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Pleurodema diplolister is a species of leptodactylid common throughout the Northeast of Brazil, also occurring in the Center-West and Southeast regions of Brazil. The larvae of this species have an oval body, rounded snout and ventrally located oral disc, in addition, they are exotrophic with benthic habits of lentic environments. The present study describes the internal oral anatomy, chondrocranium, and hyobranchial apparatus of P. diplolister larvae collected in the state of Piauí, Brazil, adding information about the taxonomy and systematics of the group. The tadpoles were collected in April 2021 in temporary ponds. Five stage 36 tadpoles were prepared and analyzed for the description of the internal oral anatomy and another five stage 36 tadpoles for the description of the chondrocranium. The internal oral anatomy and the chondrocranium of the tadpole of P. diplolister were, in general, similar to the previously described tadpoles of the genus. However, we found fundamental differences in terms of formats, quantity, and absence/presence of some structures, which are important for the taxonomy and systematics of Pleurodema. Thus, the larval traits described here demonstrate great importance as taxonomic predictors and for phylogenetic reconstructions, being an additional source of information for the genus Pleurodema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]