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Hypostomus krikati sp. n. is described from the Mearim River basin, state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. This new species shares all the diagnostic features defining the Hypostomus plecostomus super-group. Three species of the H. plecostomus super-group are geographically close to the species described here (Hypostomus jaguribensis, H. pusarum and H. papariae). Hypostomus krikati sp. n. is easily distinguised from them by having conspicuous keels along the lateral series of plates. There are other species geographically close to H. krikati sp. n. that do not belong to the H. plecostomus super-group (H. johnii, H. velhomonge and H. velhochico). Hypostomus krikati sp. n. differs from these species by having a lower number of teeth, conspicuous keels along the lateral series of plates, abdominal region totally covered by plates, dark spots horizontally not aligned along lateral series of plates, and large-sized adults. The recently described species for the Maranhão hydrographic systems, as well as the new species here described reinforce the hypothesis that the Maranhão hydrographic systems may present a high level of endemism for freshwater fishes.

At the Fish Collection of the Museo de la Escuela Politecnica Nacional (MEPN), Quito, the specimens of the genus Pseudohemiodon were revised and three species were identified. The three species inhabit the Amazon versant of Ecuador. Chronologically the species are: P. lamina (Günther 1868) originally described from Xeberos (Jeberos), Peru; P. apithanos Isbrücker & Nijssen 1978, originally described from the Conejo River, Putumayo River system, Ecuador, and a new species described herein. The new species was caught in the Aguarico River, Napo River system, and is represented by two small sized specimens. It is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following characters: abdomen totally covered with small to medium-sized, irregularly shaped plates; absence of small plates, anterior to gill openings; eyes relatively small, and six to seven dark transverse bands, posterior to the dorsal-fin. Isbrücker & Nijssen (1978) indicate the presence of P. laticeps (Regan 1904) in Ecuador; however we didn’t find any specimen of this species. The specimens that could potentially be identified as P. laticeps are large sized specimens of P. apithanos. Some external morphological characters, morphometric and meristic data of analyzed specimens of P. apithanos and P. lamina are provided.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T17:22:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-12-03 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) PNPD grant (GSCS) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Rineloricaria is a genus of armored catfish encompassing 67 valid species that are widely distributed throughout the Neotropical region. A new species of Rineloricaria is described from the Paranaiba River, Upper Parana River basin, southeastern Brazil. Rineloricaria rodriquezae sp. n. is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: caudal-fin color pattern with basal dark spot and subterminal dark bar on branched rays interspersed with a hyaline area; five series of lateral plates with two keeled in the mid-dorsal series around the insertion of the first ray of dorsal fin; and unbranched caudal-fin ray extended as long filaments. Univ Santo Amaro, Posgrad Med vet, Labvet, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Lab Biol & Genet Peixes, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Lab Ictiol, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Lab Biol & Genet Peixes, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Lab Ictiol, Botucatu, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2009/50613-3-GJCS FAPESP: 2018/20610-1 FAPESP: 2016/09204-6 FAPESP: 2014/26508-3 CNPq: 306054/2006-0

Although the genus Rineloricaria is widely distributed in the Neotropical region, its species usually occupy single drainages with high habitat fidelity. Rineloricaria species show evident sexual dimorphism with hypertrophied odontodes in sexually mature males. Here, we describe a new species of Rineloricaria present in the Rio Paraiba do Sul basin and coastal rivers in Rio de Janeiro State. The new species has extreme sexual dimorphism making possible to differentiate it from all congeners. The new species can also be separated from other sympatric species by morphometric characteristics and dermal plates pattern.

Hypostomus pantherinus was described by Kner in 1854 based on a single young specimen collected by Natterer with a type-locality just asserted as Guaporé. No robust scientific paper focusing the distribution, taxonomy and ecology of this species has been published since the description. Here, based on the analysis of the holotype, recently collected material, and on an extensive searching on ichthyological fish collections, H. pantherinus Kner 1854 is redescribed and its geographical distribution is established to be in the rio Iténez-Guaporé and the mouth of its Bolivian and Brazilian tributaries. Hypostomus pantherinus is distinguished from congeners mainly by villiform teeth, conspicuous black, sharp and widely spaced spots on head, and dark blotches on trunk and fins, keels along lateral series of plates, sharp crests on supraoccipital and on compound pterotic-supracleithrum, less than 25 spots on compound pterotic-supracleithrum, one blotch per interradial membrane along each row on dorsal fin, and by usually attaining about 160 mm SL in size.

A new species of Loricaria is herein described from the Turiaçu River basin, Eastern Amazon region, Maranhão state, Brazil, within the Maranhão Hydrological Unit (MHU). Loricaria turi differs from its congeners mainly by the following combination of characters: abdominal plate development confined to the posterior median region, pectoral girdle mostly naked, with cluster of plates near pectoral fin bases; large eyes (minimum orbital diameter 16.2–20.7% of HL and maximum orbital diameter 19.8–24.0% of HL), 214.4 mm of maximum standard length, and large basicaudal plate (16.6–29.2% of HL). The description of this new species strengthens the hypothesis that the Maranhão Hydrological Unit (MHU) is a possible area of endemism for freshwater fishes and contributes to the knowledge of the freshwater fish diversity and composition of the region.

Lustosa-Costa, Silvia Yasmin, Bogan, Sergio, Queiroz, Luiz Jardim De, Montoya- Burgos, Juan I., Paracampo, Ariel, Maiztegui, Tomas, Cardoso, Yamila P. (2021): Distribution extension of Hypostomus uruguayensis (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) in Argentina and first record for Bolivia. Molecular, morphology and biogeography data. Zootaxa 4996 (1): 194-198, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4996.1.12

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:22:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-10-14 PNPD grant Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa (PQ) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) A new species of Hisonotus is described from headwaters of rio Araguaia basin, municipality of Barra do Garcas, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by a V-shaped spinelet, yellowish teeth, absence of unpaired platelets at typical adipose fin position, the caudal-fin color hyaline with three transverse dark bars, one abdominal median plate series, and by morphometric and meristic characters. Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biol Estrutural & Func, Lab Biol & Genet Peixes, Setor Morfol, Rua Prof Antonio CW Zanin 250, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Bioestat Biol Vegetal Parasitol & Zool, Setor Zool, Lab Ictiol, Rua Prof Antonio CW Zanin 250, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biol & Zool, Ave Fernando Correia da Costa 2367, BR-78060900 Cuiaba, Mato Grosso Sta, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biol Estrutural & Func, Lab Biol & Genet Peixes, Setor Morfol, Rua Prof Antonio CW Zanin 250, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Bioestat Biol Vegetal Parasitol & Zool, Setor Zool, Lab Ictiol, Rua Prof Antonio CW Zanin 250, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa (PQ): 305568/2018-3

Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major threat to biodiversity and have contributed to population declines in native species worldwide (Vilà et al. 2011; Gurevitch & Padilla 2004). IUCN’s Invasive Species Specialist Group lists some 80 invasive or potentially invasive species in Sri Lanka, which is part of a global biodiversity hotspot (Myers et al. 2000; Marambe et al. 2011). The major release of aquatic IAS on the island are routed through the ornamental-fish industry (Marambe et al. 2011; Sudasinghe 2016), though a minority represents deliberate, if unplanned, introductions by governmental and non-governmental agencies (Marambe et al. 2011).

The current status of the inland waters ichthyofauna of Turkey is revised, and an updated checklist of the freshwater fishes is presented. The latest checklist included all species listed in the available previous study that was published in 2015, which is now updated after a period of five years. We revised the validity of previously accepted species and added newly described and reported species in Turkey. Some previously erroneously reported species and not established alien fishes were excluded from this checklist. A total of 384 fish species belonging to 20 orders and 34 families have been reported in the inland waters of Turkey. Among these, 15 species (3.9%) are non-native and 208 species (54.2%) are considered as endemic to Turkey. A total of 119 species previously reported from Turkey have been excluded from Turkish ichthyofauna list, either in the present study or in previous studies.

The fish collection from the Museum of Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador, has nine lots with 12 specimens assigned to genus Rhadinoloricaria. Specimens come from the Napo and Pastaza rivers, Amazon River basin, eastern Ecuador. One specimen matches accurately with figures and original description of Loricaria macromystax Günther, 1869, type species of Rhadinoloricaria. After 150 years, this is the first secure identification of the species, which allowed an accurate description of the genus Rhadinoloricaria, and the discovery of a new species from Ecuador, described herein. In addition, using available specimens, figures and literature, a comparative analysis on external morphology was performed among the eight species included in Rhadinoloricaria. The analysis documented significant differences between them, in some morphological external characters and in buccal ornamentation. The results suggest that the eight species can be grouped into three or four genera. Rhadinoloricaria, in strict sense, has two species. Apistoloricaria is considered a valid genus, and include the four species previously assigned to it. Rhadinoloricaria bahuaja and R. rhami do not belong to the known genera in the Pseudohemiodon group. At this time, available data suggests that both species could continue included in ‘Rhadinoloricaria’, waiting further analyses to solve their generic status. Results support the use of buccal ornamentation patterns alone or combined with some morphological characters as valuable tool for generic identification within Loricariini.

Loricariidae is the largest catfish family, with over 1000 species and 80 genera (Fricke & Eschmeyer, 2019). Sailfin catfishes of the genus Pterygoplichthys are armored catfishes, native to temperate and tropical areas of South America, especially the Amazon (Wakida-Kusunoki & del Angel, 2011). Two species of this genus (Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelanu, 1855) and P. disjunctivus (Weber, 1991)) are naturally distributed in South America along the lower, middle and upper basin of the entire Amazon River (Wakida-Kusunoki & del Angel, 2008). These armored catfishes, typified by the presence of ossified plates through the body, are considered very successful invaders of rivers and lakes outside their natural range. Their invasion success has been attributed to their morphology, behavior and life history. For instance, their ability to withstand droughts and cold weather by using burrows in river and lake banks they can survive in the moist habitat even when water levels decrease below the opening of the burrows, these survival characteristics of harsh conditions enable them to thrive in native and non-native grounds (Burgess 1989; Hoover & Killgore 2004; Nico & Martin 2001; Sandoval-Huerta et al. 2012). Furthermore, their rapid growth during their first years of life, their reproductive traits such as an extended reproductive period, high egg yield (Rueda-Jasso et al. 2013), and the capability of achieving reproductive maturity at smaller size (Wei et al. 2017) allow introduced populations to become abundant in a short period of time.

The suckermouth armored catfish genus Panaque contains seven valid species, including the Royal Pleco, Panaque nigrolineatus, which has long been popular as an ornamental aquarium fish and was originally described from the Apure River basin in Venezuela. We examine a phenotypically distinct population of P. nigrolineatus from the Guaviare River in southern Colombia at the southwesternmost corner of the Orinoco River basin. In contrast to typically boldly striped populations from closer to the type locality of P. nigrolineatus, the Guaviare River basin population is usually boldly spotted, earning them the common name Watermelon Pleco in the aquarium fish trade. Because of the commercial popularity of this distinctive color morph, it is heavily exploited for export to the global ornamental fish trade. We find that the Guaviare River P. nigrolineatus laurafabianae is not only distinct geographically and in color pattern, but is also morphometrically diagnosable from P. nigrolineatus individuals from outside the Guaviare River basin. However, relatively subtle phenotypic differences, invariance in nuclear DNA markers, < 0.5% divergence in mitochondrial DNA markers 16S, cytb, and ND2, and the non-monophyly of Guaviare River populations prevent us from robustly inferring species-level distinctiveness of the Watermelon Pleco. We therefore propose to recognize this population as a distinct subspecies.

Atopogyrodactylus n. gen. (Gyrodactylidae) is proposed for Atopogyrodactylus praecipuus n. sp. (type species by monotypy), a protandrous and oviparous gyrodactylid from the external surfaces of an unidentified bristlenose catfish Ancistrus sp. (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the head waters of the Rio Candeias in the State of Rondônia, Brazil. The new genus contains species morphologically similar to those of Nothogyrodactylus Kritsky & Boeger, 1991 as shown by members of both genera having accessory copulatory sclerites associated with the male copulatory organ (MCO). Atopogyrodactylus differs from Nothogyrodactylus by its species lacking haptoral bars and having a sclerotized haptoral plate overlying the ventral anchors. The new species most closely resembles Nothogyrodactylus amazonicus Kritsky & Boeger, 1991 by possessing a flared proximal filament on the egg and a single morphologically similar accessory copulatory sclerite associated with an allantoid MCO.

A recent study based on genomic data by Roxo et al. (2019) provided a phylogeny of the Loricariidae, the largest catfish family and second largest Neotropical fish family with approximately 1,000 species. The study represents a valuable and innovative contribution for understanding higher-level relationships within the family. The phylogenetic tree inferred by Roxo et al. (2019) thoroughly corroborates the monophyly and relationships of most currently accepted subfamilies of Loricariidae, based on a fair taxon sampling (nearly 14% of the species in the family) representing most genera of each but one of the subfamilies, the Lithogeninae, the sister-group of the remaining members of the family (Pereira & Reis, 2017; Reis et al., 2017). In addition to a hypothesis of relationships, Roxo et al. (2019) also proposed a series of lower-level taxonomic changes, which are deemed premature considering that the taxonomic sampling of the study targeted higher-level clades, and go against one of the pillars of biological classification: nomenclatural stability (e.g., Heterick & Majer, 2018; Beninger & Backeljau, 2019). Here we (1) discuss implications of inadequate taxonomic sampling as a basis for changes in classification of species; (2) explain why the taxonomic sampling design of Roxo et al. (2019) is inadequate for the proposed nomenclatural changes; and (3) advocate that changes to classifications must be grounded on phylogenies with dense sampling of taxa at the relevant level.

Three new species, of three different genera of loricariids, are described from the headwaters of Serra da Mantiqueira and Cadeia do Espinhaço, in Southeastern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. In this region, the Serra da Mantiqueira and the Complexo do Espinhaço are the highest points of the Brazilian Shield and delimits the headwaters of four drainages: São Francisco, Paraná, Doce and Paraíba do Sul basins. Harttia intermontana, n. sp., is described from the headwaters of the Rio Doce basin and is the first record of the genus in this basin. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the pattern of abdominal covering, presence of preanal plates, presence and pattern of ornamentation of canal plate, and some characteristics related to sexual dimorphism. Pareiorhaphis togoroi, n. sp., is described from the headwaters of the Rio das Mortes basin, tributary to the Rio Grande, in the upper Rio Paraná drainage, and represents the first record of the genus to this drainage, thus expanding its geographic distribution. It can be distinguished from most congeners by the absence of preadipose azygous plates, and characteristics related to secondary sexual characters of mature males: presence of odontodes on the lateral margin of head plus the absence of long hypertrophied odontodes on pectoral-fin spine. Neoplecostomus pirangaensis, n. sp., is described from the headwaters of the Rio Piranga, Rio Doce basin. The new species differs from all congeners by the much-reduced dermal platelets on the abdomen, devoid of developed odontodes between the insertions of the pectoral and pelvic fins. Neoplecostomus pirangaensis can also be distinguished from all congeners, except N. botucatu and N. paranensis, due to the complete absence of vestiges of the adipose fin (vs. vestiges, or adipose fin moderate to well developed and always present). The new species differs from N. botucatu by the absence of conspicuous dark spots all over the body and the presence of common dorsal bands in juveniles, and almost totally black in adults. It differs from N. paranensis by the bigger and less numerous teeth. Additionally, the new species differs from Neoplecostomus doceensis by the absence of enlarged fleshy folds between dentaries, and absence of a lateronasal plate.

This study investigates the published literature and incorporates our field data from 1997 to September 2018 to generate an inventory report of primary freshwater fishes for Perak State in Malaysia. We critically examined and enumerated 186 species from 2 classes, 16 orders, 43 families and 114 genera in 57 localities. A total of 173 fish species (91.4%) are native to Perak and 17 species (8.6%) are non-native. The provisional checklist presented herein is conservative and excludes doubtful inventory records that lack synthesis and traceability. We encountered seven taxonomic discrepancies and we also could not confidently identify eight species. These are explicitly discussed to inform future workers.

The Orinoco Andes and northwestern Guiana Shield (Essequibo, Orinoco, Branco, and upper Negro) were found to contain 11 species of Ancistrus, six of which are new. We additionally examine A. brevifilis from the Río Tuy of Venezuela and A. trinitatis from the island of Trinidad. The species in the region can be broken up into dorsoventrally flattened species (A. leoni new species, A. lithurgicus, and A. macropthalmus), white to yellow-dotted species (A. kellerae new species, A. nudiceps, and A. patronus new species), wide-jawed species (A. amaris new species and A. yutajae new species), and white-spotted species (A. brevifilis, A. leucostictus, A. trinitatis, A. saudades new species, and A. triradiatus). Distributions of Ancistrus support the Proto-Berbice hypothesis as A. saudades is found in the upper reaches of the Ventuari, Caura, and Caroni rivers, which were thought to have once flowed into the Proto-Berbice. In addition, although A. nudiceps does not appear to have split once the Takutu River was captured by the Branco, the progenitor of A. leucostictus and A. saudades did speciate with the populations on either side of the Rupununi Portal differing by 7% sequence divergence of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene. Besides the descriptions of the new species, we redescribe the others occurring in the area, and adjacent watersheds. We provide a key for their identification, and a preliminary hypothesis of relationships based on DNA sequences of the few species for which tissue samples are available.

Two new species of Gyrodactylus are described from the body surface of two catfish species from southern Brazilian rivers. Gyrodactylus anaspidus n. sp. is described from the armored-catfish, Pareiorhaphis parmula (Loricariidae) and Gyrodactylus polyadenus n. sp. is described from the cascarudo, Callichthys callichthys (Callichthyidae). The new species differ from previously described neotropical species of Gyrodactylus by the relative morphology of their haptoral hard structures and male copulatory organ (MCO). Gyrodactylus anaspidus n. sp. has a superficial bar without a shield and an MCO with one row of spinelets (9–11 spinelets). Gyrodactylus polyadenus n. sp. presents a shield associated to a superficial bar, a deep bar with narrow extremities connected to the anchors, a subrectangular hooklet with a short point, and an MCO with one row of six spinelets. We also report that G. anaspidus n. sp. co-occurs with oviparous species of Gyrodactylidae on their respective loricariid hosts.

In the present study, we describe a new species of Neoplecostomus from central Brazil. The new species is known from Córrego Cachoeira a right tributary of the upper Rio Paraná basin. It can be distinguished from all congeners by absence of adipose fin or azygous plates on the dorsum surface of the caudal peduncle. Additionally, the new species differs from N. botucatu and N. paranensis by having a dark caudal fin with a unique v-shaped hyaline vertical area and a larger lower lip. A discussion on the morphological variation of adipose fin among species of Neoplecostomus is also provided.

To elucidate the species of the genus Ancistrus that inhabit freshwater systems of Ecuador, cataloged lots of the Fish Collection, Museo de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional (MEPN), in Quito, were analyzed. Four species were identified: Ancistrus alga (Cope, 1872), A. malacops (Cope, 1872), A. clementinae Rendahl, 1937, and a new species that herein is described. Ancistrus clementinae inhabits aquatic systems of the Pacific slope, mostly in the Guayas River drainage. The other three species live in freshwater systems that drain to the Amazon River Basin. Ancistrus alga inhabit the northern and central portions of eastern Ecuador. Ancistrus malacops has a broad distribution from north to south, but is absent from the Santiago River. Both species occasionally live in sympatry. The new species is restricted to the Santiago River, in Morona-Santiago province. Each species has unique external morphological features and/or a coloration pattern that allow unambiguous identification, at least of males. This paper provides a description of the new species, and a re-description and images of the other three.

We describe two new species of Corumbataia from Central Brazil. The new species are known from Rio Corrente, a tributary of the upper Rio Paraná basin. Furthermore, the two species are distinguished from congeners, mainly by the presence of a broad naked area without plates or odontodes on the dorsal portion of the snout. Additionally, the two new species described here can be distinguished from each other by the caudal-peduncle depth, number of infraorbitals plates series and by the general color pattern of caudal fin.

For the first time, the catalog of type specimens of ICN-MHN is presented with high resolution photographs. The catalog lists 87 species in 161 lots and includes 41 holotypes, 3 neotypes, and 117 lots of paratypes. Some doubts remain about type specimens of some species described by Miles and Dahl that were supposedly deposited at ICN-MHN. The history of the collection is reconstructed and valuable specimens once considered lost or destroyed have been rediscovered. The botanical and zoological collections of the ICN can be consulted online (http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co).

The genus Pseudacanthicus currently comprises the following six species distributed in the Amazon and Tocantins basins, and coastal drainages from Guyana to French Guyana: P. serratus , P. fordii , P. histrix , P. spinosus , P. leopardus , P. pitanga , and P. pirarara . Herein we describe P. major , from rio Tocantins basin, one of the largest loricariid species known. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: having body color pattern with dark brown background without spots or blotches and dorsal and caudal fins with transversal white bands; anterior process of compound pterotic with no contacting with the posterior margin of the orbit and by the absence of a conspicuous crest on the posterior edge of parieto-supraocciptal. Other osteological characteristics are further used to diagnose P. major from others congeners. A discussion on gigantism and miniaturization in freshwater fish, ornamental fisheries activities, threats and conservation of the new species are also provided.

Three new species of Harttia from the Rio Xingu basin in the region of Serra do Cachimbo, Pará State, Brazil, are described. Harttia rondoni n. sp., H. panara n. sp. and H. villasboas n. sp. were collected in the Rio Curuá, a tributary of Rio Iriri, Rio Xingu drainage. Harttia rondoni was additionally recorded from the Rio Fresco basin, a tributary of the middle Rio Xingu. The three new species represent the first records for the genus in this drainage. Harttia rondoni differs from H. panara and H. villasboas by having the abdomen partially covered by plates. Harttia panara differs from H. rondoni and H. villasboas by having a larger body depth and interorbital distance. Harttia villasboas differs from H. rondoni and H. panara by having the anterior profile of the head elliptical in dorsal view and a more elongated snout. Additionally, the 26 species of Harttia described are organized in three species group based on the pattern of abdominal covering.

During a survey of loricariid catfishes from Colombia, specimens that match the original description of Chaetostomus setosus Boulenger, 1887 were found. This is the first record after the original description. A redescription and a precise capture locality of the species are provided. The analysis of external characters indicate that the species belongs within the Chaetostoma group; however, specimens of C. setosus possess a mixture of external characters that make generic identification difficult. Tentatively, the species is allocated to the genus Cordylancistrus. External morphology of the known species that belong to the Chaetostoma group (mainly type specimens) was analyzed to find diagnostic characters that may be used for appropriate generic assignment. The results of this analysis are presented herein.

As a part of an assessment of loricariid catfishes inhabiting the Andes of Colombia, specimens belonging to an interesting new species were identified. The new species is described herein, and it is tentatively included in the genus Cordylancistrus. The new species can be easily distinguished among its congeners by the presence of a unique diagnostic character: a fleshy keel or excrescence, black or dark brown, over the posterior tip of supraoccipital. Specimens of the new species were captured in rivers of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Sierra de Perijá that drain to the Magdalena River Basin and Caribbean Sea. The occurrence of one species of Cordylancistrus in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta could have interesting biogeographic implications for hypotheses related to the geological history of northwestern corner of South America or to the dispersal or vicariance models used to explain biogeographical patterns of related species in Colombia.

At the Fish Collection of the Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, three species traditionally grouped in the genus Hemiancistrus were identified: H. annectens (Regan 1904), H. landoni Eigenmann 1916, and a new specie described here. The new species inhabits exclusively in the Esmeraldas River Basin, Pacific slope, northwestern Ecuador. It is easily recognized by the completely naked abdomen, with rounded, dark spots, and a different color pattern on the dorsal and caudal fins. A comparative analysis of bones related to the opercular mobility, shows important differences between H. annectens, H. landoni, and the new species, suggesting that H. annectens does not belong to the genus Hemiancistrus or the Ancistrini group. According to the characteristics observed in these bones, H. annectens shows greater similarity to those reported in species of the Hypostomini group, supporting its inclusion in this group, but placing it in the genus Hypostomus requires further analysis. On the other hand, the conditions observed on the bones of Hemiancistrus landoni and the new species suggest that both are inside of the Ancistrini group. The new species is placed in the genus Hemiancistrus tentatively, pending future analysis.

During a parasitological survey, we reported specimens of a new species of Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) in Rineloricaria steinbachi from La Caldera River, province of Salta, Northwest Argentina. The new species, R. (S.) saltaensis sp. nov., is characterized by possessing 16 pairs of preanal papillae, lips with lateral protrusions and membranous elevations, and mature eggs rough-shelled with striations. This is the sixth species of the genus described in the Neotropical Region, and the second from Argentina. Rineloricaria steinbachi is reported as host of this nematode genus for the first time. A key to the species of Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) in the Neotropical realm is provided. Also, zoogeographical and host information of the species, belonging to the subgenus Sprentascaris, is summarized. Fil: Ailan Choke, Lorena Gisela. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto para el Estudio de la Biodiversidad de Invertebrados; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Ramallo, Geraldine. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta; Argentina. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Invertebrados; Argentina Fil: Davies, Dora Ana. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto para el Estudio de la Biodiversidad de Invertebrados; Argentina

Microlepidogaster arachas Martins, Calegari & Langeani, sp. nov., a new Hypoptopomatinae, is described from the upper rio Paraná basin. The new species is distinguished from M. longicolla and M. dimorpha by having the anterior portion of the compound supraneural plus first dorsal-fin proximal radial contacting the neural spine of the ninth vertebra. The new species differs from M. perforatus by having 18–29 dentary teeth; median series of lateral plates complete, reaching caudal-peduncle end, and continuous lateral line; and 20–24 mid-dorsal plates. Microlepidogaster arachas is further distinguished from its congeners by several other osteological features.

The catalog of type specimens of freshwater fishes deposited in the Coleccion de Peces Dulceacuicolas del Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH-P) is presented. This list includes 483 specimens in 65 lots representing 11 holotypes and 472 paratypes of 48 nominal species. Corrections, additions, and updating of information in the original descriptions are included in individual remarks for each catalog number entry and a gallery of pictures of holotypes or paratypes of each nominal species is also presented, which supplements some original descriptions lacking figures of their respective types. An online version of the catalog is available at http://humboldt.org.co/en/servicios/colecciones-biologicas/catalogo-de-tipos.

The Rio Iguaçu basin, a tributary to the left bank of the Rio Paraná, is characterized by high endemism of fish species. Several specimens of Ancistrus, family Loricariidae, were recently caught in that river and they were attributed to three new species that are described herein. They can be diagnosed from their congeners by having short maxillary barbels which are not free from the lower lip, by lacking pre-anal fin plate and also by morphometric and meristic traits. Comments on the geographic distribution of those species and congeners are also provided, in addition to a key to the species from the Río de La Plata and coastal basins from southern Brazil.

Four new species of Hisonotus are described from the upper course of the rio Uruguay basin in Brazil: Hisonotus iota from the rio Chapecó drainage; Hisonotus leucophrys from rio Rancho Grande and rio Ariranhas; Hisonotus megaloplax from the rio Passo Fundo drainage; and Hisonotus montanus from the rio Canoas drainage. The species Epactionotus aky, described from the arroyo Yabotí-Guazú drainage in Argentina, is transferred to Hisonotus and rediagnosed. Hisonotus candombe is considered a junior synonym of H. ringueleti. The new taxa, together with H. nigricauda, H. ringueleti, H. charrua, and H. aky represent the genus Hisonotus in the rio Uruguay basin. A taxonomic key for Hisonotus in the rio Uruguay basin is provided. Their distributions are discussed under biogeographic patterns previously proposed for the rio Uruguay basin.

A new species of Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) (Anisakidae) from the intestine of Hypostomus cordovae is described. It represents the fourth South American species, and the first species reported from Argentina. It is separated from its congeners by possessing three pairs of postanal papillae, and by the shape and size of the lips.

Pseudancistrus corantijniensis is described based on specimens captured in the Corantijn River in Suriname. It is diagnosed by a particular arrangement of whitish spots, very small in the anterior three quarters of the head and large from the posterior part of the head to the caudal peduncle. As indicated by our molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial D-loop sequences, P. corantijniensis is a member of the Pseudancistrus barbatus group comprising Guyanese derived Pseudancistrus bearing hypertrophied odontodes along the snout and nonevertible cheek plates. Other members of this group are P. barbatus, P. depressus and P. nigrescens. The closest relative to the new species is P. nigrescens, while P. barbatus and P. depressus are sister species. The known distribution range of each of the four members of the P. barbatus group is disjoint. A key is provided for the identification of the four members of the P. barbatus group.

Hypostomus rhantos is described for a uniquely pigmented species of loricariid catfish from the upper Río Orinoco of Amazonas, Venezuela. Hypostomus rhantos can be separated from all other Hypostomus except H. micromaculatus by having its head and dorsal and lateral surfaces of body densely covered in very small spots (greater than 15 spots on the first plate in the dorsal series of specimens less than 100 mm SL vs. less than 10; greater than 30 spots in specimens greater than 100 mm SL vs. less than 15). The new species is distinguished from H. micromaculatus by having round spots (vs. longitudinally oval) that are unordered (vs. in longitudinal lines), by having well-developed keels on the lateral plates (vs. keels weak), by the presence of a ridge on the pterotic that is contiguous with the supraorbital ridge (vs. pterotic ridge absent), and by having the abdomen fully plated (vs. partially plated or naked).

The subfamily Loricariinae belongs to the Neotropical mailed catfish family Loricariidae. Members of Loricariinae are recognized by their long and flattened caudal peduncle and absence of an adipose fin. Despite important studies conducted on this group, no comprehensive generic key is presently available. A Hill & Smith (1976) analysis and cluster analysis were performed on external morphological characters taken from specimens or borrowed from the literature. The two main groups recognized correspond to the tribes Harttiini and Loricariini. Within the Loricariini, four morphological groups were found: the Rineloricaria group, the Loricariichthys group, the Loricaria group, and the Pseudohemiodon group. Results of these analyses were used to construct a practical key to thirty genera, followed by a synopsis for each genus.

Hypostomus velhochico sp. n., is described from the rio São Francisco basin, in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. The new species is mainly distinguished from its congeners by a combination of characters such as slender bicuspid teeth, dentaries angled more than 90 degrees, conspicuous keels along lateral series of plates, small roundish dark spots, one plate bordering supraoccipital, spots aligned along lateral series of plates, and by attaining small to medium size. Hypostomus velhochico is widespread in the rio São Francisco basin and has a more similar general pattern of external morphology to species from the Northeastern Brazilian Coastal drainages than to species of the rio São Francisco basin. Aspects about its ecology and its putative relationship are discussed.

An annotated catalog of the type specimens deposited at the fish collection of the “Universidade Estadual Paulista, Câm-pus de São José do Rio Preto”, São Paulo, Brazil (DZSJRP), is herein presented for consultation and scientific information. The type fish collection of the DZSJRP is comprised by 154 lots and 4,993 specimens, 18 of which are holotypes, and include a total of 53 species in six families. For each species, the following data are provided: current valid name, authority and year of description, type locality and holotype catalog number (for those lots hosted at the DZSJRP), and list of paratypes deposited at DZSJRP. For each lot the following data are provided: total number of specimens, standard length (SL; in mm), number of cleared and stained specimens, number of tissue samples, collection locality, elevation, geographical coordinates, collectors and collection date, when appropriate or available. Photos of holotypes deposited at DZSJRP are presented, showing the current conservation condition of the specimens.

A new species of catfish is described from Colombia, and provisionally assigned to the genus Cordylancistrus. The new species is most similar to C. perijae and C. nephelion from Venezuela. The description is based on ten specimens collected from tributaries of the Magdalena River which drain the eastern slope of the Cordillera Central and the western slope of Cordillera Oriental, in the Department of Tolima. The new species is the first Cordylancistrus described from the Magdalena River basin. With this discovery, the number of Cordylancistrus species in Colombia increases to three. The geographic distribution of the species suggest that Andean orogenesis played an important role in the diversification of the group.

In this study, we describe a new species of Neoplecostomus from córrego Tamborete, municipality of Capitólio, Minas Gerais state, upper rio Paraná basin. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the presence of conspicuous dark spots all over the body. Moreover, the new species can be diagnosed by the absence of moderate keels along each lateral series of plates, presence of developed adipose fin, absence of enlarged, fleshy folds between dentaries, dorsal-fin spinelet larger than dorsal-fin spine, lacking enlarged odontodes along lateral margins of snout and along ridges before eyes, having reduced number of dentary teeth, having two irregular and conspicuous rows of large and transversally-flattened papillae, just posterior to dentary teeth, smaller mandibullary width/head length, smaller Interorbital width/mandibullary width, smaller number of lateral-line plates, higher and lower number of dentary teeth depending of the species compared, absence of a conspicuous sexual dimorphism, absence of a conspicuous horseshoe-shaped light blotch posterior to the supraoccipital, with a central dark area which rarely contacts the edge of the light area, smaller mandibulary width/head length, smaller Interorbital width/Mandibullary width and a greater Caudal peduncle length/Caudal peduncle depth. Furthermore, we used DNA barcoding techniques of 2% threshold criteria and GMYC model to distinguish the new species from its congeners. These molecular techniques were unable to distinguish the new species from N. langeanii and N. selenae from N. botucatu, that were differentiated using external morphology.

Gymnotocinclus canoeiro n. sp. of the Hypoptopomatinae is described from small tributaries of the upper rio Tocantins basin. It is distinguished from G. anosteos by having five characters: (1) the presence of body dermal plates, (2) the pectoral girdle not exposed in ventral view, (3) the pelvic spine longer than pectoral spine in males, (4) the pectoral fin with seven to eight branched rays, and (5) the presence of an adipose fin. Furthermore, maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was used to estimate a molecular phylogeny from previously published data of one nuclear (F-Reticulon 4) and three mitochondrial (16S RNA, COI and CytB) genes. The phylogenetic results revealed the new species as a sister taxon of Gymnotocinclus anosteos within the Otothyrini. We also included samples of Nannoplecostomus eleonorae that appeared sister group to all other Neoplecostomini species, and Plesioptopoma curvidens that appeared within the Neoplecostomini forming a sister clade to all species of Neoplecostomus , except N. ribeirensis and the species of Pareiorhina , except P. rudolphi .

We describe a new species of Curculionichthys from northern Brazil. The new species is known from the rio Cassiporé, an Atlantic coastal river and an unnamed affluent of the rio Jari, left tributary of the Amazon river. It can be distinguished from congeners by (1) the irregular concentration of chromatophores that cover the anal-fin origin and adjacent region, and distal portions of the first unbranched anal-fin ray, (2) lack of dark-brown spots scattered over the body, (3) lack of contrasting dark spots over the anterodorsal region of the body, (4) presence of papillae randomly distributed across the lower lip, (5) small, inconspicuous odontodes that form rows over the head and trunk, (6) anterior profile of the head pointed, (7) higher number of premaxillary and dentary teeth, (8) lack of an unpaired platelet on the dorsal portion of the caudal peduncle, (9) lower number of vertebrae, and (10) higher number of lateral abdomen plates. A discussion on the morphological variation of diagnostic features within Curculionichthys is also provided.

A new species of Otocinclus (Loricariidae) is described from the Rio Juruena, a right bank tributary of the Rio Tapajos system in Mato Grosso State, central Brazil. The new taxon can be distinguished from its congeners by the possession of an ocular operculum and by a complete lateral line. Additionally, the new species is distinguished by having a dorsal trunk coloration composed of a set of distinct oval dark blotches and by a caudal spot.

A new species of Pareiorhaphis is described from the upper Rio Doce basin. The description is based on a series of specimens recently collected in small headwater tributaries to the Rio Guanhães, a tributary of the Rio Santo Antonio, left bank of the Rio Doce in Minas Gerais State, eastern Brazil. Pareiorhaphis vetula, new species, is a small loricariid catfish with dark brown spots irregularly scattered over a brown background on the dorsal surface of body and along flanks. The new species differs from all other Pareiorhaphis species by having the maxillary barbel completely adnate to the lower lip and by adult males possessing a particularly elongate, sharply pointed, conical urogenital papilla. In addition, Pareiorhaphis vetula is further distinguished from most congeners by having a shorter pelvic-fin spine, or by possessing more numerous premaxillary teeth, and by lacking a dorsal-fin spinelet. A comparison with congeners P. nasuta, P. scutula and P. proskynita, which also occur in headwater streams of the Rio Doce basin is also presented.

A small-bodied new species of Hypostomus is described from the rio Itapicuru basin, Bahia, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from most congeners mainly by having the lower caudal-fin lobe distinctly longer than the upper lobe and absence of conspicuous dark spots on posterior half of body. It differs particularly from congeners occurring in northeastern coastal Brazilian drainages and the rio Sao Francisco basin by having the anterior portion of the abdomen completely plated and the posterior portion plated only on a narrow median line, leaving large lateral areas naked, dark spots on anterior portion of trunk similar in size or slightly larger than those on head, absence of conspicuous spots on posterior half of trunk and caudal fin, and absence of keels on head and trunk.

Oxyropsis ephippia, a new species of loricariid catfish in the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae, is described from the Essequibo and Branco basins, Guyana. Based on the presence of a keel-like row of relatively enlarged odontodes on trunk median plates immediately above the lateral line canal, the new species is assigned to the genus Oxyropsis Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889. It can be distinguished from its congeners by having the keel-like row on each median plate dominated by a single odontode (one closest to the posterior margin of the plate) conspicuously larger than preceding ones, and by having the sides of the trunk below the median series (approximately between median plates 7 to 12) shielded only by plates of the midventral series, with the exclusion of plates from the ventral series. The report of O. ephippia from the Essequibo is the first record of the genus in a river system that drains the north-central portion of the Guiana Shield into the Atlantic Ocean.

In the present paper we describe a new species of Pareiorhina from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: the dorsal surface of caudal peduncle strongly concave, 30 vertebrae, bicuspid teeth, a conspicuous cylindrical shaped papilla between the oral valve and premaxilla, smaller odontodes along the snout margin, a small orbital diameter, a higher head width, a shorter interorbital width, a shorter predorsal length, a shorter cleithral width, and a shorter caudal peduncle depth. The new species is known from four small streams of the rio Sao Francisco basin: one tributary of the rio Maranhao, one tributary of the rio Paraopeba and two tributaries of the Rio das Velhas. This species is found in fast-flowing streams associated with rocks and sand in the bottom of the rivers.

Chaetostoma joropo n. sp. is described from the piedmont of the Orinoco River drainage in Colombia. The new species has been long confused with Chaetostoma milesi, a species with similar overall morphology and color pattern that is restricted to the Magdalena-Cauca River Basin. We diagnose the new species on the basis of morphology as well as a precise description of the color pattern. Chaetostoma joropo n. sp. is also easily distinguished from C. formosae the most similar species and other species inhabiting the Orinoco River drainage in Colombia. Data on ontogenetic variation and sexual dimorphism are provided, as well as natural history notes and remarks on the usage of the name Chaetostoma milesi for specimens from both the Orinoco and Magdalena-Cauca drainages. A discussion on the usage of the name Chaetostoma platyrhynchus is also provided given its current instability in the literature.

The genus Acanthicus is diagnosed from remaining Loricariidae genera by several characters, including the absence of adipose fin, pectoral-fin spine enlarged and the presence of small plates in abdomen region. Acanthicus currently comprises two valid species: A. hystrix and A. adonis. Acanthicus hystrix is distinguished from A. adonis, mostly by having body and fins dark brown to almost completely black background colored, without clear spots or dots (vs. dark brown color background with white spots covering body and fins) and presence of ochre to grey stripes in caudal fin (vs. stripes absent on caudal fin). The holotype of A. hystrix was destroyed during a bombing raid in the Second World War, no neotype was designed and the species is recognized by the illustration present in the original description, whose text is short, and uninformative. In the present contribution, specimens from several institutions were examined, revealing that the species is widespread in the Amazon, Tocantins-Araguaia and Orinoco basins, while A. adonis is restricted to the lower rio Tocantins. Herein, a redescription of Acanthicus hystrix is provided, with a comprehensive diagnosis of the genus and its species, along with a distribution map of the genus, a key to species identification, and brief comments on the systematics and distribution of the genus.