineering that is wavelet method, which is computationally more attractive in the various fields. A novel property of Boubaker wavelet function derivative in terms of Boubaker wavelet themselves is also obtained. This Boubaker wavelet is utilized along with a collocation method to obtain an approximate numerical solution of singular linear type of Lane-Emden equations. Lane-Emden equations describe several important phenomena in mathematical science and astrophysics such as thermal explosions and stellar structure. It is one of the cases of singular initial value problem in the form of second order nonlinear ordinary differential equation. The suggested method converts Lane-Emden equation into a system of linear differential equations, which can be performed easily on computer. Consequently, the numerical solution concurs with the exact solution even with a small number of Boubaker wavelets used in estimation. An estimation of error bound for the present method is also proved in this work. Three examples of Lane-Emden type equations are included to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. The exact known solutions against the obtained approximate results are illustrated in figures for comparison

MDS code is a linear code that achieves equality in the Singleton bound, and projective MDS (PG-MDS) is MDS code with independents property of any two columns of its generator matrix. In this paper, elementary methods for modifying a PG-MDS code of dimensions 2, 3, as extending and lengthening, in order to find new incomplete PG-MDS codes have been used over . Also, two complete PG-MDS codes over of length and 28 have been found.

The aim of this paper is to present a new methodology to find the private key of RSA. A new initial value which is generated from a new equation is selected to speed up the process. In fact, after this value is found, brute force attack is chosen to discover the private key. In addition, for a proposed equation, the multiplier of Euler totient function to find both of the public key and the private key is assigned as 1. Then, it implies that an equation that estimates a new initial value is suitable for the small multiplier. The experimental results show that if all prime factors of the modulus are assigned larger than 3 and the multiplier is 1, the distance between an initial value and the private key is decreased about 66%. On the other hand, the distance is decreased less than 1% when the multiplier is larger than 66. Therefore, to avoid attacking by using the proposed method, the multiplier which is larger than 66 should be chosen. Furthermore, it is shown that if the public key equals 3, the multiplier always equals 2.

Social Networking has dominated the whole world by providing a platform of information dissemination. Usually people share information without knowing its truthfulness. Nowadays Social Networks are used for gaining influence in many fields like in elections, advertisements etc. It is not surprising that social media has become a weapon for manipulating sentiments by spreading disinformation. Propaganda is one of the systematic and deliberate attempts used for influencing people for the political, religious gains. In this research paper, efforts were made to classify Propagandist text from Non-Propagandist text using supervised machine learning algorithms. Data was collected from the news sources from July 2018-August 2018. After annotating the text, feature engineering is performed using techniques like term frequency/inverse document frequency (TF/IDF) and Bag of words (BOW). The relevant features are supplied to support vector machine (SVM) and Multinomial Naïve Bayesian (MNB) classifiers. The fine tuning of SVM is being done by taking kernel Linear, Poly and RBF. SVM showed better results than MNB by having precision of 70%, recall of 76.5%, F1 Score of 69.5% and overall Accuracy of 69.2%.

This paper introduces the Multistep Modified Reduced Differential Transform Method (MMRDTM). It is applied to approximate the solution for Nonlinear Schrodinger Equations (NLSEs) of power law nonlinearity. The proposed method has some advantages. An analytical approximation can be generated in a fast converging series by applying the proposed approach. On top of that, the number of computed terms is also significantly reduced. Compared to the RDTM, the nonlinear term in this method is replaced by related Adomian polynomials prior to the implementation of a multistep approach. As a consequence, only a smaller number of NLSE computed terms are required in the attained approximation. Moreover, the approximation also converges rapidly over a wide time frame. Two examples are provided for showing the ability and advantages of the proposed method to approximate the solution of the power law nonlinearity of NLSEs. For pictorial representation, graphical inputs are included to represent the solution and show the precision as well as the validity of the MMRDTM.

Suicidal ideation is one of the most severe mental health issues faced by people all over the world. There are various risk factors involved that can lead to suicide. The most common & critical risk factors among them are depression, anxiety, social isolation and hopelessness. Early detection of these risk factors can help in preventing or reducing the number of suicides. Online social networking platforms like Twitter, Redditt and Facebook are becoming a new way for the people to express themselves freely without worrying about social stigma. This paper presents a methodology and experimentation using social media as a tool to analyse the suicidal ideation in a better way, thus helping in preventing the chances of being the victim of this unfortunate mental disorder. The data is collected from Twitter, one of the popular Social Networking Sites (SNS). The Tweets are then pre-processed and annotated manually. Finally, various machine learning and ensemble methods are used to automatically distinguish Suicidal and Non-Suicidal tweets. This experimental study will help the researchers to know and understand how SNS are used by the people to express their distress related feelings and emotions. The study further confirmed that it is possible to analyse and differentiate these tweets using human coding and then replicate the accuracy by machine classification. However, the power of prediction for detecting genuine suicidality is not confirmed yet, and this study does not directly communicate and intervene the people having suicidal behaviour.

The present study has three objectives: 1) to investigate the prevalence of complex nominals in economic discourse represented via the selected business news texts, 2) to shed some light on the most common translation errors made by second year students in the Department of Translation in rendering complex nominals into Arabic, and 3) to detect the possible causes behind such translation errors and suggest some translation tips which might sound helpful to the students of translation to find the most suitable translation equivalent. The present study is based on an empirical survey in which a selective analysis of someeconomic texts represented in business news texts is made. A corpus of 159 complex nominals was selected from seven business news texts collected from the students’ examination papers. It is hypothesized that many different errors will arise as a result of translating complex nominals as precisely as possible from English business news texts into Arabic. The results of the analysis revealed that the selected business news texts represented a serious challenge for second year translation students, and resulted in a number of various translation errors. It has been found that the students’ low level of bilingual competence represented the major reason for translation errors. Study findings also revealed that lexico-semantic errors were the most common type of translation errors, followed by omission, grammatical errors, misreading andfinally confusion.

In this paper, new method have been investigated using evolving algorithms (EA's) to cryptanalysis one of the nonlinear stream cipher cryptosystems which depends on the Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) unit by using cipher text-only attack. Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) which are used for attacking one of the nonlinear cryptosystems called "shrinking generator" using different lengths of cipher text and different lengths of combined LFSRs. GA and ACO proved their good performance in finding the initial values of the combined LFSRs. This work can be considered as a warning for a stream cipher designer to avoid the weak points, which may be found in the stream cipher, and may be explored by the cryptanalysts. This work can find the optimal solution for text with minimum lengths of 20 characters and 100 iteration were very enough to find the real initial values of key stream.

Storage of rainwater within the root depth zone is one of the modern ways to increase plant production. Subsurface water retention technology was applied to assess improving values of crop yield and crop water use efficiency, applying a membrane made of low-density polyethylene trough installed below the crop root zone. The goal of this paper is to assess that the retention of rainwater above the membrane can improve the crop yield and crop water use efficiency values for winter wheat. The experiment was conducted in open field, within Joeybeh Township, located in east of the Ramadi City, in Anbar Province, in winter growing season 2018-2019. Two plots T1 (with membrane trough) and T2 (without membrane) were used for the comparison and cultivated with winter wheat, where the rainwater was only the source of irrigation. At the end of the harvest stage the obtained results of crop yield and crop water use efficiency for plots T1 and T2 were; 0.35 kg/m2 and 1.66 kg/m3, and 0.28 kg/m2 and 1.28 kg/m3, respectively. The increasing value of crop yield and crop water use efficiency in plot T1 was about 25 % and 30 %, respectively more than plot T2. Benefits of the installation of membrane trough are to keep soil moisture for longer times, prevent the cracks of the soil surface and reduce the deep percolation losses.

One of the wellbore instability problems in vertical wells are breakouts in Zubair oilfield. Breakouts, if exceeds its critical limits will produce problems such as loss circulation which will add to the non-productive time (NPT) thus increasing loss in costs and in total revenues. In this paper, three of the available rock failure criteria (Mohr-Coulomb, Mogi-Coulomb and Modified-Lade) are used to study and predict the occurrence of the breakouts. It is found that there is an increase over the allowable breakout limit in breakout width in Tanuma shaly formation and it was predicted using Mohr-Coulomb criterion. An increase in the pore pressure was predicted in Tanuma shaly formation, thus; a new mud weight and casing programs are proposed to overcome such problems in the drilling operations in field developments plans.

Sentiment analysis refers to the task of identifying polarity of positive and negative for particular text that yield an opinion. Arabic language has been expanded dramatically in the last decade especially with the emergence of social websites (e.g. Twitter, Facebook, etc.). Several studies addressed sentiment analysis for Arabic language using various techniques. The most efficient techniques according to the literature were the machine learning due to their capabilities to build a training model. Yet, there is still issues facing the Arabic sentiment analysis using machine learning techniques. Such issues are related to employing robust features that have the ability to discriminate the polarity of sentiments. This paper proposes a hybrid method of linguistic and statistical features along with classification methods for Arabic sentiment analysis. Linguistic features contains stemming and POS tagging, while statistical contains the TF-IDF. A benchmark dataset of Arabic tweets have been used in the experiments. In addition, three classifiers have been utilized including SVM, KNN and ME. Results showed that SVM has outperformed the other classifiers by obtaining an f-score of 72.15%. This indicates the usefulness of using SVM with the proposed hybrid features.

Cadmium sulphide CdS films with 200 nm have been prepared by thermal evaporation technique on glass substrate at substrate room temperature under vacuum of 10-5mbar.In this paper, the effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge plasma on the optical properties of the CdS film. The prepared films were exposed to different time intervals (0, 3, 5, 8) min. For every sample, the Absorption A, absorption coefficient α , energy gap Eg ,extinction coefficient K and dielectric constant ε were studied. It is found that the energy gap were decreased with exposure time, and absorption , Absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, dielectric constant increased with time of exposure to the plasma. Our study considers the first investigation of the effect of cold atmospheric plasma on the optical properties of CdS film.

Saving fossil fuels and the use of clean sources of energy lead to reduce in building operating costs, protect the environment and people's health. Windows are the most vulnerable part of building where energy loss occurs. Double-glazed windows are very effective in keeping inside temperature isolated from outside; thereby, saving electrical and thermal energy. The current study estimates the numerical changes in cooling and heating load in case of replacement double-glazed window with single-glazed window and calculates saving level for this replacement. In this context, this paper presents a model of real samples taken in Mashhad climate. To ensure the accuracy of the simulation results, real results were compared with electricity and gas bills. To calculate energy related parameters such as cooling load, heating load, the consumption of gas and electricity, the energy simulation software (Design Builder) was used. The research method was a quantitative analysis based on energy consumption modeling, associated with building windows which comes in four sections. The field study was also used to compare with real electricity and gas bills. As the first stage, samples of the plan were identified, based on the observation of climate models and library studies. Then, simulation parameters such as window materials and internal and external walls were considered. The simulation was performed based software’s parameters and model limitations were determined based on thermal, lighting, climatic and architectural parameters. Finally, the experimental and practical data were used to determine the validity of the model under Mashhad climate conditions. Overall, the results indicated that double-glazed windows could save 50% of entire building loads, 0.2% on power consumption, 16.2% on gas and 12.4% on overall households’ energy consumption.

Metaheuristics under the swarm intelligence (SI) class have proven to be efficient and have become popular methods for solving different optimization problems. Based on the usage of memory, metaheuristics can be classified into algorithms with memory and without memory (memory-less). The absence of memory in some metaheuristics will lead to the loss of the information gained in previous iterations. The metaheuristics tend to divert from promising areas of solutions search spaces which will lead to non-optimal solutions. This paper aims to review memory usage and its effect on the performance of the main SI-based metaheuristics. Investigation has been performed on SI metaheuristics, memory usage and memory-less metaheuristics, memory characteristics and memory in SI-based metaheuristics. The latest information and references have been further analyzed to extract key information and mapped into respective subsections. A total of 50 references related to memory usage studies from 2003 to 2018 have been investigated and show that the usage of memory is extremely necessary to increase effectiveness of metaheuristics by taking the advantages from their previous successful experiences. Therefore, in advanced metaheuristics, memory is considered as one of the fundamental elements of an efficient metaheuristic. Issues in memory usage have also been highlighted. The results of this review are beneficial to the researchers in developing efficient metaheuristics, by taking into consideration the usage of memory.

In general, path-planning problem is one of most important task in the field of robotics. This paper describes the path-planning problem of mobile robot based on various metaheuristic algorithms. The suitable collision free path of a robot must satisfies certain optimization criteria such as feasibility, minimum path length, safety and smoothness and so on. In this research, various three approaches namely, PSO, Firefly and proposed hybrid FFCPSO are applied in static, known environment to solve the global path-planning problem in three cases. The first case used single mobile robot, the second case used three independent mobile robots and the third case applied three follow up mobile robot. Simulation results, which carried out using MATLAB 2014 environment, show the validity of the kinematic model for Nonholonomic mobile robot and demonstration that the proposed algorithm perform better than original PSO and FF algorithms under the same environmental constraints by providing the smoothness velocity and shortest path for each mobile robot.

This policy paper recommends that Lebanon should join the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). The EITI can benefit Lebanon by providing transparency in Lebanon’s industrial sector, which serves the public interest. It further could improve Lebanon’s economy and accountability by empowering communities and forming a relationship between government and civil society. The EITI also can help in building a trustworthy reputation for Lebanon, making Lebanon an appealing environment for investors.

This work presents the modeling of the electrical response of monocrystalline photovoltaic module by using five parameters model based on manufacture data-sheet of a solar module that measured in stander test conditions (STC) at radiation 1000W/m² and cell temperature 25 . The model takes into account the series and parallel (shunt) resistance of the module. This paper considers the details of Matlab modeling of the solar module by a developed Simulink model using the basic equations, the first approach was to estimate the parameters: photocurrent Iph, saturation current Is, shunt resistance Rsh, series resistance Rs, ideality factor A at stander test condition (STC) by an iteration process. To implement the iteration process, a numerical approach based on the Newton Raphson method has been implemented and programmed in Matlab. The second mathematical model used in Matlab/Simulink using equations for each parameter to determine the parameters at all operating conditions. The Matlab program gives the information about the behavior of the practical PV module, under different atmospheric conditions. The model accuracy was also analyzed through finding out the compatibility between the practical and the theoretical aspects at different solar radiation intensity 500, 750 and 1000 W/m2 by extracting the error ratios. The results show that there is difference between theoretical (modeled) and experimental, the best validation (less error) between five parameters model and experimental maximum power results at radiation 500, 750, 1000 W/m2 and STC was 5.5%, 19%, 18% and 12.3% in January respectively, due to the decreases in ambient temperature and thus decreases in the temperature of solar module in January led to increase in maximum output power and producing best validation between model and experimental in this month.

In this paper, an experimental study of the thermal performance for hybrid solar air conditioning system was carried out, to investigate system suitability for the hot climate in Iraq. The system consists of vapor compression unit combined with evacuated tube solar collector and liquid storage tank. A three-way valve was installed after the compressor to control the direction flow of the refrigerant, either to the storage tank or directly to the condenser. The performance parameters were collected by data logger to display and record in the computer by using LabVIEW software. The results show that the average coefficient of performance of hybrid solar air conditioning system (R=1) was about 2.42 to 2.77 and the average power consumption was about 1.1 to 1.12 kW when the ambient temperature was about 34.2 to 39.7 ˚C, while the average coefficient of performance of conventional system (R=0) was about 3.23 and the average power consumption was about 1 kW when the ambient temperature was about 30.8 to 34.3 ˚C. It can be concluded that the use of the hybrid solar system in Iraq with its current form could not be saved electricity.

The High Power Amplifiers (HPAs), which are used in wireless communication, are distinctly characterized by nonlinear properties. The linearity of the HPA can be accomplished by retreating an HPA to put it in a linear region on account of power performance loss. Meanwhile the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex signal is very rough. Therefore, it will be required a large undo to the linear action area that leads to a vital loss in power efficiency. Thereby, back-off is not a positive solution. A Simplicial Canonical Piecewise-Linear (SCPWL) model based digital predistorters are widely employed to compensating the nonlinear distortion that introduced by a HPA component in OFDM technology. In this paper, the genetic algorithm has been used to optimized the SCPWL coefficients by using Matlab 2015b, and then the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance has been evaluated for OFDM signal with 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulations in three cases, with nonlinear effects, without nonlinear effects (ideal case), with SCPWL and with nonlinear effects (compensated case)). The simulation results showed that the predistorter that adjusted by the genetic algorithm accomplishes huge execution change by successfully compensating the nonlinearity and reducing the input and output back-off (IBO, OBO) of the HPA.

In this paper, an Integral Backstepping Controller (IBC) is designed and optimized for full control, of rotational and translational dynamics, of an unmanned Quadcopter (QC). Before designing the controller, a mathematical model for the QC is developed in a form appropriate for the IBC design. Due to the underactuated property of the QC, it is possible to control the QC Cartesian positions (X, Y, and Z) and the yaw angle through ordering the desired values for them. As for the pitch and roll angles, they are generated by the position controllers. Backstepping Controller (BC) is a practical nonlinear control scheme based on Lyapunov design approach, which can, therefore, guarantee the convergence of the position tracking error to zero. To improve controller capability in the steady state against disturbances, an integral action is used with the BC. To determine the optimal values of the IBC parameters, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used. In the algorithm, the controller parameters are computed by minimizing a cost function that depends on the Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) performance index. Finally, different numerical simulations are provided in order to illustrate the performances of the designed controller. And for comparison purposes, a PID controller is designed and optimized using the PSO to control the quadcopter. The obtainediresults indicated a superiority in performance for the IBC over the PID controller based on some points among which are: a 13.3% and 30.5% lesser settling times for X and Y consequently, the ability to perform critical maneuvers that the quadcopter failed to do using the PID controller, and the capability of fast following up and conforming the changes of pitch (

A smart city is rising as an approach and strategy to reduce the troubles produced by rapid urbanization and the growth of urban population. Although, cities continue to develop and purify their social, economic and environmental goals along with the strategies to achieve them, this phenomenon has been discussed by little research yet. However, due to the requiring immediate action or attention for practical application of the principles of smart cities, city authorities, stakeholders and local communities need to know the current reality of their city and where development is being attained in their systems. Therefore, constructing a framework for smart cities assessment will help share or exchange the newcomer strong and weak points, and emphasize where actual development is taking place and update a plan for future developments. Moreover, this assessment is able to assist cities prioritizes actions. This paper developed a guiding assessment framework for smart cites that will help the creating, carefully choosing and priorities of crucial indicators. These indicators can then show the way to the smart cites performance assessment and monitoring. Drawing on the investigation of an extensive and wide collection of literature from a variety of disciplinary areas and based on the conceptual literature on smart cities, in addition to interviews this study identify a good tool to help recognizing of virtual achievement of smart city. Furthermore, it is significant to be taken into consideration in assessing smart city smartness level.

The wireless sensor network (WSN) consists mostly of a large number of nodes in a large area where not all nodes are directly connected. The applications of comprise a wide variety of scenarios.The mobile nodes are free to move because this network has selfــstructured topology. Routing protocols are responsible for detecting and maintaining paths in the network, and it classified into reactive (OnـــDemand), proactive (Table driven), and hybrid. In this paper represents a performance study of some WSN routing protocols: the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV). The comparison made according to important metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), total packets dropped, Average end-to-end delay (Avg EED), and normalized routing load under the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic connection and with varying number of nodes, pause time; and varying speed. In this work used (NSــ2.35) that installed on (Ubuntu 14.04) operating system to implementing the scenario. Conclude that the DSR has better performance in TCP connection; while the DSDV has better performance in UDP protocol.

Air pollution must take more attention because its effects on human health. One of the most important air pollutants is ground-level ozone O3, which plays an important role in air quality and climate change on the earth. Ozone affected by the other air pollutants, so this paper attempt to study the relationship between hourly, daily and monthly ground-level ozone concentration and hourly, daily and monthly air pollutant concentrations and its effect on ground-level ozone concentration. The other air pollutants are: sulfur dioxide SO2, nitrogen oxides NOx, nitrogen monoxide NO, nitrogen dioxide NO2 and carbon dioxide CO2. The monitoring station is in Babylon University in the south of Al-Hilla city, Iraq for the period 2015-2016. By using statistical analysis, correlation coefficient and some statistics for all air pollutants are computed. Results are: the maximum average ozone concentration is in the summer months June, July and August 39.30 ppb, 45.05 ppb and 36.63 ppb respectively and along the day the peak average ozone concentration is in the afternoon because of high temperature and high solar radiation intensity which is increasing the photochemical activity of ozone. There is no significant correlation between ozone and sulfur dioxide SO2, carbon dioxide CO2 (ρ > 0.05). High significant correlation is appeared between ozone and nitrogen oxides forms (ρ < 0.01). To express the complex relation between ozone and nitrogen oxide forms, proportions such as NO/NO2 and (NOx-NO)/NO is determined which explain the ozone photochemical activity. Ozone concentration decreases with increasing of NO/NO2 and increases with (NOx-NO)/NOx increasing.