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The present article addresses the two contemporary Italian dictionaries of abbreviations Malossini (1999) and Righini (2001) and outlines the position of the Italian abbreviations in some other Italian dictionaries, namely the monolingual Zingarelli (2000) and Garzanti (2021) and bilingual Slovene–Italian (Šlenc 2006) and Italian–Slovene (Šlenc 1997). The aim of the paper is to give an insight into the compilation of the abbreviation dictionary entries in monolingual Italian, bilingual in tandem with the Slovene language and specialised abbreviation dictionaries; highlight the elements present within the dictionary entries; present the deficiencies in compiling and examples of good practice; with the aim of introducing the outcomes in the compilation of the bilingual Italian–Slovene dictionary entries of the Slovene Contemporary Dictionary of Abbreviations. Within the paper we present the composition of the bilingual dictionary entries giving the reader an insight into the elements of the dictionary entry, namely the usage of language and field qualifiers, articulated prepositions, i.e. preposizioni articolate (composed of prepositions and definite articles), official translations and additional descriptions.

The aim of this paper is to point to fundamental implications of the prototype theory for lexicographic practice using them as a solid foundation for developing and proposing a model for systematic, consistent, precise and, above all, reliable treatment of polysemy in dictionaries. The main requirement of such a model is to make transparent the main features of a polysemous structure including its hierarchical organization, mutual relatedness of senses based on family resemblance and motivated derivation of senses. The proposed model includes three most challenging but key aspects of lexicographic treatment of polysemy: sense discrimination, sense defining and structure and organization of a dictionary entry. The prototype-based view of a polysemous structure is illustrated with a diagram representing a proposed upgrade of the radial set model introduced by Brugman and Lakoff (1988) and providing a pattern for tailoring a dictionary entry for a polysemous word. After practical aspects of the proposed model are explained in detail, an illustration follows setting forth a sample entry for a highly polysemous verb formed according to the proposed model. A solid theoretical foundation of the model is expected to ensure its practical efficiency primarily concerning quick and easy detection and understanding of senses.

Ciluba is one of the four national Congolese languages spoken in the central south of the country. Since the end of the 19th century, it has acquired the status of a written language and up to the present possesses several lexicographic works of which the first, dating from 1881, is a Ciluba–German vocabulary compiled by a German explorer. Nkòngamyakù Cilubà–Mfwàlànsa is a bilingual dictionary developed by NgoSemzara Kabuta, professor of African linguistics and literature at the University of Ghent, with the triple aim of complementing and filling the gaps of the last dictionary in this genre published in 1960 by a Catholic priest, giving an account of the evolution of the language and proposing the standard form for Ciluba so that it could be used in institutional communication, especially in education. Compared with the works of predecessors, missionaries and regional officials, this new reference tool brings several innovations, mainly: the provision of a dictionary in electronic format and paper, the increase of the number of entries from 10 000 to 16 000, the use of a simple, practical and effective orthography likely to help with reading when learning the language, the significant number of parameters and justifications for each entry to make comprehension easier, the addition of a minigrammar, wholly in Ciluba, a way of contributing to the development, promotion and enriching of this language, particularly through grammatical terminology. In spite of the errors owing to its innovative character, this lexicographic work whose merit is, in various respects, unquestionable, is an answer to the call recently made to African, especially Bantu lexicographers for more comprehensive works.

The paper examines the "predictability criterion", a classificatory tool which is used in selecting affixed word forms for dictionary entries. It focuses on the criterion as it has been used by the African Languages Lexical (ALLEX) Project for selecting extended verbs to enter as headwords in the Project's first monolingual Shona dictionary Duramazwi ReChiShona. The article also examines the status of Shona verbal extensions in terms of their semantic input to the verb stems they are attached to. The paper was originally motivated by two observations: (a) that predictability seems to be a matter of degree; and (b) that the predictability criterion tended to be used inconsistently in the selection of extended verbs and senses for Duramazwi ReChiShona. An analysis of 412 productively extended verbs that were entered as headwords in Duramazwi ReChiShona shows that verbal extensions can bring both predictable and unpredictable senses to the verb stems they are attached to. The paper demonstrates that for an effective use of the predictability criterion for selecting extended verbs for Shona dictionaries, there is need for the lexicographer to have an in-depth understanding of the kinds of semantic movements that are caused when verb stems are extended. It shows the need to view verbal extensions in Shona as derivational morphemes, not inflectional morphemes as some earlier scholars have concluded. Die gebruik van die voorspelbaarheidskriterium om uitgebreide werkwoorde te selekteer vir ShonawoordeboekeHierdie artikel ondersoek die "voorspelbaarheidskriterium", 'n klassifikasiehulpmiddel wat gebruik word om geaffigeerde woordvorme te selekteer as woordeboekinskrywings. Dit fokus op die kriterium soos dit gebruik is deur die African Language Lexical (ALLEX) Project vir die selektering van uitgebreide werkwoorde as lemmas in die Projek se eerste eentalige Shonawoordeboek Duramazwi ReChiShona. In hierdie artikel word die status van Shona se werkwoordelike uitbreidings ondersoek in terme van hul semantiese opname in die werkwoordstamme waarmee hulle verbind is. Die artikel is oorspronklik gemotiveer deur twee waarnemings: (a) dat voorspelbaarheid 'n graadkwessie is; en (b) dat die neiging bestaan het om die voorspelbaarheidskriterium in die seleksie van uitgebreide werkwoorde en betekenisse vir die Duramazwi ReChiShona inkonsekwent toe te pas. 'n Ontleding van 412 produktief uitgebreide werkwoorde wat as lemmas in Duramazwi ReChiShona opgeneem is, toon dat werkwoordelike uitbreidings sowel voorspelbare as onvoorspelbare betekenisse kan toevoeg tot die werkwoordstamme waarmee hulle verbind is. Die artikel bewys dat dit vir die effektiewe gebruik van die voorspelbaarheidskriterium vir die seleksie van uitgebreide werkwoorde vir Shonawoordeboeke vir die leksikograaf noodsaaklik is om 'n grondige insig te hê in die tipes semantiese verskuiwings wat veroorsaak word deur die uitbreiding van werkwoordstamme. Dit toon die noodsaaklikheid om werkwoordelike uitbreidings in Shona te beskou as afleidingsmorfeme en nie as fleksiemorfeme soos sommige vroeëre vakkundiges besluit het nie.

ABSTRACT: On the basis of sample analysis of a Czech adjective, a definition based on the data drawn from the Czech National Corpus (cf. Čermák and Schmiedtová 2003) is gradually compiled and finally offered, pointing at the drawbacks of definitions found in traditional dictionaries. Steps undertaken here are then generalized and used, in an ordered sequence (similar to a work-flow ordering), as topics, briefly discussed in the second part to which lexicographers of monolingual dictionaries should pay attention. These are supplemented by additional remarks and caveats useful in the compilation of a dictionary. Thus, a brief survey of some of the major steps of dictionary compilation is presented here, supplemented by the original Czech data, analyzed in their raw, though semiotically classified form.OPSOMMING: Aantekeninge oor die samestelling van 'n korpusgebaseerde woordeboek. Op grond van 'n steekproefontleding van 'n Tsjeggiese adjektief, word 'n definisie gebaseer op data ontleen aan die Tsjeggiese Nasionale Korpus (cf. Čermák en Schmiedtová 2003) geleidelik saamgestel en uiteindelik aangebied wat wys op die gebreke van definisies aangetref in tradisionele woordeboeke. Stappe wat hier onderneem word, word dan veralgemeen en gebruik in 'n geordende reeks (soortgelyk aan 'n werkvloeiordening), as onderwerpe, kortliks bespreek in die tweede deel, waaraan leksikograwe van eentalige woordeboeke aandag behoort te gee. Hulle word aangevul deur bykomende opmerkings en waarskuwings wat nuttig is vir die samestelling van 'n woordeboek. Op dié manier word 'n kort oorsig van sommige van die hoofstappe van woordeboeksamestelling hier aangebied, aangevul deur die oorspronklike Tsjeggiese data, ontleed in hul onbewerkte, alhoewel semioties geklassifiseerde vorm.Sleutelwoorde: EENTALIGE WOORDEBOEKE, KORPUSLEKSIKOGRAFIE, SINTAGMATIEK EN PARADIGMATIEK IN WOORDEBOEKE, WOORDEBOEKINSKRYWING, SOORTE LEMMAS, PRAGMATIEK, BEHANDELING VAN BETEKENIS, POLISEMIE, TSJEGGIES

Abstract: Both A Practical Ndebele Dictionary (1971) by Pelling and Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele (2001) by Hadebe et al. lemmatize a number of -wa-ending verbs. Each one of the verbs is easily recognizable as a canonical or base form from which different word forms can be derived. Indeed they should all be seen as legitimate headwords that have been carefully selected for entry until a keener observation as presented in this article, questions the validity of the inclusion. It would be understood from both compilers that all the verbs entered are by virtue of their being legitimate verb bases. Since the verbs ending with -wa are canonical forms, they should be inflected with -iw-/-w-, the passive extension morpheme, and by any other extension morphemes. When -iw-/ -w- cannot inflect directly, the usual initial inflection to causative or applicative and then to passive should then apply. When -iw-/-w- cannot apply, it is likely that the headword in question is in fact a passive form already derived from another base form. The article argues that these words cannot claim to be legitimate headwords. The article further observes that other verb endings treated can be simi-larly tested and treated accordingly. Possibly headword selection will then be more consistent and charac-terized by a more considered and reasoned approach.