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Aim: To investigate the features of allelic polymorphism, of several immune- and hemostasis-related genes in children with generalized, meningococcal infections and. to assess the usefulness of genotyping for prediction, of severe disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and. multiple organ dysfunction, syndrome in these patients. Materials and methods : we studied. 20 children aged, from 8 months up to 17 years with generalized, meningococcal infections who developed DIC or/and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The control group consisted, of 200 blood, donors. Genomic DNA was isolated, from peripheral blood, leucocytes. Allelic variants of genes coding for plasma hemostatic factors (FI-A, FI-B, FXIII-A, PAI-1, ТРА ) or pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1B, TNF-A) were detected by PCR and. subsequent restriction, analysis. Allele and. genotype frequencies were calculated, by direct counting, and. their differences between the groups were assessed, by Fisher's exact test. For statistical analysis, the GraphPad. Prism, ver.4.0 software was used. Results: in the group of children with generalized, meningococcal infections, the frequency of heterozygotes for the IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphism, was 1.5-fold higher than in the controls (75.0% vs. 50.0%, respectively, OR=3.0; 95% CI: 1.1-8.6; p=0.037). Genotype TPA Del/Del was detected 4-fold more frequently in children who developed multiple organ dysfunction syndrome than in those with the more favorable disease course (45.4% vs. 11.1%, respectively, OR=6.7; 95% CI: 0.6-73.1; p=0.16). Moreover, among the patients having multiple organ dysfunction, syndrome, we observed, more frequently individuals who possessed, at least 2 unfavorable genetic variants (p=0.022). Conclusion: Simultaneous assessment of nucleotide variations in 8 studied genes could help to define the group of children with high, risk of multiple organ dysfunction, syn-drome.Genotype TPA Del/Del, associated, with decreased, production, of this factor, might serve as a marker of unfavorable DIC course and possible predictor of multiple organ dysfunction. syndrome in children with generalized, meningpcoc-cal infections.

Genetic characteristics of host organism may cause susceptibility to a variety of bacteria, viruses and fungi, as well as influence the course of infectious diseases. Multiple studies indicate the existence of alleles predisposing to infections. Furthermore, there are about 300 nosological entities of primary immunodeficiencies (PID), i.e., inherited defects of immunity. Timely diagnosis of such conditions is quite challenging; however, it is vital for improving quality of patient care. Modern methods of DNA analysis allow establishing genetic causes of vulnerability to certain infectious agents in many individuals

In our review we present data on sleep disturbances in neuroinfections (encephalitis and meningitis), their clinical signs, neurochemistry and neurophysiology. These signs include lethargy, narcolepsy, sleep apnoe, sleep structure disruptions and may appear in acute period and as a sequelae of the disease. Reticular formation involvement seems to be the main reason for such sleep disorders. GABA and orexin systems disruption may play the key role in them. Neurophysiology evaluation of such disorders includes polysomnography, EEG-monitoring, brainstem acoustic evoked potentials and H-reflex investigation.

We have performed a clinical and cerebral MRI study of among 145 children with leukoencephalitis aged from 6 months to 18 years. The group of herpes viruses (i.e., herpes virus 1–2 and 6 types, virus Epstein – Barr, varicellazoster and cytomegalovirus) has been found to play the main role in etiology of leukoencephalitises with children; these viruses are detected in patients with mixed infections as well as in patients with mono infections. We defined clinical and MRI patterns, characteristic of leukoencephalitis and caused by different pathogens. The etiology of leukoencephalitis has been found to determine the course and outcome of the disease. Patient`s age (> 10 years) is associated with chronical leukoencephalitis.

The article represents the stages of historical development of Scientific and Research Institute of Children’s Infections from the moment of its foundation in 1927. The basic directions of scientific and practical activities are reflected. The priority of the institution and its role in the improvement of medical aid rendering to children with an infectious pathology are defined. The scientific achievements the introduction of which into practical public health service has a social value are described.

The problem of congenital infections (CI) is topical for health care services due to its high rate, severity, unfavorable outcomes and considerable economic burden. The authors review state-of-the-art in diagnostics, treatment and prophylaxis of CI. Using of some terms, debatable questions in classification of CI and classification of perinatalcerebral affections are considered. Special attention is paid to analyze and ways to improve modern system of antenatal evaluation risks of CI. It was shown the necessity in early lab exam of pregnant women by using modern quantitative methods and specialists’ in infectious diseases participation in results evaluation, as well.

Comparative dynamic clinical and immunomorphological researches of children’s cerebrospinal fluid were made during bacterial purulent meningitis (caused by Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza). Regularities connected with presence of CD3 lymphocytes were discovered. They depended on etiology and phase of disease. Children with meningococcal meningitis, pneumococcal meningitis or hemophilic meningitis had different levels of CD3 lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid while different phases of disease.

The review represents the analysis of data on physiotherapeutic methods of treatment that can be used in rehabilitation of children with long duration of frequent infections, children after acute intestinal diseases, children with chronic viral hepatitis, children with complications following some acute neuroinfections. Immune status disturbances play a valuable role in the development of chronic forms of infections in children. The possibility of immune problems correction by physical factors is underlined.

This review present current immunological, microbiological and molecular genetic features of Lyme disease. The mechanisms of borrelia’s dissemination and adaptation in the macroorganism are describe. The role of B. burgdorferi s.l. in the development of autoimmune diseases and non-Hodgkin-lymfomas is describe.

In the review are presented a modern data about vasculitis, are given a classifications of defeat of vessels, are characterised a features of vascular dysfunction at an infectious pathology, are described the basicpathogenetic mechanisms of their development, is proved the differentiated appointment of vascular preparations in complex pathogenetic therapy of infectious diseases.

The aim: is to investigate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with meningitis of different aetiology in the dynamics of the disease.Materials and methods: there were examined 93 children: 29 of them had bacterial purulent meningitis, 42 ones – serous meningitis, and 22 – an acute respiratory viral infection of meningeal symptomatology (control group). The design of the investigation is an open comparative research. The concentration of proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines was defined by the solid-phase immune-enzyme assay. The results were processed statistically by computer standard programs Excel and Statistica 7.Results and discussion: different levels of the cytokine concentration increase were detected in the acute period of the disease, the maximal one – in the case of bacterial purulent meningitis, IL-6 and IL-10 in particular. The concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10 was significantly increased to compare with serous meningitis. The decrease of cytokine level was detected in the period of reconvalescence.Conclusion: the cytokine concentration increase in the cerebrospinal fluid in the acute stage of bacterial purulent and serous meningitis indicates both the presence of common patterns of neuroinfectious process and the features caused by the agent, and their increase in the stage of reconvalescense demonstrates the remaining intrathecal inflammation.

In the article presented results of the examination of acute phase proteins in cerebrospinal liquid in 237 children with meningitis and encephalitis viral and bacterial etiology. The dependence between the level of acute phase proteins in cerebrospinal liquid and etiology of neuroinfectional process, the severity of brain damage and the process stage was determined. Diagnostic and prognostic efficiency of the acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, albumin, alpha-1-antitripsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, gaptoglobin) examination in children with neuroinfections was specified. Developed method of express diagnostics of the severity of inflammatory damage of the brain in bacterial meningitis in children by determination in cerebrospinal liquid alpha-2-macroglobulin is described.

In the article described stages of formation and different lines of activity of the chair of infectious diseases in children of faculty of professional skill improvement and professional retraining of the St-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical Academy during 20 years. Personal data of employees of the chair and their scientific interests are presented.

Aim of our study was to investigate central motor pathways involvement in children in early recovery period after the aseptic meningitis.Materials and methods: 65 patients (40 children with average age 12 years with aseptic meningitis and 25 age matched controls) were enrolled. TMS (single-pulse protocol) with MEP shape, latency and amplitude and CMCT averaged and analyzed.Results: In aseptic meningitis group in 69–73% of the patients diffuse TMS parameters changes were seen (MEPs amplitudes lowering). These changes may be interpreted as motoneurons diffuse functional activity lowering, but also as a signs of neurodegenerative process of a certain degree. Axonal lesions (MEPs latency lengthening) was registered in 12–15% of the patients of aseptic meningitis group.Conclusion. When aseptic meningitis in most cases, signs of diffuse lesion of motoneurons

Pathochemical characteristic features of facial nerve neuropathy (FNN) have been more accurately defined. Heterogeneous patochemical pattern of facial nerve neuropathy has been shown to be dependent on the severity of the disease, intensity of free radical oxidation processes, and hormonal status of the patient. We have found reliable distinctions in dynamics of free radical oxidation processes, and hormo-nal status in the blood of the patients with moderately severe and severe forms of facial nerve neuropathies. In facial nerve neuropathies we observed regulatory effects of cortisol and somatotropic hormone; in facial nerve neuropathywith moderate severity the hormones of thyroid group were seen to be switching off, falling out the processes regulating metabolism. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were found to have regulating effects, especially in the acute phase of the disease. Different dynamics of the hormones in patients with high and low free radical oxidation levels suggests that the oxidative stress intensity could be associated with regulatory effects of the hormones . The results of correlation analysis confirm the reliable distinctions in free radical oxidation characteristics andand cortisole levels, STH, FSH and LH levels.

The revue includes the contemporary information about the role of resident cells of the CNS (astrocytes, microglia) in development of innate immune response against pathogen (or its products) invasion in the brain. The detection of invading pathogens by pattern-recognition (Toll-like) receptors of neuroglia is described. Also is described the production by these cells of inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines, as well as inflammation downregulating factors that protect the CNS from alteration and degeneration.