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As a major component of diseases, "wind syndrome" in medicine of Dong nationality is closely related to the way of thinking, ecological surrounding, and culture of Dong ethnic group. This syndrome is very primitive with very extensive inclusion and ethnic uniqueness.

Being a famous physician of the Ming dynasty, Xiong Zong-li engaged in the writing, collation, and revision of medical works by combining his medical know-how of his family after his robust age. He published over 20 kinds of medical works and became an expert specialized in publication of medical books which were circulated domestically and abroad. He made great contributions to the development of TCM.

Being a very famous Confucianist, Huang Zongxi also had indepth understanding in medicine. When dealing with the famous physicians of his native land in eastern Zhejiang province, such as Zhang Jiebin, Zhao Xianke, Gao Doukui, Huang, in addition to his positive appraisal on these persons' contribution to the theory of Warm diseases, particularly Zhang Jiebin, also made comments dialectically on their detrimental effect of the Theory of Warm - benefiting on the society and the rash action of denying the theory of cold pathogenic disorders and even ignoring channel - collaterals, but biasing to only one channel, particularly that carried in Zhao Xianke's Yi Guan (Medical Permeation).

After comparing with different extant editions of Nei jing (Inner Canon), the author holds that the portion of Su wen (Plain Questions) in Lei jing (Classified Canon) was similar to Hu's 12 - volume system of Gulinshutang edition, Zhao's Jujingtang edition, while its portion of Ling shu (Miraculous Pivot) is closer to the proofed edition of Zhou's and Ma Shi's annotated 9 - volume edition. After his determination of the original edition, he further made collation with comparison with other editions, and checked the original texts accordingly. Hence it was different from all other available editions.

The study of the cruciate ligaments have been made since 3000 B. C., including anatomical observation, functional description, examination and treatment approaches. The developmental history of the cruciate ligaments is the advances of human ideas and techniques in the area generations after generations.

Since the main contents of the Huang di nei jing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) was completed in the Warring States, in the form of questions and answers between Huang Di and Qi Bo, Qi - Huang is used as the appellation for Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon in later generation. As the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon laid the foundation for the development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), in the Song Dynasty, Qi Bo and Huang Di was jointly called Qi - Huang for the first time in Bian que xin shu (Medical Understanding of Bian Que) by Dou Cai. And they were also worshipped as the orthodox ancestors of medicine in the shrine with new implication. Since then, Qi - Huang had an extended meanings for orthodox TCM or TCM science. However, in most cases, Qi - Huang was the appellation of TCM and TCM science. Meanwhile, new words derived from Qi - Huang have their respective meanings, such as "the art of Qi - Huang" and "the theoretical principles of Qi - Huang" standing for the science of TCM or the art of healing, and the theoretical principles. As for the "Qi - Huang physicians", it represents the TCM doctors and specialists. Dan xi shou jing (Medical Mirror of Danxi) by Wu Shangmo in the Ming Dynasty says that "meeting Qi - Huang specialists". "Qi - Huang books" means TCM books. And Qi - Huang profession refers to TCM profession, etc. It can be seen that the term Qi - Huang does have a rich content of Chinese traditional culture.

As an excellent analgesic, aconite is highly toxic, hence, its detoxification has become an important topic to the medical professionals, ancient and modern. There is a rich contents with detailed descriptions, and many medicines for the detoxication of aconite in Wu shi er bing fang (Formularies for 52 Kinds of Disorders), being very unique in its method. It not only gives valuable experiences, but also opens an earliest example to detoxify aconite intoxication for later agas.

Being called "precursor of pharmacy imported from the west" by Fan Xingzhun, a famous medical historian, Ben cao bu was lost in China. It has been found outside China recently. This article deals with the author, blockprinting edition, contents of the book and makes a comparison with its texts cited in Ben cao gang mu shi yi (Supplemented Compendium of Materia Medica). It also evaluates the practical significance of this book as an early dissemination of pharmacy imported from the west.

The first blockprinted edition, 5 - volume Hong shi ji yan fang (Hong's Collection of Effective Recipes) in the 6th year of Qiandao reign (1170) and the first blockprinted edition of Shang han yao zhi yao fang (Recipes with Gist on Cold Pathogenic Diseases) in the 7th year of Qiandao reign (1171) are collected in the National Beijing Library. Both are highly treasured by book connoisseurs of the Ming and Qing dynasties who made much textual research. The authors, edition uniqueness and circulating facts of both works are discussed here.

The description of "Shennong tastes all kinds of herbs and encounters seventy kinds of toxic substances in a single day" is a legend in Chinese medical history, demonstrating that medicine is originated from practice. This description has been interpreted as a semi - mythological legend. In fact, the description has a true and primitive background. Among them, the "day" and "seventy" bear specific implication and deep historical and cultural connotation. As time progresses, the fading of history will be even more deified. Hence, this phenomenon should arouse attention during the study of medical history.

In the beginning of the 16th century, Hu Jung of the Lee dynasty of Korea collected the chief medical books written before the mid - Ming dynasty of China and some ancient Korean medical books to compile the Dongyi Bogam (Precious Mirror of Oriental Medicine). This marks the formation of a new stage in Korean medicine with unique theoretical system. After this great book was transmitted to China, the first man who tried to blockprint it was a folk doctor, Wang Ruzun. This article briefly introduces Wang's life, gives a general picture of Wang's hand - written copy in 1747, by quoting Chai Chaosheng's preface and Wang Ruzun's postscript in the book. It is firmly believed that Wang's hand - written copy is of great significance. The said copy is collected in our library.

The period from the Warring States to the Three Kingdoms was the stage of laying foundation preliminarily for surgical theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Observing and analyzing it from two aspects, that is development of the clinical practice of surgery and the establishment of the basic theory of surgery, it is helpful for recognizing its process of establishment, development and improvement.

The summarization includes understandings of the etiological factors, evolution course of treatment of head and neck cancer in pre - modern era (1500 - 1900) and modern age, and the historical summary of head and neck cancer treatment in China, aiming at providing references for its further development through historical reviewing on its law summarized through 150 years of experience.

By recalling the history of art of prescription and summarizing its law of development, two apparent characteristics can be shown on its primitive accumulation and clinical treating thoughts. One is the trend of transformation from empirical formula to theoretical formula, and from the discrepancy between medical theories and medical prescriptions to their combination. The other one is from treatment based on differentiation of diseases to differentiation of symptoms and signs, and from correspondence of prescription and diseases to correspondence of prescription and syndrome. It is of realistic significance to further recognize the developmental characteristics of the art of prescription, not only for mastering the prescription rules and main points of matching of ingredients in compounding, but also on comprehending its scientific implication and mechanism.

Origin and development of hospital in the West was related closely with religions and wars. Before the Medieval Ages, priests or physicians treated their patients mainly in temples, which may be regarded as the earliest type of hospital. The military hospital first appeared in the ancient Rome due to war. During the Medieval Ages, most hospitals were attached to monasteries. The Crusades prompted the development of hospitals and hospices along the route taken by the Crusaders. After the Medieval Ages, as the Protestantism rose, the monastic hospitals suffered a major setback and secular hospitals developed. From the 16th century, hospitals of Europe were spread gradually into North America. During the 18th and 19th centuries, function of hospital in medical treatment, education and research was strengthened gradually. In the 20th century, hospital facilities were matured technically and management of hospital became an important problem to which people devoted themselves to resolve it.

In the history of traditional Chinese medicine, some literati mastered medicine. By analyzing several typical representatives. It can be seen that the reasons for such phenomenon are: 1) the theories of medicine and literature are interlinked on the basis of literature; 2) a good doctor and good prime ministers have the same social status and reputation; 3) morally good doctors fulfill the duty of loyalty, filial piety and comfort much more than good prime ministers on ethics; 4) healthy care and health preserving are action aspiring for fundamentality of life. Thus, this is the result from literati's crudition and edification of traditional Chinese culture.

There are several academic characteristics about the spleen and the stomach which could be used when identifying and treating the consumption diseases in Li xu yuan jian (Mirror to Manage the Vacuity Pattern), which was written by Wang Qishi, a doctor of the Ming dynasty. About the cause of illness and patho - mechenism, he attached importance to the relation among the essence, Qi and fire (spirit). And he considered that the three sides of the Yang vacuity were belonged to the spleen. About the differentiation of syndromes for treatment, he emphasized the whole connection among treasures and houses. He put forward that the treatment with the vacuity pattern should have three bases: the spleen, the lung and the kidney, in which he especially stressed the spleen, fully reflecting the important academic viewpoint of "the spleen is the mother of body".

The doctrine of the mean is an important and integral part of the thought of Confucianism, which occupied a dominant position for a long time in Chinese history since the Western Han dynasty and exerted a great influence for the development of cultural thought in later ages, including the principle of conduct and behave, the construction of social structure etc. Here the influence of the doctrine of the mean on formulae of traditional Chinese medicine is discussed in order to illuminate that specific historical and cultural background of China were the root of traditional Chinese medicine, whose theory and clinical practice all were affected by these in varying degrees, offering some clue for clinical prescriptions.

Wu Jutong is regarded as one of the master figures in the school of seasonal warm diseases. In his representative work Wen bing tiao bian (Treatise on Differentiation and Treatment of Seasonal Warm Diseases), he was not only an expert in adopting and adjusting classical prescriptions, but also good at treating diseases by using warm - hot drugs. On the other hand, Treatise on Differentiation and Treatment of Seasonal Warm Diseases makes up some deficiencies and thus perfects Shang han lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases). So, it is a fact that Wu Jutong inherited and developed Zhongjing's doctrine.

Zhang Jingyue, a doctor of the Ming dynasty, is good at warming and tonifying, paying attention to tonifying the kidney. Based on the requirement of theory and practice, he held that: the method of tonifying kidney may be based on kidney -- yin; the using of bringing up yin, may be measured by containing yang, while the wonderful matter of supporting yang, may be producing yang with fostering yin. These form a unique scientific thought of "concept of tonifying kidney's yin and yang".

As an ancient famous philosopher and a figure of encyclopedic pattern, Zhi Xi was conversant with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the art of healthcare in addition to the knowledge of philosophical knowledge and its implication, with special understanding on medical classics and its recipes, pulse taking and drug application. He exerted significant influence on the development of ancient medicine, especially in methodology which can be summarized into 3 points. 1. Advocating seeking truth by suspicious attitude; 2. Emphasizing the combined use of simplicity and erudition and from erudition to simplicity; 3. Nature and natural law, manifesting rather high rational dialectical level. These ideas improved the medical development of later generation.

Knockout drops ("menghanyao" in Chinese) is named as one of riddles in the cultural history of China. Why its is named as "menghan" has been interpreted from the viewpoint of phonology by many former solons. A new opinion is put forward from the viewpoint of pharmacology and physiology in this paper, in which a historical fact is concerned that mandala is the essential component in knockout drug. The function of sweat gland is inhibited with sweat retained inside the human body after knockout drops are taken. "Menghan" just describes the above physiological phenomenon.

The Yun - qi theory is closely related to the calendar system. In Chinese history, the change of the calendar system by Adam Schall von Bell in early Qing Dynasty was a disputable event. Studying its effect on Yun - qi theory, we find out the issue of changing the order of Zi and Shen lunar mansions, which annoyed many Chinese astronomers and scholars, had no significant influence on Yun - qi theory. As for the new calculation system of clepsydra and solar terms, these changes increased the accuracy of the Yun - qi calendar.

Pictures of channel system in Isimpo (Prescriptions of Medical Heart) was the earliest illustrations of channels. It was of important reference value for the researches on the running courses of channels, confirmation of some points, including Sanyinjiao, Dadu, Taibai and Gongsun, and its orders etc.

Zhu Danxi, the founder of Danxi School, one of the four major schools of the Jin - Yuan dynasties, was famous for its Yin - nourishing theory. Clinically, it was adept in treating miscellaneous disorders, with the "four - injury theory" as its theory for differentiation of Zheng. The medical thinking of Danxi is quite specific that it exerted its clinical and academic influence mostly in the Ming dynasty, with so many schools followed him. Though research on its origin and evolution, direct followers like Dai Sigong, Wang Lü, Lin Chung et al. not only totally inherited Danxi's medical idea, but also became the receiver of his academic experiences. Indirect followers(study perronally) reached its peak in the Ming dynasty. They inherited Danxi's experience and further developed to supplement his theory. For other physicians partly following Danxi's experience also emerged and applied his academy for further development of medical theory.

As the cornerstone of the ancient theories in the west, humoralism had been a dominative theory in medicine from the ancient Greek time to the 19th century, prior to the birth of the bacterial theory of disease. As a theory of holistic medicine in the west in ancient period, humoralism was similar to traditional Chinese medicine in its viewpoints of health and disease. Therefore, the review of its origin, cardinal principles and its evolution, is not only significant in the correct understanding of ancient western medicine and its appraisal, but also for the interpretation of traditional Chinese medicine as a reference.

The development of Chinese Palace's cosmetology is divided into three periods. It is in its embryonic stage that from the Xia to the Western Jin. The drugs and perfumes related to cosmetology were taken seriously by the Palace. The formulation of facial beauty was established. From the Eastern Jin to the end of Tang Dynasty was the forming periods. Cosmetology has been fully developed, and became the physical civilization which could enjoy by both nobels and common people. The developing and enriching time was from the Wu Dai to the end of the Qing Dynasty. The theory of cosmetology achieved a great development. The number of prescriptions of the Palace's cosmetology were increased greatly.

The usage of Herba Lagopsis as a drug has a long history, and it was arranged under the item of Semen Leonuri in the herb books of past dynasties and used as a kind of Semen Leonuri. The alias of Semen Leonuri is Spica Prunellae in records, and the withered Semen Leonuri after the summer solstice is also Herba Lagopsis. Now, there are many Flora and local Flora and records of materia medica embodying it, and its function is similar with motherwort.

Through researching textually the name, alias, life story, family tree, and medical thought, medical activities and unearthed culture relics etc. of an imperial doctor, Gu Dingfang, his remarkable contribution to the reservation of ancient classic medical editions and the reality of a new creative theory on psychological therapy put forward by him are shown. His outstanding achievements not only complement the blank of medical history of the Ming dynasty, but also occupy a position in the world's medical history.

There are controversies about the problem of the source of "lanhousha" (scarlet fever) in the field of modern medical history, whether it is an epidemic appeared from the ancient time in our country or imported from other countries. Now, almost all researches were carried out around the classic medical books, especially "Medical Records of Ye Tianshi", and hardly dealing it in a historical context at that time. Through contrastive analysis between the records in medical books and historical facts, it is concluded that Ye Tianshi's records of scarlet fever have nothing to do with Ye Tianshi himself, and is by author of allonym. It perhaps was exogenous cold diseases spread when a severe epidemic diseases happened at Southern Jiangsu in the 11th year of Yongzheng reign. Even though there was some scarlet fever, it was not the first spread of scarlet fever in fact. Actually, in late Kangxi reign, scarlet fever was regarded as an epidemic disease seldom seen at Southern Jiangsu.

Based on the clinical characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a receptive standard was set up to screen related information with NPC from ancient literature of traditional Chinese medicine, while a rejection standard was also set up to prevent associated data in these literature with diseases such as lymphatic tuberculosis and lymphoma in the neck etc. Furthermore, a review was made on the etiology, pathogenesis and procedures used in the prevention and treatment of NPC recorded in ancient literature, according to the evaluation as above. The data showed that several hypotheses were present in ancient literature about etiology and pathogenesis of NPC, including healthy qi deficiency, cold in channels, or liver qi stagnation, pyrogenous toxin, phlegm coagulation and blood stasis etc. Therefore, prevention was emphasized and the main therapeutic and preventive methods for NPC were regulating emotions, nourishing qi and harmonizing ying (nutrient).

The nephritis is one of the common and detrimental diseases. This paper reviews the history of knowledge of nephritis, ancient and modern, and western and Chinese medicine, demonstrating that the continuous development of treatment of TCM and western medicine are all effective measures to combat nephritis.

Taking the data of ancient epidemic situations in the south of the Five Ridges, as an example, the systematization materials of ancient epidemic situation guided by epidemiological methods are explored by defining the material of epidemic situation, selected compilation of relevant factors, decision of the severity, location, and its occasion etc. It is attempted to solve some problems in modernization and datalization of the collation of ancient literatures of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Taisu, a book complied by Yang Shangshan by imperial decree is the earliest complete commentary and classified complation of Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine) now extant. Recently, some scholars argued about the classified compilation of Taisu performed by Yang Shangshan. However, by analyzing and researching into the text and commentary of Taisu, conclusion can be drawn that the classified compilation of Taisu was indeed complied by Yang Shangshan himself. First, "youben" (certain edition) and "yiben" (an edition) in the commentary are not referring to the other editions of Taisu. Second, quotations cited from Su wen (Plain Questions) and Jiu juan (Nine Volumes) in the commentary are not used to collate Taisu. Thire, analysis made on the compilation and commentary by Yang Shangshan. Fourth, analyzing "taisu jing lun (Classical Discourses of Taisu)", the commentary of Taisu Shui lun (On water in Comprehensive Notes).

This paper briefly introduces 14 ancient Bencao works stored overseas yet not included in Quanguo Zhongyi Tushu Lianhe Mulu, with the information, including the authors, accomplish date, number of volume, categories, quantity of drugs, characteristics of content, store sites, and the condition of returned duplicated edition in China, and etc. Among the 14 works, 2 were accomplished in the Yuan dynasty, 9 in the Ming dynasty and 3 in the Qing dynasty.

The article discusses the views of the time - space - orientation of Wuxing (Five - Evolutive Phase), Yin - yang and Sifeng (Four - Wind), and its influence on traditional Chinese medical theories. It is shown that traditional Chinese medical theories are developed and established on the basis of the science and technology and social thought of the pre - Qin period, with some contents to be further discussed, and bias would be resulted if the issue is interpreted by concepts of post - Qin period.

The "Xin' an Medicine", beginning from Jin - Tang and flourished in Ming - Qing periods, occupied a significant position in the history of TCM. A detailed textual and research on the origin and development of "Zhang Yi Tie" of Dingtan, She Country, Huizhou, a representative medical family of Xin' an clinical physician, is made here. Maintaining that the title of "Zhang Yi Tie" began in Jiajing reign of the Ming dynasty, was applied until now. In the period of over 450 years of 15 generations successive ages, Zhang was conversant with acute febrile diseases, intractable miscellaneous disease of internal medicine, with the "powdered medicine" inherited. The clinical characteristics of all generation of Zhang were explored, holding that regional medical schools, representative medical families are one of the important constructive forms in the developmental process of TCM.

Tracheotomy was a term introduced by the German surgeon Heister in 1718. Other similar terms used before included bronchotomy and tracheostomy proposed by Negus in 1938. Being an old emergent operation, this operation can be traced back to the 1st century B.C. It was not until the 1920s-30s that this operation became a popularly applied and gradually completed one rather than an emergent operation adopted when there were no other alternatives.

Based on the arrangement of Renho Temple edition of Taisu (Extremely Plain), as an example, it can be seen that by correcting the wrong popular words in ancient medical books, the causes of mistakes of ancient editions and solution for annotations of difficult terms of ancient words in the medical books are of significance.

Transfusion has developed as a practical clinical technique. Its development has experienced from ignorance to science and from cruelty to civilization for hundreds of year. Transfusion has made great contribution for saving lives and expanding operation coverage. To understand the history of transfusion, we can have reference to promote again the development of transfusion technique.

Most of the citations of Meng Sheng's Herbology of Dietotherapy in Compendium of Materia Medica are originated from the Daguan Herbology and Zhenghe Herbology. When comparing these sources of citations in Compendium of Materia Medica with the texts in Daguan and Zhenghe, it can be found that there are differences, In Compendium of Materia Medica, it is indicated that these sources marked "Meng Sheng's Herbology of Dietotherapy" are actually derived from other sources, while citations from other sources are marked "Meng Sheng's Herbology of Dietotherapy" which are not found in Classified Herbology (Zhenglei ben cao). This might be due to the editions of Daguan and Zhenghe Li Shizhen applied are different.

Tobacco was introduced into China at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. At first, people thought that smoking could cure a lot of diseases, and could do good to people's health. However, Chinese doctors discovered that smoking would do great harm to people's health through animal experiments and clinical observation. They found that the poisonous materials in smoking include virulent fire - evil, tar, and some other invisible materials harmful to spirit of the body. Doctors also discovered that smoking had a great effect on people's lungs, causing damage to multiple organs and eventually death. Hence, trading on tobacco was banned officially in the Ming dynasty. Propaganda movements against smoking during the Qing Dynasty were gradually developed among the people.

Smallpox inoculation or variolation is a great invention of medicine in ancient China. In this paper, we introduced the process of spread of smallpox inoculation technique from China to western world (mainly to England), and reviewed the royal experiment of smallpox inoculation on human being and its influence on the prevention of smallpox in western countries. The spread and practice of smallpox inoculation in western world was an important event in the history of intercommunication between eastern and western medicines, which is worth emphasizing and further studying.

Early glasses is nothing but a single piece of glass without a frame. The latter originating from the "Reading stone" was a long one. It was both aided and retarded by social condition style, quality of available materials and technology. It is reasonable to make a few conclusions about the invention along the line suggested by Rosen; most likely, the inventor was a lay person of Pisa who wished to keep the manufacturing processes a secret in order to make a profit, the date of the invention is most likely around 1270 - 1280. The inventor was by two missionaries of St. Catherine's Friar dirdano da Rivolta and Alessando Spina. Lastly, the author advocates the use of CR-39, based on the following reasons: a high resin plastic, fragile resistance, high refractive index, light weight, and resistance to fogging.

The Zhulin (Bamboo Forest) Temple was established in the southern Qi Dynasty. Buddhist monks in the Temple began their study on TCM in the 8th year of Tianfu reign of the Later Jin dynasty. However, it was not until the 6th year of Shaoding reign in Southern Song dynasty that it was named "King of Medicine" and became world famous. Records on the temple's geneology tree showed that the succession ended at Jinxiu, the 106th generation, who resumed his secular life. The thousand - year old temple was thus dismantled severely with no trace of ruins. Due to fire, war and artificial factors, since the leath of Xu Hui, this Discipline of Women's Diseases was succeeded by his son until now, there are still successors. Recently, the Discipline is characterized by its systematization of secret recipes, academic exploration and specific out - patient department with advances in the newly application of secret recipes.

The Miao Minority medicine has a long history, and it originated thousands of years ago. The features of the Miao Minority medicine in the early age include all kinds of herbs which were very popular. Thus, a long-term "combination of witch and doctor" period existed in the early age of Miao Minority. This striking feature has great influence in the Miao Minority medicine, and this influence goes on until today. The Miao Minority doctors were good at external treatment in the early age. The above three points are worth studying, constituting the distinct traditional features of the Miao Minority medicine.

Passing through different dynasties of Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing and Republican period, the Zheng's medical family of Kunshan, Jiangsu, specialized in gynecology has a history of nearly 800 years, 29 generations, being a rare miracle in world medical history and parallel with the He's family of Jiangnan, also a medical family of 29 generations. This paper, by making use of written materials including geneological tree, epitaph, local annals, medical works and manuscripts, summarizes the genecoloyg, biographies, medical know-how, and medical works, of Zheng's family, and draws illustration for the geneological tree of the family.

Called "bu qi" (unable to erect) in the pre-Qin period, it was called "yin wei" (yin flabbiness) during Qin-Han to Jin-yuan dynasties, and called "yang wei" (yang flabbiness) since the Ming dynasty, though a few books called it Yin-flabbiness, but both Yang- and Yin- flabbiness didn't appear simultaneously in the same work. It was categorized under seven-injuries, kidney disorders, consumptive diseases, five non-masculine and sexual diseases before the Tang dynasty, and categorized under miscellaneous diseases since Jin dynasty. It was typed into bu ju (non erected), bu jian (non hardened) and bu jiu (non persistent). Some classified on the basis of etiology. It was pointed out that this disorder refers to inability to errect though the patient has a desire to erect, instead of unwilling to erect. The changes of the idea reflect the different levels of recognition in different historical periods.

There used to be confusion since ancient time on both zhen zhus. They are two different materials, different from their original materials, nomenclature and dates of their medicinal application. Based on ancient formularies, the two "zhen zhu" were confusedly used to a great extent. The causes of such confusion lie on their exactly identical Chinese pronunciation and the evolution of the Chinese writing characters; both also share some similar functions; and the confusion as recorded by herbological works of successive ages. There are also such confusion in modern books of pharmacy. Points for differentiation of both and conclusion are given here.

The history of the main academic TCM schools is described, beginning from Danxi school of Zhu Zhenheng of the Yuan dynasty to the 1980s. Established the theory of "exuberant yang and insufficient yin", Zhu set up the therapy of nourishing yin to decrease fire. In the late Ming dynasty, Zhao Xianke and Zhing Jingyue founded the warm - tonification school, Zhao's theory on vital gate exerted profound influence on the basic theory of later ages. At the turn of Ming - Qing dynasties, a Qiantang school was set up by Zhang Shuichen, Zhang Zhicong and Zhang Xijun, Zhang Zhi cong being the synthetizen. The Shao school of cold-disease refers mainly to the physicians in the shaoxin region who studied the warm heat disorders (especially damp - warm diseases) which was mature at the turn of Qing dynasty and the Republican period, whose influence remained until the 1980s.