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The effective training of law students, which demystifies technology, and the creation of cost effective, fit for purpose technology solutions are crucial to democratising legal technology and levelling the playing fields between "Big Law" and the legal services available to the bulk of South African citizens. A public/private partnership between the Nelson Mandela Faculty of Law, the university's Information and Communication Technology department and a consortium of legal practitioners (including Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr and various industry players) has piloted HiveLaw, a SharePoint-based practice management solution custom designed to fit university law clinics' dual purpose of legal service delivery and practical legal education. This pilot serves as a case study firstly to investigate how legal technology can contribute to transformative teaching and learning and transformative legal practice at university law clinics, as it exposes staff and students to the benefits of digital and online activities. Secondly, the pilot illustrates how proficiency in the use of technology such as HiveLaw aids the staff and students to adapt to digital processes while improving access to justice for indigent communities. In this way staff and students make a difference in the working world by implementing their knowledge in legal practice, which is widely known for slowly adapting to digital processes, while being exposed to experiential learning and getting in touch with the demands of modern legal practice.

Background: Students function better academically when psychologically well. The COVID-19 pandemic proved a new challenge to the mental wellness of undergraduate healthcare students. Students were not only faced with academic changes but also had to complete clinical practice in healthcare facilities amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Aim: This study investigated the psychological well-being, stressors, coping strategies and support of undergraduate healthcare students amid COVID-19. Setting: A South African university’s faculty of health sciences. Methods: A survey design through a cross-sectional descriptive approach was used to collect data from the population of 1529 undergraduate healthcare students. One hundred and ninety-six (n = 196) students responded to the online survey. Results: Participants reported a variety of stressors influencing their psychological well-being. Participants chose mostly adaptive coping strategies to deal with stressors. They gave feedback on the support they received from the faculty and institution. Most of the participants indicated they prefer weekly online communication from the higher education institution. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic influenced the psychological well-being of undergraduate healthcare students. The psychological well-being of these students is a collective responsibility between students and higher education institutions to enable academic success and positive patient outcomes. Contribution: This study found that undergraduate healthcare students had academic, psychological, financial and other stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher education institutions, especially those involved in training undergraduate healthcare professionals, in collaboration with students, need to provide students with targeted continued support and training to use healthy coping behaviours to manage various stressors.

Background: The burden of stroke is increasing worldwide. The hierarchical healthcare referral system in South Africa (SA) poses unique challenges to clinicians when caring for people with suspected strokes (PsS). To improve health outcomes, novel strategies are required to provide adequate care, including prognostication, in SA. Aim: To determine the subjective burden of and challenges posed by suspected stroke cases and the potential usefulness of biomarkers in prognostication. Setting: This study was conducted in the uMgungundlovu Health District (UHD), KwaZulu-Natal, SA. Methods: An online questionnaire was distributed to doctors within the UHD. Demographic data and answers to a series of 5-point-Likert-type statements were collected. Results: Seventy-seven responses were analysed. A third of doctors worked in primary healthcare facilities (PHCare) and saw ≥ 2.15 suspected strokes-per-doctor-per-week, compared to ≥ 1.38 seen by doctors working in higher levels of healthcare. Neuroimaging was relied upon by 85% of doctors, with nearly half of PHCare doctors having to refer patients to facilities 5 km – 20 km away, with resultant delays. Knowledge about prognostic biomarkers in strokes was poor, yet most doctors believed that a biomarker would assist in the prognostication process and they would use it routinely. Conclusion: Doctors in this study faced a significant burden of strokes and rely on neuroimaging to guide their management; however, many challenges exist in obtaining such imaging, especially in the PHCare setting. The need for prognostic biomarkers was clear. Contribution: This research lays the platform for further studies to investigate prognostic biomarkers in stroke in our clinical setting.

Background: Following the rollout of several effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many countries have introduced vaccination passports or certificates as a means of certifying that an individual has been vaccinated against, is immune to, or is presently uninfected with COVID-19. An extensive ethical debate has ensued. Aim: To determine the perspectives of South African healthcare workers (HCWs) on the implementation of COVID-19 vaccination passports (C19VPs) in South Africa (SA). Setting: Healthcare workers working in various fields and practice settings throughout SA were invited to complete an online questionnaire. Methods: An online questionnaire was distributed using convenience sampling via social media platforms to HCWs over a 1-month period, collecting demographic details and responses to 8 Likert-type items regarding agreement with C19VPs, ethical issues and feasibility. Each item was graded from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), with grouping of 4 of the 8 items exploring a common theme of C19VPs being a good idea, constituting a score out of 20. Non-parametric tests were performed to determine differences in responses between groups. Results: One thousand HCWs responded to the survey and fulfilled inclusion criteria. The majority (83.2%) of respondents were medical practitioners (MPs). Overall, most (73.5%) respondents agreed that C19VPs are a good idea. Older respondents agreed more strongly than younger respondents (medians 18 and 17, respectively, p = 0.001), and respondents in private practice agreed more strongly than those in state practice (medians 18 and 16, respectively, p = 0.042). The median response was neutral (3) in response to the ethics of C19VPs considering variations in vaccine access and tending towards disagreement (2.5) in disadvantaging poorer people. Most respondents disagreed that vaccine hesitancy would make C19VPs unethical, and responses from provinces with the highest vaccination proportions disagreed more than others with lower vaccination proportion (median 2 compared with 3, p 0.001). There was uncertainty about the feasibility of C19VPs in SA, with older HCWs, non-students, senior MPs and those who thought C19VPs are a good idea being more likely to consider them feasible. Conclusion: The perspectives of HCWs, mainly MPs, about C19VPs in SA were obtained. Further research should focus on vaccine hesitancy and its factors in HCWs and the effect of C19VPs on restrictions, reduction in transmission and benefits on economies and mental health. Contribution: To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first survey data published on the perspectives of South African HCWs on C19VPs in the country. Healthcare workers are trusted influencers of vaccination decisions, and their opinion on vaccination certificates may also influence the South African public’s perception and acceptance thereof.

Background: Effective communication between the patients and radiographers can be a daunting task in a multicultural, multilingual environment. With 11 official languages, South Africans experience language barriers amongst themselves, which pose unique communication challenges on a daily basis. It is thus important to explore how radiographers overcome such challenges to provide an effective service to their patients. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of radiographers in Gauteng province in communicating with patients in a multilingual, multicultural healthcare setting and make recommendations towards overcoming such barriers. Setting: The focus group discussions were conducted in English and at a private location that was convenient for the participants in Gauteng. Method: The study employed a qualitative phenomenological approach using focus group interviews (FGIs) to solicit the experiences of participants and gain an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. Results: The findings showed that patient–radiographer cross-cultural communication is ineffective whilst language barriers are encountered daily. Participants subsequently offered a number of recommendations to enhance communication with patients from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. These included workshops or short courses to improve language skills, posters to allow for non-verbal communication, the use of professional interpreters or mobile translation technology, employment of a diverse workforce and a focus on cultural sensitivity and learning an additional language at tertiary level. Conclusion: Although a variety of communication strategies are available, the most appropriate combination should be explored for individual radiology practices in order to serve their respective diverse patient base. Recommendations that emanated from this study can, therefore, be used as a guide to radiology practices to facilitate effective patient–radiographer communication.

Background: Stress is a major problem among university and, specifically, health care students, as it may influence academic performance and psychological well-being negatively. Aims: To develop and implement a student support system based on the perceived stress, stressors and coping strategies of physiotherapy students. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was undertaken, using a literature-based, selfcompiled questionnaire and the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Over a period of three years, 207 third- and fourth-year physiotherapy students at a South African university were included. Results: Psychological distress was experienced by 61.8%–71.2% of participants. During the 3 months prior to the study, 6% of participants received psychological or psychiatric help and 9% of participants used some form of psychiatric medication. The main stressors identified during clinical training were the suffering and death of patients, academic pressure and tension during interaction with personnel. Participants indicated that they mainly coped with these stressors by talking to someone such as a family member or a friend. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, a framework to identify and support students in pre-clinical and clinical training years was developed and implemented over five years. This proposed framework might positively contribute to the psychological well-being of health care students.

In a letter to friends and acquaintances dated September 2002 Breyten Breytenbach declared his final leave-taking of South Africa and Afrikaans, and a refusal to write in his mother tongue any longer. This has brought about the conundrum of Afrikaans’s finest living poet still writing and producing privately, but not discontinuing publishing in Afrikaans (his last collection of poetry was Papierblom [Paper Flower] in 1998). A critical-historical overview is offered of the estranged poet’s oeuvre (1964-2002). The leitmotif of language, encompassing poetical comments on Afrikaans, is traced throughout the poetical oeuvre. The essay aims to explore these statements so as to reveal the poet’s changing attitude towards the language and its speakers, and traces the development over forty years of the poet’s complicated love-hate relationship with Afrikaans (the language he writes in) and theAfrikaans community (his readership).

Andrew Geddes Bain: fervent letter writer of satirical sketches of contemporary life, transport entrepreneur, military man, farmer, builder of bridges in the dry stone walling technique, autodidact, discoverer of the "Blinkwater Monster" fossil, as well as dramatist of "Kaatje Kekkelbek". Andrew Geddes Bain's journal (1949) offers insights into a fascinating life in the Eastern Cape at the beginning of the eighteenth century. The journal of Bain reconstructs not only his own life, but also the multi-faceted daily life and interactions of the various communities in the colony. His sense of humour, intelligence, innovation and inquisitive mind make him an unforgettable colonial character, and his writings fascinating and endurable monuments, like his passes and bridges still standing in the Eastern Cape to this day. As forefather of South African geology and pioneer road builder, Bain may also be seen as forefather of the satirical tradition in South African literature.

Pringle's Bushmen poems, his short story about Pangola and his autobiography, Narrative of Residence in South Africa (1835) offer particularly interesting, often conflicting, perspectives on the situation of the Eastern Cape Bushmen in the early nineteenth century. As a gentleman settler farmer, minor Romantic poet and a pro-abolition journalist his views of the Bushmen changed as easily as so many different cloaks around the shoulder. Born in the year of the French Revolution and as a child of Enlightenment ideas, the ideas about the equality of all humankind, reflected in his poetry, were totally foreign to the colony. Yet in his autobiography the threatened settler farmer's view of the Bushmen "freebooters" stands in stark contrast to the philanthropic ideas expressed in his poetry. Of particular interest is the discovery that the sympathetic short story about the Bushmen and their plight in "Pangola - an African tale" is fictionalisation of a factual passage in the autobiography, dealing with the settler farmers' troubles. The two texts vary greatly in their outlook on the Bushmen. Because the Pangola story was reprinted in a footnote at the back of the Pereira & Chapman publication of Pringle's poems, it has received very little attention. Yet this is probably the earliest South African story in which a white author portrays a black main character.

This article explores the enigmatic nature of tricksters in Ingrid Winterbach’s Niggie (Cousin, 2002), as manifested in everyday life through the supernatural and the unconscious (for instance in dreams). In this way some of the puzzling aspects of this magisterial novel are clarified. Early in Niggie the reader is confronted with a trickster figure in the form of a dream figure, the red haired woman with the little feather hat, who appears in the farmer’s epiphanic dream. After tricking him, she leaves him with an intense sense of loss. This type of trickster figure is variously embodied and manifested throughout the novel in several other mysterious characters, adding to the jouissance or playfulness and ambiguity in the novel. It would appear that Winterbach as a South African author was inspired not only by tricksters from European mythology, but also by indigenous African, Khoi and San mythology. In this regard trickster figures from the Khoi and San as well as Nguni cultures are also discussed. These figures are, amongst others, the Mantis (/Kaggen), Heitsi-Eibeb, Uthlakanyana and Tokoloshe.

A literary analysis is done of Ingrid Winterbach’s novel Niggie [“Cousin”], with specific focus on the nature and function of Anglo-Boer War material in Winterbach’s text. This novel has a profound effect on the reader a century after the war, because it addresses postcolonial issues and predicaments such as a defragmenting identity, as well as the possible demise of the Afrikaans language and culture, faced by the descendants of those involved in the war a century ago. This article focuses on the use of language, the plot, characters and their well-chosen names, motifs and themes, crossing of taboo borders and the juxtaposition of the past and the present.

The availability of water has been a prime consideration for the management of the Kruger National Park (KNP) since its establishment in 1926. While the park is fed by five, historically perennial, river systems, its location at the downstream end of these systems has left the park vulnerable to external influences, which have compromised the integrity of its water resources. This article is based on a Masters of Arts study completed at North-West University in 2017, and provides a historical overview of water management in the KNP and its role in the development of aquatic science in South Africa. A specific focus is placed on the KNP Rivers Research Programme, a collaborative, multidisciplinary aquatic research programme, which was conducted in three phases between 1988 and 1999. The article explores the influence of this programme on changes in water management in the KNP as well as its role in the development of aquatic science in South Africa.

Breytenbach’s prison poetry is first contextualized as part of a South African subgenre that flourished under apartheid, and then interrogated for its specificities: the singular prison conditions under which he wrote, the nature of the poetry, specific leitmotifs in each of the five volumes published between 1976 and 1985. A psychoanalytic approach is indicated to this strong middle phase in his extensive poetical oeuvre, comprising seventeen collections of poetry.

Imaginative autobiography in The Orange Earth en my kinderdae. The Orange Earth is baie relevant nou met die Waarheids- en Versoeningskommissie. Ek het my jare gelede voorgeneem dat die stuk in Afrikaans oorgesit moet word. Dit mag net wees dat Daniël Hugo nou aan die ding sal werk, want sy siel is ’n digterlike siel. Ek hoop dit kan gepubliseer word, aangesien dit ’n outobiografiese werk is, oor dinge wat my baie seer gemaak het.

Text on text on text: intertextuality in Ingrid Winterbach’s Niggie This article focuses on the creative adaptation of Anglo-Boer War material in Ingrid Winterbach’s (formerly Lettie Viljoen) “Niggie” (“Cousin”) (2002) with specific reference to the historiographical-metafictional element and intertextual game with texts written during or shortly after the Anglo-Boer War in Dutch, such as Totius’ “Vier-en-sestig dae te velde: ’n oorlogsdagboek” (“Sixty four days afield: a war diary”) (1977) and in English, “Woman’s endurance” (1904) by A.D.L. and Deneys Reitz’s “Commando: a Boer journal of the Boer War” (1932). The intertextuality of more recent texts such as “Op soek na generaal Mannetjies Mentz” (“In Search of General Mannetjies Mentz”) (1998) by Christoffel Coetzee, Klaas Steytler’s “Ons oorlog” (“Our war”) (2000) and Etienne Leroux’s “Magersfontein, O! Magersfontein” (1976) will also be discussed. A literary analysis is done of the novel “Niggie”, with specific focus on the nature and function of Anglo-Boer War material in Winterbach’s text. The question is posed why is there such a sustained focus and creative adaptation of Anglo-Boer War texts in Winterbach’s oeuvre, especially in “Belemmering” (“Impediment”) (1990); “Karolina Ferreira” (1993); “Buller se plan” (“Buller’s plan”) (1999) and “Niggie” (“Cousin”) (2002)? How does she adapt this material? What is the function of this process and in what way does this novel impact on the reader a century after the war?

Golding’s Lord of the Flies, first published in 1954, reflects a bleak sense of post-war pessimism. But with undue attention focused on its portrayal of original sin and the problem of evil, readings have often remained reductive. In this article it is argued that the novel’s symbolic narrative is polysemic and, when it is read as anagogic myth, may be seen to span Judaeo-Christian Heilsgeschichte or salvation history, rewriting its chapters of creation, Fall, the problem of evil, the failure of law, the hope of salvation, the mission of a messianic figure, and – in the clearest departure from the Biblical narrative – an ambiguous representation of his return. This study examines the novel’s often paradoxical symbolism using Frye’s phases of anagogic myth, with its poles of apocalyptic and demonic imagery. It traces the relation of symbols to their counterparts in Biblical narratives, drawn in particular from the symbolic writings of the origin and end of humanity, to elucidate Golding’s bleak but certainly not hopeless rewriting of the salvation story for a post-faith readership.

‘At the limits’: Karel Schoeman’s Verkenning (1996) Written from the postcolonial vantage point of the new South Africa, Karel Schoeman's Verkenning (Reconnaissance) deals with the colonial era of the early nineteenth century. Through metafictional commentary the reader is alerted to the provisionality and tentativeness of historical fiction, as fiction and historical facts are constantly juxtaposed. At the same time the novel can be read as an attempt to fathom the ‘darkness’ of the bygone era, and to throw ‘light’ on the nature of intercultural relationships during the period of the Batavian Republic (1803-1806). Of central importance, however, is the way in which the consciousness of a new era is suggested through the subtle functioning of numerous intertexts. These intertexts deal with various forms of transitional consciousness, such as those associated with the French Revolution. A remarkable characteristic of the novel is its historiographic metafictionality, an innovative element in Schoeman’s oeuvre. Verkenning (Reconnaissance) is a polyphonic novel in which a collage of voices is foregrounded and presented in the process of ‘exploring’. From within the politically transformed multicultural South Africa of the late twentieth century, the creative imagination explores the roots of this society in the history of almost two centuries ago. In this respect Verkenning may be characterised as a postcolonial narrative construct and thus part of "oorgangsliteratuur" or “Wendeliteratur”, a term coined for the literature produced after the political change in 1989/1990 in Germany.

How might a post-colonial novel by the author of Decolonising the Mind deal with the Christian Gospel, that pillar of Western culture, used for too long to justify European imperialism in Africa and elsewhere? In A Grain of Wheat (1967), Ngugi depicts both the appropriation and betrayal of the Christian message by British colonialists in Kenya. One would expect the remnants of Christianity and its representatives to be waved off with some relief together with the departing government officials. Yet in the novel the Gospel survives; its recontextualisation in Kenyan history the key to its survival. Even before independence the appropriation of the Bible for a political programme is not limited to the colonists: the first freedom fighters are shown to adopt the sacrificial ethic suggested by the novel’s title. This article examines the criteria for the novel’s implicit judgement of Christian theologies and practices, its recontextualisation or “transgressive reinscription" of Biblical narratives, images and models of heroism for the struggle, as well as the ideological shift effected by Ngugi’s revisions of the text nineteen years after its initial publication - a shift in which the Biblical text is wrenched so far from its original context as to render it meaningless for all but his programme.

The use of Afrikaans as a language of instruction at South African universities has been under fire for some time. This should be considered in the context of the anglicisation of higher education, a global trend related to globalism and the (re-)internationalisation of the university system. The core of this study consists of a content analysis of the responses of Afrikaansspeaking students at the University of South Africa (Unisa) to the question as to why they chose English as their language of study. At the time of the investigation, a number of modules at this university were still available in Afrikaans. When the abolition of Afrikaans as a language of tuition was proposed, the choice of English as the language of instruction by Afrikaansspeaking students was often put forward as justification for such a policy. Relatively little research has been conducted into the reasons for this phenomenon. The study is based on a questionnaire survey among Unisa students who indicated at registration that their home language was Afrikaans, Afrikaans and English as well as students who took modules in Afrikaans. Practical problems such as lecturers being unable to respond in Afrikaans, were often cited. A small number of students reported that university officials dissuaded them from registering in Afrikaans. More significant were perceptions of an advantage associated with a degree completed in English. We discuss such responses within the framework of the globalising discourse informed by the idea of the university as a business, the internationalisation of the university, globalisation and globalism. Approximately half the respondents indicated that they studied through the medium of English. Many, nevertheless, reported a sense of pride in the Afrikaans language and supported the idea of Afrikaans as an option for language of instruction. Respondents were given the opportunity to, first, provide reasons for studying in English in free text and then select the most important reason(s) for doing so from a list. The fact that textbooks and other study material are predominantly in English emerged as the most important reason why Afrikaansspeaking students preferred studying in English. It was chosen by more than twice as many respondents as the option "English is the language of business". Since students are only informed about the details regarding their textbook and the fact that study material is available in Afrikaans after registration for a module at Unisa, we suspect that, because of a lack of timely information, anticipated difficulties often play a role in students' selection of English as their medium of instruction. This has implications for South African universities that are considering the extensive use of historically disadvantaged official languages for tuition. It also has consequences for Unisa itself as, in June 2020, the Supreme Court of Appeal reversed the university's decision to discontinue tuition in Afrikaans by declaring its language policy to this effect illegal and unconstitutional. The Court ordered the reinstitution of its previous policy which mandated that certain modules should be available to students in Afrikaans at the discretion of the Senate. Furthermore, students were uncertain whether they had the option to study in Afrikaans. A number of common misconceptions about the universality of English and the perception that Afrikaans subject terminology is clumsy and/or difficult to understand, were noted. Ultimately, it is up to the Afrikaans language community to convince young people that studying in Afrikaans does not imply a disadvantage. It is also of critical importance that tertiary education in Afrikaans should be facilitated by, for example, making textbooks available in Afrikaans and by taking care that terminology is standardised. It was also noted that students who chose to study in English were noticeably less committed not only to the identity of their own language and cultural group, but also to South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central poem in Van Wyk Louw’s Tristia (1962), is “H. Teresa van Avila flap uit” (literally translated: “Saint Teresa of Avila talks too much/babbles uncontrollably”. This article illustrates how intertextual reading helped to clarify the poem. Teresa of Avila’s The way of perfection (a translation of the Spanish work El Camino de la Perfección, 1573) is the intertext of the Van Wyk Louw poem. In the last section of the article it is shown how the figure of St. Teresa of Avila is central not only to Van Wyk Louw’s Tristia (1962), but also to the oeuvre of Sheila Cussons, which underlines a strong intertextuality between these two Afrikaans oeuvres.

The article endeavours to answer the question of how the 1988 reader reacts to Tristia (1962). The poems are placed against the political, cultural and literary context of the 1950s in Europe, and it is pointed out how Tristia is multi-faceted in tone, texture and content, reflecting the tensions of its socio-historical context. The reception of the book at the time of publication is looked at, and the line is then drawn through to 1988. In the present situation the reader is struck by the Eurocentredness of the work and the strongly intellectual perspective. Whereas Rob Antonissen, A.P. Grové and W.E.G. Louw stressed the “richness” and “greatness” of the poetry, today’s reader would probably relate more to the social relevance portrayed in the perspective given in the work on the struggle between physical violence and the striving of the human spirit not to go under in this battle.

The prose work by Italo Calvino, Invisible cities is of special interest in the study of D.J. Opperman’s Komas uil 'n bamboesstok. Calvino’s novel also has a character, the fictionalised Marco Polo, who plays such an important role in Komas uil 'n bamboesstok. When the traces of Italo Calvino’s work are sought in Komas, the coherence between poems in the volume emerges more clearly. The importance of Calvino’s “novel” as intertext does not primarily reside in the clarifying reciprocity which it has with single poems or pairs of poems. It is the central intertcxt in the volume, seeing that it is of determining importance for its structure. Opperman’s poetic technique in this volume reiterates the structure of Invisible cities: multiplicity which in the end can be reduced to unity.

N.P. van Wyk Louw’s poem, “Saltimbanque en vriendin” (Tristia, 1962), has to be read against the background of the saltinnbanque tradition in literature and painting. Poems of Baudelaire, IVIarsman and Rilke illustrate the mechanism of this tradition: a metaphysical world implied behind the physical world of the artist. The paintings of Georges Rouault and Pablo Picasso around the figure of the clown/saltimbanque are discussed. It is shown that the saltimbanque usually represents the poet/author/artist himself. Finally it is pointed out that "Saltimbanque en vriendin" can be read as the groundplan for "Groot Ode”.

A subset X,V of the vertex set V of a graph G = (V,E) is an independent set in G if no two vertices of V are adjacent in G. The cardinality of a largest independent set in G is called the independence number of G and is denoted by α(G). A non-empty graph G is p-stable if p is the largest number of arbitrary edges that can be removed from G without changing the independence number of the resulting graph, and q-critical if q is the smallest number of arbitrary edges that have be removed from G in order necessarily to change the independence number of the resulting graph. The classes of p-stable and q-critical forests (acyclic graphs) of order n are characterised in this paper for all permissible values of p, q and n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Somaar uit die staanspoor wil ek verduidelik dat my bena- dering miskien vir sommige van u as te prakties en van te algemene aard mag voorkom en u moontlik sou verkies het dat ek meer moes uitwei oor die tegnieke en die beginsels van beplanning. Daardie aspekte laat ek egter aan die persone oor wat beter gekwalifiseer is om daaroor te praat as ek. Dit beteken egter nie dat ek, en ander soos ek, die aanvaarde en beproefde beginsels vir goeie beplanning kan ignoreer nie. Ek wil egter met hierdie inleidende woorde volstaan en dit aan u oordeel oorlaat om te besluit of u met hierdie bena- dering van my saamstem. Indien u nie met my saamstem nie, dan vertrou ek dat wat ek hier te sê het u minstens sal prikkel en u miskien sal aanspoor om die saak te stel soos u dit sien.

Daar bestaan in Suid-Afrika ’n aantal kultuurverenigings wat hulle lede uitsluitlik of hoofsaaklik uit die personeel van ’n bepaalde beroepsgroep trek, naamlik die Afrikaanse Taalen Kultuurvereniging (Suid-Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens), afgekort tot A.T.K.V. (S.A.S. en H.), die Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurbond (Pos- en Telegraafwese), (A.T.K.B. (P. en T.)), die Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniging van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisie (Akpol) en die Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniging van die Weermag (A.K.V.V.).

Ordinary daily worries and how these worries are managed by primary school learners were explored and described in this study by making use of a descriptive qualitative research design. Worries form part of most children's everyday development and can influence their functioning and development if they are not supported properly. It is therefore important that parents and teachers should be aware of these worries, in order to help their children to manage them effectively. The goal of this study was to determine the ordinary daily worries of primary school learners in a specific school and to determine how these primary school learners cope with these worries. Data obtained will be used to help parents and teachers cultivate awareness so that children can be better supported in managing their worries. Thirty primary school learners in their late middle childhood (ten to eleven years old) in a specific school were selected by a simple random sample. Data were obtained until saturation of data occurred by making use of semi-structured one-on-one interviews. Data were analysed by means of Braun and Clarke's thematic analysing method after which themes and subthemes were identified. The findings of the study were verified with reference to relevant literature. The findings showed that all the participants experience daily worries, and that they manage these worries in different ways. The two research questions, namely (1) What are the ordinary daily worries of primary school learners? and (2) How do primary school learners manage these everyday worries? were used to identify the themes and subthemes from the interview data. Worries and ways of managing worries were divided into two categories, namely on an intrapersonal level (focusing on personal thoughts, reflections, beliefs and values about the self), and on an interpersonal level (interaction between individuals, including relationships, groups or the public). On an intrapersonal level worries about certain emotions experienced (sadness, anger and uncertainty) were identified. The ways of coping with worries on an intrapersonal level were: the preference of participants to being alone; trying not to think about worries; crying; writing or drawing in diaries; praying; eating or sleeping. On an interpersonal level worries were identified with regard to school (strict teachers, punishment that can follow, and possible low achievement); family (conflict in the family, safety in the family, finance and unemployment in the family as well as the consequences of divorce); friends (conflict with friends, acceptance of a peer group as well as bullying behaviour); and lastly, the worry of loss (the death of self or family members, as well as the death of a loved pet). Ways of managing worries on this level were to spend time with family members, friends, pets, interaction with various types of media or to ask for support from the school. Themes were written in a narrative form and are supported with appropriate quotes from the interviews. It was recommended that schools need to consider certain aspects regarding school climate as well as relational well-being to help school learners to cope with everyday worries with the possibility to ensure healthy development. It is therefore necessary that parents and teachers should be made aware of children's (primary school learners) worries and how they manage these worries, so that this specific age group of children can be better supported and assisted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Vaal River has become so nutrient-enriched that algal blooms pose problems. A unique opportunity arose to determine if there were changes in the chemistry en algal composition of the Vaal River after oligomesotrophic Katse Dam (Lesotho) water was imported to augment supplies in the light of growing water demands in the Vaal River catchment area. Algal concentration and composition in the Vaal River during three periods (between 1992 and 1994,1998 and 2000, as well as 2004 and 2006) were compared to those in the Katse Dam (1998-2006). Some algal species, initially absent from the Vaal River, appeared in the river during and after transfer. Mixed algal assemblages found in the Vaal River before transfer of Katse Dam wafer gradually changed after transfer to assemblages mainly composed of cyanobacteria. The total algal concentration in the Vaal River Barrage doubled from the period between 1992 and 1994 to that between 2004 and 2006, indicating that the transfer of clear, oligomesofrophic Katse Dam water did not dilute the eutrophic Vaal River water sufficiently in order to reduce algal concentrations. Results showed that continuous downstream pollution and eutrophication of the Vaal River system eliminated the diluting effect of Katse imports. This resulted in changes in algal composition and concentration in the Vaal, characteristic of those associated with increasing eutrophication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of scheduling a spouse-avoiding mixed doubles round-robin tennis tournament (SMDRTT) of order n involves finding a playing schedule for n married couples in such a way that no player teams up with his/her spouse, no player opposes his/her spouse, each player opposes every other player of the same sex exactly once, each player teams up with every player of the opposite sex (except his/her spouse) exactly once, and each player opposes every player of the opposite sex (except his/her spouse) exactly once. These mixed doubles tennis matches have to be partitioned into the smallest number of rounds so that no player plays more than once per round and so that each round comprises the maximum number of matches. If n is even, then each player may be scheduled to compete in every round and hence an SMDRTT of even order n comprises n - 1 rounds, each containing n/2 matches. However, if n is odd, then one man and one woman must necessarily receive a bye during each round and hence an SMDRTT of odd order n comprises n rounds, each containing (n - 1)/2 matches. The notion of an SMDRTT may be attributed to the director of the Briarcliff Racquet Club in New York, who sought such a schedule for his club in 1972. His motivation was that spouses know each other too well and hence may have an unfair advantage with respect to anticipating elements in each other's play. Although it is known that results from the mathematical subdiscipline of design theory may be used to construct SMDRTTs of virtually any order, neither these techniques nor the application thereof is easily accessible to administrators of tennis clubs, who are typically not mathematicians. The aim in this paper is therefore two-fold: (I) to investigate which techniques from design theory are applicable in the construction of playing schedules for SMDRTTs, and (II) to apply these techniques in the construction of playing schedules for SMDRTTs of order n ≤ 20, and to document the resulting schedules in a way that is easily accessible to non-mathematicians. It transpires that the notion of a Latin square is central in the construction of SMDRTT playing schedules. A Latin square of order n is an n x n array of n symbols arranged so that each row and each column of the array contains every symbol (exactly once). Two Latin squares of order n are said to be orthogonal if, when super-imposed on one another, all n² ordered pairs of symbols appear (exactly once). A Latin square is called self-orthogonal if it is orthogonal to its transpose. It is well known that self-orthogonal Latin squares of all orders n > 3 exist, except for n = 6. In fact, if p is a prime number, q is a natural number and λ is an element of the Galois field of order pq (with λ ≠ 0, 1, 2-1), then a well-known 1971-result states that the array whose entry in row y and column z is the linear combination λy +(1-λ)z, is a self-orthogonal Latin square of order pq, where arithmetic is performed over the field. This result may be combined with the well-known result that the Kronecker product of two self-orthogonal Latin squares of orders n1 and n2 is a self-orthogonal Latin square of order n1n2, in order to construct a self-orthogonal Latin square of virtually any order. The following characterisation has been known since 1973: The matches of an SMDRTT of order n can be listed if and only if there exists a self-orthogonal Latin square L = [Lij] of order n satisfying Lii = i for all i ∈ {0, ... , n - 1}. (1) If such a Latin square exists, then the matches of the SMDRTT may be read off from the uppertriangular part of the square. More specifically, in the match in which man i opposes man j, woman Lij should be the team mate of man i, while woman Lji should be the team mate of man j.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South African literature has a long history of cultural translation or transplantation from the San or Bushman oral tradition. This phenomenon of the appropriation of the voice of the extinct San can be traced though all genres, but is especially prevalent in children's books, poetry, and fiction. Through a historical overview of degrees of cultural translation (in all its literary variations) clarification is sought for issues involved in Stephen Watson's plagiarism charge in 2005 against Antjie Krog for her The Stars Say "tsau" (2002). The central question is whether this practice of importing elements of San orality and culture into South African literature constitutes an illegal appropriation of the First People's heritage, or whether it is an ongoing form of homage, as George Steiner suggested of all forms of translation in 1999. Read as a tribute, keeping San cultural memory alive, this literature of cultural transplantation is an archive consisting of the stronger culture's interpretations of an extinct tradition, with the latter-day "bacteria of values invisible but invidious" (Leggo 1995: 40). Eugène Marais's Dwaalstories (1927) serves as a final focal point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Our struggle, our heroic death...": A Creative Reworking of Patriotic Material from Celliers' War Diary in Ingrid Winterbach's Niggie" This article focuses on the Oorlogsdagboek van Jan F.E. Celliers, 1899-1902 [War Diary of Jan F.E. Celliers, 1899-1902] (1978) and how it is creatively reworked and adapted in Ingrid Winterbach's (Lettie Viljoen) Niggie [Cousin] (2002). The Anglo-Boer War has been a recurring theme in Winterbach's (Viljoen's) oeuvre as can be seen in novels such as Belemmering [Impediment], Karolina Ferreira and Buller se plan [Buller's Plan]. She is one of many writers who made extensive use of this material in her oeuvre,. There was an overwhelming increase in the publication and re-publication of such novels and war diaries during the centenary anniversary of this historic war. Winterbach's Niggie was awarded the Hertzog prize in 2004. It will be shown that this novel is in fact not a superficial reworking of an age old theme, but that it is cleverly layered with commentary on the past, its people and government as well as commentary on these facets in the present, and to a certain extent a possible future for this country and its people. She uses the technique of intertextuality (Bakhtin and Kristeva, 1969) with great literary effect. This theory rests on the principle that all texts are to some extent interconnected. Nothing stands completely alone. There are references between texts created either consciously or unconsciously by authors. In a broader sense it can be said that all aspects of life, society, politics, economics, art and so forth, impact on each other and the world we live in. Winterbach uses the poet Celliers' war diary to draw parallels between the past and the present. She adapts actual historic views, problems, social and political circumstances in her novel and even succeeds in creating a character, Japie Stilgemoed, based on Celliers as seen through his eyes in his diary during almost the full length of the war. Topics to be discussed include patriotism, the role of religion, discipline, passivity and boredom during the Anglo-Boer War. Patriotism was fuelled not only by the prospect of defending one's country, but to a great extent also by the effects of the scorched earth policy on the nature of warfare and the innocent people involved. The scorched earth policy was also the direct cause for the increase in concentration camps which led to thousands of deaths, especially of women and children. It will be shown how religion played an important role in sustaining the commando's during the three years of the war, by carefully chosen texts from the Old Testament. Discipline was difficult to maintain during the war as the commando's were in fact free men and not trained soldiers. The lack of discipline was also a result of the boredom and passivity of the commando's during the war. Interestingly enough, the Anglo-Boer War (through the eyes of Celliers) was not a glorious experience with great battlefields, but rather for the most part the unnecessary loss of human life. There were, however, a few people who were seen as heroes after the war and these heroes went on to build a republic with nationalist views through the shared grief and pain of those who lived and died in this tragic war. The anomaly of such a novel in 2002 seemingly dwelling on the past is clearly shown to be a metaphor for the present and its dilemmas, reflecting the social conflicts existing at present in the crumbling Afrikaans community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the creative adaptation of Anglo-Boer-War material in Ingrid Winterbach's Niggie [Cousin] (2002) with specific reference to the Oorlogsdagboek van Jan F.E. Celliers, 1899-1902 [War Diary of Jan F.E. Celliers, 1899-1902] (1978). A fascinating substratum of ironic commentary arises as an extra dimension in the novel as a result of the subtly suggested comparison of South African issues and perspectives a century ago with the post-1994 South Africa concerns. Topics to be discussed are the intervention debate, the evolution debates, the role of the intellectual amidst less educated people, racial issues and the theory that the character Japie Stilgemoed, in Niggie, is actually based on the poet Jan F.E. Celliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The centennial of N.P. van Wyk Louw (1906-1970) brings with it a need for a reevaluation of his stature as poet. In this article Fan Wyk Louw's poetry is compared with, and contrasted to the oeuvres of leading poets in Afrikaans such as D.J. Opperman, Breyten Breytenbach and Antjie Krog. His last long poem, "Groot ode" (from Tristia, 1962) is read with a focus on the heretofore somewhat neglected archaeological and paleololithical motifs concerning the prehistory of man ("the mind in the cave" as Lewis-Williams formulated it in a recent book). The poem is also analysed for its modernist characteristics, with specific reference to T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land (1922), one of the pinnacles of modernism. The article aims to ascertain the stature of the poet in 2006, within a national and international framework. The conclusion is reached that "Groot ode" still holds its own as a particular apex of intellectual and creative achievement in Afrikaans literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]