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The author has studied psychopathlike disorders in 100 patients with schizophrenia of the young age and divided them into 2 groups in accordance with the psychopathological features. The first group included patients with equivalents of psychopathlike states. Those states are changed by negative symptoms. The second group consisted of patients with the psychopathlike manifestations proper. The author has established as well that the clinical displays of such states in patients of both groups are different and reflect the dynamics of the illness. Besides, conclusions are made that in patients with equivalents of psychopathlike disorders, the process begins at an earlier age than in the second group patients.

In order to typologically differentiate between psychogenic manias, 20 patients (18 women and 2 men) aged 23 to 70 years with manic conditions that developed because of mental injury were examined. Based on the differences in certain clinical parameters pertaining mainly to the time-course of changes in the manic syndrome, 2 types of psychogenic mania+ were distinguished: genuine manic reactions and psychosis-provoked manic phases. Correlations were established between the type of psychogenic mania and the character of constitutional predisposition. Genuine manic reactions are primarily formed in hysteric subjects with reactive lability and proneness to the formation of catathymic complexes. Meanwhile the psychogenously provoked manic phases occur more frequently in persons with pathocharacterological manifestations of the affective circle (hyperthymics, expansive schizoids with affective lability phenomena).

The families of 170 probands with late manifest endogenic psychoses (schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychoses) were studied. Late schizophrenia was found to be genetically related to schizophrenia on the whole. The families of patients with late schizophrenia were characterized by accumulation of typical schizophrenic psychoses and schizoid anomalies of the character. In the parents and siblings of such patients the rate of schizophrenia was significantly lower than in the families of patients with early manifestations. In the children of probands the risk of schizophrenia development was approximately identical in both late and early manifestations. The families of patients with late manic-depressive psychosis presented the accumulation of both affective and schizophrenic psychoses. The frequency of the latter grew from generation to generation.

The examination of 32 children with Kanner's syndrome of early infantile autism permits to assume that this syndrome in some of the cases is expressed only by inborn anomalies which correspond to constitutional psychopathy in adults. In most of the cases this syndrome forms the initial expression of child schizophrenia. In separate cases disorders very similar to Kanner's syndrome may be seen after the first olliterated attack during early childhood (up to 3 years). A comparative study of the same indices of development of 268 children with an early onset of schizophrenic process in spite of some differences confirms that Kanner's syndrome is very close to childhood schizophrenia. An analysis of genealogical data shows genetical relations of Kanner's syndrome with child schizophrenia.

The work deals with the catamnestic substantiation of the systematics of schizophrenia in children. A group of 328 patients was selected in 1982-1987 from a cohort of schizophrenic patients studied in 1962-1972 in which the onset of the disease fell on their first 5 years. The stability of the course patterns was evidenced in the early childhood schizophrenia. A set of subspecies of disorders similar to schizoactive psychoses and peculiar affective schizoid states was differentiated out of the general pool of slow progredient and attack-like schizophrenia. This allowed to prove the notion of the whole continuum of endogenous psychoses in not only adults but also in children.

The authors outline the main regularities in the dynamics of the formation of constitutional psychopathy in childhood and adolescence on the models of epileptoid and schizoid psychopathy. Some age traits of psychopathical and psychogenic reactions and their role in the formation of constitutional psychopathy are discussed. The period of their formation is considered as psychopathic development, due to a complex interaction of constitutional anomalies of temperament, instincts and drives with the micro-socio-psychological environment.

The paper deals with a clinical study of schizophrenia in 30 pairs of concordant twins among which 10 were monozygotic, 5 pairs of a doubtful zygoticy and 16 dizygotic. Concordance to manifest schizophrenia was found in 62.5% of monozygotic twins and 25.5% in dizygotic. Both in monozygotic and in dizygotic pairs a constant coinciding sign, except the nozological belonging, was only the form of development in schizophrenia. The level of postive and negative disorders, the frequency of attacks and duration of remissions differes in monozygotic pairs insignificantly, in dizygotic-somewhat more. However, even in dizygotic pairs the similarities prevail over differences. It was possible to distinguish correlations between the traits of premorbid personality and the severity of the subsequent disease.

The author describes psychotic conditions of co-twins who were not seen by a psychiatrist before, in 12 MZ and 62DZ pairs, where the probands suffered from manifest schizophrenia. Among MZ, one half of the examined patients was classified as "mildly expressed schizophrenia" and the other as schizoid personality abnormalities. The probands of MZ pairs displayed the prevalence of slow progressive variants of schizophrenia within the framework of both continuous and attack-like forms. DZ co-twins of schizophrenic probands according to the psychotic state formed a range of transitions from mildly expressed schizophrenia through personality abnormalities to accentuated personalities and norm.

Slowly progressive schizophrenia in children is marked in 45.5% of all the cases. This form of development usually cannotes a favourably developing variant of continuous and attack-like schizophrenia, characterized by a gradual increase of psychopath-like (schizoid) personality changes. For this reason it is necessary to differentiate the diagnosis of schizophrenia with the dynamics of psychopathy in children. The paper contains data of some criteria of a differential diagnosis of slowly progressive schizophrenia in relation to early childhood autism, psychic infantilism, obsessional neurosis, pathologically developing age crises and cyclothymia in children.

A total of 101 patients suffering from slowly progressive schizophrenia with hypochondriac symptomatology and a manifestation or a relapse of the disease in the involutional age have been studied. Three variants of the disease course have been identified. The authors have considered the significance of sex, premorbid peculiarities of the personality, aggravated heredity, as well as the rate and character of exogenic manifestations in the patient's history as possible pathogenetic factors of a late manifestation (recurrence) of the disease. The incidence of adynamic-anergic component of depression in the involutional period is correlated with processes of accelerated mental ageing in schizophrenic patients with exogenously aggravated history. Cases with the first manifest attack in the involutional period have been referred to true late schizophrenia.

A retrospective clinico-dynamical study of the interests fascinations and phantasies in 32 adolescents with a forming schizoid psychopathy demonstrates that these psychopathological phenomena, their content and motivation are determined mainly by microsocial environmental influences and are connected with the intellectual development, thinking and peculiar direction of the forming schizoid personality. These psychopathological structures do not go beyond the framework of overvalued and reactive structures.

The families of 124 children suffering from infantile schizophrenia were examined. The disease course was unfavourable (continuously or paroxysmally progressing schizophrenia) in 58, and relatively favourable (paroxysmal) in 66 children. In both groups 246 parents and 43 sibs were examined. On comparing the family backgrounds of these two forms of infantile schizophrenia it was found that secondary psychoses could be encountered only in the families of children with the paroxysmal (progressing and non-progressing) schizophrenia, and comprised 7.9% of the cases in the first, and 19.1% in the second group. "Effaced" forms of psychoses were also prevalent among the parents of the children of the second group (30.5% versus 14.0% in the first group). Some qualitative differences were discovered also in the anomalies of the parents' character: schizoid personalities of sthenic constitution were encountered twice as more frequently among the parents of the first-group, rather than the second-group children (25.2 versus 11.5%, respectively). "Defective" personalities and asthenic schizoids were found only among the parents of the first-group children, and comprised, respectively, 19.1 and 12.1%. Only among the parents of the second-group children there were hyperthymic personalities (16.8%). The risk of falling ill with schizophrenia appeared to be high also in the sibs of the second-group children (25.9%), as compared with those of the first-group children (12.5%).

The author studied the genetical traits in 2 groups of probands with attack-like schizophrenia with corresponding sex and age. The 1st group (62 probands) consisted of cases where the average age of the manifest psychoses was 59.5. The second group consisted of cases with an average of the manifest psychoses of 30.9. It appeared that the morbidity risk for schizophrenia for all the relatives of the first degree of relationship in the families of patients with late attack-like schizophrenia is significantly lower than the morbidity risk in familiies with an onset in young age. At the same time the frequency of schizophrenia among the relatives of patients with late attack-like schizophrenia significantly exceeds the frequency of schizophrenia in the general population. An accumulation of psychoses of a different nozology was not observed. The frequency of schizophrenia among the parents and sibs in a late manifestation of the disease in the probands is lower than in early schizophrenia. These differences were not seen in the children. Among the relatives of patients with late and early attack-like schizophrenia there is a large amount of schizoid personality anomalies.

The author examined 30 patients in whom the psychic condition in adolescence was characterized by "metaphysical (philosophical) intoxication". This phenomenon was qualified as an adolescent variant of over-valued ideas. It was established as well that these traits develop in personalities of a schizoid character. The conditions as a whole was considered as pubertal decompensation in schizoid psychopathy. The report contains criteria for a differentiation of these conditons with slowly progressive forms of schizophrenic process.

The paper describes premorbid features of patients with late endogenous depressions and presents relevant genealogical data. Schizophrenic psychoses which were constantly found in these families were most thoroughly studied. These studies demonstrated intrafamial similarities of mental disorders, despite the presence of different disease entities in probands and their relatives with schizophrenia. The assumption is made on the affinity of some of the studied late endogenous psychoses to a constitutional-genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.

Nervous anorexia seen in males (25 cases), having a certain similarity in the clinical picture with female anorexia, has nevertheless, some special traits. Cases of anorexia in males are characterized by a higher predominance of hereditary loading, by an earlier onset (10--14 in comparison to 15--20 of female anorexia), a rather early appearance of refined deficitary symptomatology, and frequently enough a rapid psychopathization. However, these patients preserve formal abilities for a rather long period. The disease, as a rule, is an expression of a schizophrenic process unlike female anorexia, where this form of pathology may be inherent not only to schizophrenia but also to neuroses, psychopathy or be an independent psychosomatic disorder.

Using a clinico-psychological approach, personality changes have been studied in 40 patients with attack-like schizophrenia presenting asthenic (n = 22) or sthenic (n = 18) types of remissions. The common regularities have been identified, namely personality alterations of a superficial level with the preservation of "the nucleus of personality". In an asthenic type of remission the defect is total and all the main components of the personality are involved. This variant of schizophrenic defect is distinguished by impairment of the motivational-stimulating component of mental activity without reduction in its other components (exhaustion, fatigue, etc.) characteristic of asthenic syndromes of other etiology. In a sthenic type of remission personality changes are partial.

The authors mark the following peculiarities of the fixated set in schizophrenia: inertness (in a continuous course); a lability (in acute manifestations of psychoses and in a recurrent course); a variability (in cases of child and adolescent schizophrenia). In terminal cases and in cases of apathic-aboulic syndrome the excitibility level is considerably lowered. The results of a study with the aid of TAT (Murray's Thematic Apperception Test and Rorschach's tests) also depend upon the age of the patients, the form and type of development and the stage of the disease.

The paper deals with questions concerning the modification of classical forms of psychopathy. The forms of psychopathy are not invariable, rigid. They can change during the life span of one psychopathic personality and be expressed in an interchange of obligatory (main) and facultative (supplementary) personality traits, as well as in different variations of the facultative traits of a psychopathic personality. Besides, the forms of psychopathy may gradually change during separate periods (if comparing the structure of separate forms), which indicate the dependence of the structure and dynamics of psychopathy from the changing environment, home conditions, urbanization, cultural level, etc. This should be held in mind in selecting methods of treatment in psychopathy, in recommendations of rehabilitative measures and in forensic-psychiatric exminations.

A long-term (the average 22.4 years) follow-up study of 757 schizophrenic patients displayed in 22% of the cases full recoveries, in 42,3% -- atypical types of recovery and in 35.7% -- characterisctic deficiency symptoms. At the time of the last follow-up 85.5% of the patients were living at home. 14.5% were permanently in hospital. The author gives a clinical analysis of the examined patients and prognostically favourable and unfavourable factors.

The paper concerns similarities and differences between childhood schizophrenia and schizophrenia of the adults from the standpoint of the genealogical background in the respective families. The degree of loading by manifest psychoses and the typology of nonmanifest disturbances among the parents of probands with an unfavorable development of early childhood schizophrenia was studied. The data obtained demonstrate heterogeneity of this form of childhood schizophrenia, confirmed as well by genealogical studies in a comparative age aspect.

An integrative model of schizophrenic defect is offered. The model presumes the negative changes to extend over all the levels of psychic activity, though in uneven manner, rather than be confined to a distinct sphere. In 200 schizophrenic patients the defect had a complicated structure integrating the negative changes of schizoid and pseudoorganic types. Extreme variants of integration of schizoid and pseudoorganic changes can be regarded as two distinct defect types with prevailing personality deformations (combination of verschroben-type changes with personality level decreasing) and the fall in psychic activiity (combination of pseudobradyphrenia with schizoid deficit-type changes).

Under observation there were 18 children and adolescents with the sthenic variant of schizoid (autism) psychopathy. A 2- to 6-year-long dynamic observation has enabled the author to trace some regularities of the formation of that psychopathy variant and to specify some peculiarities of the psychogenic reactions in the children and adolescents with that anomaly of the personality.

The author assessed the traits of the mental development of children from schizophrenic patients. A prevalence of schizoid types of personality was seen. The personality was also being analyzed from the point of view of age traits in asthenic, sthenic and mixed variants of the schizoid type. An analysis of a group of ill children (96) with a schizophrenic hereditary loading gave grounds to assume that the differences in the premorbid development of the children correlate with the differences of the initial stage and the type of development of schizophrenia.

The report covers a group of schizophrenic parents and their children (219 patients from 101 families); the author studied variants of premorbid personality traits, the patient's age at the onset of the disease, the duration of the initial period, its syndromes in the descending generation. Comparing signs in the pairs of parents-children the author detected the most stable signs in transmission to the descending generations. The following signs were attributed to such stable traits: schizoid personality traits, a short initial period, a psychopathlike syndrome in the initial period. Special tables were formed permitting to prognosticate the appearance of some signs in children when some signs were known in parents.

The authors examined clinically and psychopathologically, and followed up 39 children and adolescents with various borderline nervous and psychic disorders in whom a super-worship fantasy or other psychic formations were accompanied with visualized imagination that consisted in fancying bright, sensual images localized within the patient's subjective space and having a dynamic subject character corresponding to the fantasies and other experiences subjectively important for the patient. The visualized imagination is regarded as an independent productive-dysontogenetic syndrome.

The premorbid personality, features of early ontogenesis and childhood crises periods were studied in 226 patients with attack-like forms of schizophrenia, manifesting itself in adolescence with florid psychotic attacks. The authors describe 8 types of the premorbid personality: 1) hyperthymic; 2) sthenic; 3) sensitive; 4) dissociated; 5) passive; schizoid; 6) explosive; 7) model and 8) deficitary personalities. A clinical analysis of the studied cases deomnstrated that the premorbid type of the patient, along with some other factor may be considered as one of the important indices when making a probability prognosis of the development of the disease.

A clinico-genetic investigation of 61 probands with attacklike childhood schizophrenia and 188 relatives including 143 individuals of the first relationship degree (121 parents, 22 sibs) and 45 members of the families of the second and third degree of relationship was conducted. Among the parents 20 manifesting schizophrenic psychoses were detected which equals to 16,5% of the total number of the parents of this group. The parents suffered from attack-like schizophrenia. Besides, the percentage (37,1%) of alleviated forms of psychoses in the parents of this group appeared to be high. The sibs of probands with attacklike schizophrenia had a high risk of schizophrenia (27,2%).

The clinical course of schizoepileptic and schizopsychoasthenic variants of developing schizoid psychopathy are reviewed. On the basis of the study of 45 patients in childhood and adolescence, specific characteristics of the psychopathic, pathocharacterologic and neurotic reactions are described and their role in the evolution of an abnormal personality is shown. The role of constitutional-genetic and microsocial-environmental factors in the structural formation of these variants of psychopathies is discussed. It is concluded that the combination of various psychopathic radicals observed in the structure of an abnormal personality do not present mere summation of these factors but is manifested in complex dialectical interaction.

The paper presents an analysis of relationships between the expressivity of the change in thinking selectivity and premorbid personality characteristics of schizophrenic patients (242 patients) and the types of personality anomalies in the relatives of the probands with schizophrenia (203 patients). The authors reveal correlation of the expressiveness of the above-mentioned thinking anomaly with definite types of personality anomalies (sthenic, hyperthymic and mosaic schizoids). The circle of the marked personality types according to the analyzed indices are limited both from representatives of the normal population and representatives of other personality types ("model", "deficient", cycloids). The obtained data permit to consider the studied thinking anomaly in the system of typological peculiarities of mental activity.

The authors conducted a clinical comparison of schizoid traits of asthenic pole in 2 nozological heterogenic groups of patients. In one group they were of a constitutional character (the group of effusive schizoids), in the other--they were formed following a schizophrenic attack (the group of patients with mildly progressive schizophrenia in the state of remission of asthenic type). It was possible to demonstrate significant differences between the patients of these groups not only in specific schizophrenic traits (autism, the emotional sphere, social adaptation), but in their development. These differences testify to the existence of constitutionally conditioned stable schizoid states and the necessity to distinguish them from acquired psychopathic traits of the schizoid spectrum.

The paper deals with problems related to the onthogenetic formation of a special type of the pathological cognitive activity. Such activity was expressed in disturbances of selective actualization of knowledge based on the past experience. Experimental psychological studies were performed in children from 5--14 years of age, with slowly progressive forms of schizophrenia. The data obtained indicate an acceleration (in comparison to normal children of the same age) in the development of thinking operations, demonstrate in a capability to generalize additive signs and relations. The results obtained also suggest that the capability to generalize subject properties hierarchied according to the degree of social priority, is formed by other regularities and is retarded in schizophrenic children in comparison to normal children of the same age.

The paper deals with a study of 130 patients with psychopathy (among them 50 with schizoid psychopathy and 80 with other forms of psychopathy). The examined contingent demonstrated a similarity in the clinical picture with schizophrenic patients. The purpose of the study was to differentiate schizoid psychopathy from the sluggishly developing variants of schizophrenic and from schizophrenoform symptoms in the clinical picture of other forms of psychopathy. The main stages of schizoid psychopathy formation as well as the clinical symptoms, which may be assessed as differential criteria, are described.