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The Diptera fauna of the Galápagos Archipelago is updated and an annotated checklist is presented. Currently 50 families, 207 genera, and a minimum of 324 species are recorded from the islands. Approximately 107 species are considered to have arrived on the Galápagos Islands through human introductions, an estimated 101 species are considered endemic, 42 species have naturally colonized the islands from mainland Americas, 21 species are either introduced or arrived naturally and 53 species remain unidentified. The following new combination is proposed: Chrysanthrax primitivus (Walker) is moved to Hemipenthes Loew as H. primitivus (Walker) comb. nov. All references to the Galápagos taxonomic literature are included, known island species distributions listed and general remarks on the biology of many species are provided.

The third instar larva and puparium of Gastrops willistoni Cresson (Diptera: Ephydridae), preying on eggs in a foam nest of Leptodactylus knudseni Heyer (Anura: Leptodactylidae), in a central Amazonian dryland forest (Brazil) are described for the first time. The fusiform larva has a short breathing tube, its anterior spiracles are fan-shaped and posterior spiracles with three spircular openings. Pupa is ovoid with a broad anterior margin and bifurcate posterior tip. The taxonomic relationship of the frog egg predators, Gastrops Williston and Typopsilopa Cresson, are discussed.

We present a catalogue of all known taxa of the superfamily Ephydroidea in Egypt. Old World synonymies, type localities, type depositories, world distributions by biogeographic realm(s) and country, Egyptian localities and dates of collection are provided. A total number of 117 species belonging to 45 genera, 18 tribes, 7 subfamilies, and representing 3 families has been catalogued. The treated families are: Ephydridae (shore flies or brine flies), Drosophilidae (vinegar flies or fruit flies) and Braulidae (bee lice). One shore fly species, Psilopa clara (Wollaston, 1858), is recorded for the first time from Egypt. Two new synonyms of shore flies are proposed, namely: Philotelma ulianai Raffone, 2011 = Ephydra (Ephydra) macellaria Egger, 1862 and Notiphila rufitarsis Macquart, 1851 = Allotrichoma biroi Cresson, 1929. Lectotypes are designated for three shore fly species, namely: Psilopa pectinata Hendel, 1931; Rhynchopsilopa nitidissima Hendel, 1931 and Notiphila rufitarsis Macquart, 1851.

Two genera of the shore-fly tribe Hyadinini, Hyadina Haliday and Parahyadina Tonnoir & Malloch, are revised, and all species treated, save P. lacustris Tonnoir & Malloch, are described for the first time. The phylogenetic position of both genera within Hyadinini is presented along with confirming, morphological evidence. The New Zealand fauna of Hyadina is now limited to the single new species H. breva, and Parahyadina is expanded from being a monotypic genus based on P. lacustris to also include the following 9 endemic new species: P. angusta, P. atra, P. bifurcata, P. bulla, P. debilis, P. edmistoni, P. hennigi, P. irwini, and P. latistylis. For both genera, emphasis is given to structures of the male terminalia, which are fully illustrated. Detailed locality data and distribution maps for all species are provided, and structures of the male terminalia are fully illustrated. For perspective and to facilitate recognition of genera, the tribe Hyadinini is diagnosed and a key to genera from New Zealand is provided.

Two new combinations are proposed in Scatella for Ephydra australis Walker, 1853 and Opomyza guttata Macquart, 1843. Two species are resurrected from synonymy: Scatella lacustris (Meigen, 1830), revised status and Trixoscelis chilensis (Schiner, 1868), revised status (Trixoscelididae). Nine new synonyms are suggested: Scatella insularis Mathis & Wirth, 1981 = S. australis (Walker, 1853); S. lutosa nigripes Oldenberg, 1923 = S. obsoleta Loew, 1861; S. septempunctata Malloch, 1933 = S. gratiellae Canzoneri & Raffone, 1987 = S. septemfenestrata Lamb, 1912; S. tenuicosta Collin, 1930 = S. lacustris (Meigen, 1830); S. vulgata Cresson, 1931 = S. guttata (Macquart, 1843); Scatophila zlobini Krivosheina, 2009 = S. hirtirostris Sturtevant and Wheeler, 1954; S. grisescens Frey, 1915 = S. mesogramma (Loew, 1869); S. planiceps (Boheman, 1853) = S. quadriguttata (Meigen, 1830).

The genus Limnellia Malloch is recorded from China as well as the Oriental region for the first time. Two new species, Limnellia flavitarsis sp. nov. and L. luchunensis sp. nov., are described, and two species, L. stenhammari (Zetterstedt) and L. maculipennis Malloch, are recorded from China for the first time. A key of the genus Limnellia from China is presented.

A phylogenetic analysis of the 21 species of genus Pelinoides using 44 discrete morphological characters is presented. From the previous proposed three groups, pallipes, sulcatus and cyclocerus, the first is recovered. The sulcatus group appears as paraphyletic in terms of cyclocerus. Pelinoides is present in the Neotropical and Andean Regions and in the Transitional South American Zone. Four areas of maximum endemicity were found. Eleven vicariant events are described and discussed, using the areas of endemisms and biogeographic provinces where Pelinoides occurs.

Diagnoses and illustrations of three Leptopsilopa species known in the Old World: L. africana Cresson, L. mutabilis Cresson and L. pollinosa (Kertesz) are provided. Three new synonyms are proposed: L. aurata (Canzoneri and Meneghini) and L. tibialis (Canzoneri and Meneghini) = L. africana; Psilopa confeteae Canzoneri and Munari = L. pollinosa . Three other species are removed from Leptopsilopa and combined with Athyroglossa , as A. leonensis (Canzoneri and Rampini), new combination, A. mianii (Canzoneri) new combination and A. rossii (Canzoneri and Raffone), new combination.

The shore-fly genus Nostima Coquillett is first reported from New Zealand in a revision of the three species now known to occur there. Species included are: Nostima kiwistriata sp. n., N. negramaculata sp. n. and N. duoseta Cresson. The latter species was first described from Australian specimens and is here reported to occur widely in New Zealand. Detailed locality data from New Zealand are provided for each species. The phylogenetic relationships between the New Zealand species and species from other geographical regions are presented. A key to the species of Nostima occurring in New Zealand is presented.

A new shore-fly species, Notiphila oksanae sp.n. from Indonesia is described. The new species is similar to the Oriental species Notiphila thaica Krivosheina, 2010 in having many brown stripes on the thorax and in presurstyli broad in lateral view, but differs in 2 facial setae of subequal length, the absence of brown band on anepisternum and the presence of dark band on hind tibia. A key to the presently known Australasian/Oceanian species of the genus Notiphila Fallen, 1810 is given.

Tropical Old World species of the genus Discomyza are redescribed, including male terminalia, photographs of heads and wings. One new species Discomyza fagomoga sp. nov. is described from D. R. Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda. Two new synonyms are proposed: Discomyza obscuricornis Canzoneri and Rampini, 1996 = D. dolichocerus Cresson, 1944 and D. intermedia Canzoneri and Meneghini, 1969 = D. eritrea Cresson, 1939. A key to all species is provided. Relationships among species of Discomyza are suggested.

Hydrellia egeriae sp. nov., a new species of Hydrellia from Campana (34 14' 04 S, 58 52' 32 W) and Hurlingham (3435'14 S, 5838'27 W), Buenos Aires province, Argentina is described. A key to the Argentine Hydrellia species is presented.

Species of Mimapsilopa from Brazil are reviewed with an emphasis on the fauna from southern Brazil, where six new species were discovered and herein are diagnosed and described. To facilitate identification of species, we have included a diagnosis of the tribe Discomyzini and of Mimapsilopa and have also provided an annotated key to the New World genera of the tribe. We have also provided photos of representative specimens, illustrations of structures of the male terminalia and a distribution map for all included species.

Two species of Hyadina Haliday, H. pulchella Miyagi and H. guttata (Fallen), are recorded from China for the first time and are redescribed. Their male genitalia are illustrated in detail. The first species, H. pulchella Miyagi occurs in both Oriental and Palaearctic China. The second species, H. guttata (Fallen) is found in Palaearctic China. A key is presented to separate the six known species from China.

The Chinese species of the genus Ochthera Latreille are reviewed. Two species, Ochthera japonica Clausen and O. macrothrix Clausen, are recorded from China for the first time. Two species, O. guangdongensis sp. nov. and O. hainanensis sp. nov., are described as new. A key to the species from China is given. The distribution of the genus in China is discussed.

The species of the subgenus Scatella Robineau-Desvoidy from China are reviewed. One species, Scatella tenuicosta Collin, is recorded from China for the first time, and one species, Scatella henanensis sp. nov., is described. A key to the species from China is given. The distribution of the subgenus in China is discussed.