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In order to improve the comprehensive ability of China sudden cardiac death prevention and rescue, the Expert Committee of China Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention and Rescue System Construction organized 100 experts and scholars in the field of cardiopulmonary resuscitation to form Blue paper of China sudden cardiac death prevention and rescue system construction (2022). It mainly includes three parts: the organizational structure of the sudden cardiac death prevention and rescue system, the main functions of the sudden cardiac death prevention and rescue system, and the key projects of the sudden cardiac death prevention and rescue system. It is hoped that the China sudden cardiac death prevention and rescue system will be established to serve the life and health of the people wholeheartedly.

To investigate the static and dynamic trends of scientific research efficiency of the critical care medicine in hospitals affiliated S university during the 13th Five-Year Plan period.Based on the scientific research data of 16 hospitals affiliated to Beijing S University from 2014 to 2020, the scientific research investment funds and the number of physicians involved in scientific research were selected as input evaluation indexes, and the number of science citation index (SCI) papers, Chinese science citation database (CSCD) papers, and the number of masters and doctors trained were selected as output evaluation indexes, and the evaluation index system of scientific research efficiency of critical care medicine was constructed. SPSS version 23.0 software was used for descriptive data statistics, and data envelopment analysis (DEA)-BCC model and DEA-Malmquist index model of DEAP 2.1 software were used for static and dynamic evaluation of its scientific research efficiency from 2016 to 2020, respectively.(1) The scientific research technical efficiency (TE) of critical care medicine in 16 hospitals affiliated with S universities varied greatly from 2016 to 2020, but pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE) were at a good level, and 6-11 affiliated hospitals in critical care medicine kept DEA effective for 5 consecutive years. (2) Dynamic analysis of their total factor productivity (TFP) of scientific research from 2016 to 2020 showed a trend of rising and then falling and then rising again. The mean value was 0.985. The technical efficiency change (TEC) showed a decreasing and then increasing trend, and the technical progress change (TC) showed a slow increasing and then decreasing trend, with a mean value of 0.953. While the mean values of TEC, pure technical efficiency change (PTEC) and scale efficiency change (SEC) were above 1, which showed that the growth of total factor productivity index of research and innovation depended more on the technical efficiency index.The "gain effect" and "catch-up effect" of scientific research efficiency in the specialty of critical care medicine in hospitals affiliated S universities are obvious, but the "growth effect" is not obvious. "Although the research efficiency of the 13th Five-Year Plan period has been significantly improved, there is still much room for improvement in scientific and technological innovation and international academic influence.

Although the clinical definitions of sepsis and recommended treatments are regularly updated, a systematic review has not been done for preclinical models. To address this deficit, a Wiggers-Bernard Conference on preclinical sepsis modeling reviewed the 260 most highly cited papers between 2003 and 2012 using sepsis models to create a series of recommendations. This Part II report provides recommendations for the types of infections and documentation of organ injury in preclinical sepsis models. Concerning the types of infections, the review showed that the cecal ligation and puncture model was used for 44% of the studies while 40% injected endotoxin. Recommendation #8 (numbered sequentially from Part I): endotoxin injection should not be considered as a model of sepsis; live bacteria or fungal strains derived from clinical isolates are more appropriate. Recommendation #9: microorganisms should replicate those typically found in human sepsis. Sepsis-3 states that sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, but the review of the papers showed limited attempts to document organ dysfunction. Recommendation #10: organ dysfunction definitions should be used in preclinical models. Recommendation #11: not all activities in an organ/system need to be abnormal to verify organ dysfunction. Recommendation #12: organ dysfunction should be measured in an objective manner using reproducible scoring systems. Recommendation #13: not all experiments must measure all parameters of organ dysfunction, but investigators should attempt to fully capture as much information as possible. These recommendations are proposed as "best practices" for animal models of sepsis.

To investigate the possession of ultrasound equipment and use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in emergency department of tertiary hospitals in China to figure out the present condition of POCUS in the emergency department.Questionnaire survey was performed through the internet, which included equipment possession, usage, and the sterile technique of the probe in the emergency department of tertiary hospitals.Between September and December in 2018, a total of 2 994 questionnaires link was clicked, and 718 survey responses were collected. After removing duplicated and non-tertiary hospitals questionnaires, the final questionnaire survey covered 300 tertiary hospitals, of which 250 were tertiary A hospitals (83.3%). The number of emergency department which own bedside ultrasound machine was 173 (57.7%), 40.6% (122) of the departments had only one ultrasonic machine. The main sources of equipment were new bought machines (119, 68.8%), given (38, 22.0%) or rented old machines from the ultrasound department (42, 24.3%). None of the emergency physicians in 92 (30.7%) departments mastered the POCUS skills, and 52.7% of the response hospital had less than a quarter emergency physicians grasp the skills. Fees of the POCUS could be charged in 52 (30.1%) of them. The main methods to clean or sterilize the probes were to wipe the probe by cleaning dry paper (97, 56.1%), sterile wet paper (69, 39.9%) or special probe disinfector (23, 13.3%), and used probe protective sleeve and sterile gel (12, 6.9%) as necessary; 79 (45.7%) departments had no conventional probe disinfection measures. When the ultrasonic was used to guide the punctures, the prevention of infection policies were the sterile gloves and saline (106, 61.3%), disposable probe protective sleeve and sterile gel (55, 31.8%).The propagation of POCUS in emergency department is needed to develop in tertiary hospitals in China. The right way to clean the probes need to be emphasized.

Sepsis is currently defined as a life-threatening multiple organ dysfunction caused by host dysregulated response to infection, with high morbidity and mortality in intensive care units. Patients with sepsis are often complicated with cardiac dysfunction known as septic cardiomyopathy (SCM). The occurrence of SCM is related to the high mortality of patients, which has been closely concerned for a long time, and is also one of the challenges to be solved in the systematic treatment of sepsis. A large number of studies have shown that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of SCM. The role of oxidative stress in SCM and the potential treatment measures for redox imbalance are discussed in this paper.

Machine learning based artificial intelligence technology for big data processing has shown great potential in predicting patients' conditions and aiding clinical decisions, and has been widely used in the development of clinical decision support systems in recent years. Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by host response disorder caused by infection, and its early recognition and treatment can significantly improve the prognosis of patients. At present, there are many deficiencies in the clinical application of sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), bedside quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA), national early warning score (NEWS), inflammatory indicators, and novel biomarkers for evaluating sepsis. Artificial intelligence has promoted the development of critical care medicine because of its ability to rapidly process and analyze massive data of severe patients. This paper reviews the recent application of artificial intelligence in the early diagnosis and prediction of sepsis, in order to emphasize the importance and limitations of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and prediction of sepsis.

Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) is the most common complication in patients discharged from intensive care unit (ICU), which seriously affects the life quality of the patients. At present, there is still lack of standardevaluation methods for PICS. Continuous and dynamic assessment can earlyidentify PICS, moreover, early identification and intervention of PICS can improve the life quality of patients those patients, which is critical to improve the long-term outcome of the patients. In this paper, we reviewed the current research states of evaluation timing, contents, tools and modalities of PICS domestic and abroad, analyzed the problems and prospects of the existing evaluation methods, aiming to provide a reference for clinical staff to effectively and comprehensively evaluate PICS.

To summarize the treatment process of rapid decrease in blood flow due to centrifugal pump dysfunction during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and its related thinking.On September 25, 2021, the ECMO treatment of a 14-year-old boy with severe mycoplasma pneumonia, severe viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) admitted to the department of critical care medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College was analyzed.Oxygenation of the child was difficult to maintain under invasive mechanical ventilation, and lung consolidation progressed seriously. After evaluation, venous-venous ECMO (VV-ECMO) was implemented, then oxygenation was improved. In the 120th hour after VV-ECMO establishment, the blood flow sudden decreased, the speed was 3 822 r/min, while the flow was only 0.2 L/min, more over there was no change in the flow when the speed was increased. Before that, the ECMO speed was 3 530 r/min, and the flow was up to 3.4 L/min and stable. After rapid screening, it was determined that the centrifugal pump was dysfunction. ECMO was successfully replaced and the flow was satisfactory.At present, most ECMO centers do not routinely monitor the pressure before and after the pump. There is a lack of visual and quantitative techniques or indicators to judge the pump's function, and there is also a lack of corresponding clinical experience in treatment. This paper summarizes the investigation and treatment process of ECMO pump dysfunction of this case to provide reference.

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulation of the body's response to infection. It is one of the common and serious complications in clinically critical patients with trauma, burn, shock, infection, etc., with high morbidity and mortality. Although the treatment of sepsis has made great achievements in clinical practice, the mortality of patients with sepsis is still increasing due to its secondary complications. Septic cardiomyopathy (SCM) is one of the major complications that threaten septic patient's life. SCM refers to myocardial dysfunction with the aggravation of the primary disease, which is manifested by biventricular dilatation accompanied by a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). It is one of the major complications that threaten the life of patients with sepsis. The existing research shows that the mechanism of SCM includes myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction, myocardial cell apoptosis, calcium circulation disorder and its treatment including conventional treatment, β1 receptor blocker treatment and traditional Chinese medicine treatment,etc. This paper reviewed the pathogenesis of SCM and its related, in order to provide references for the rational diagnosis and treatment of SCM.

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the disorder of the body's response to infection, and is one of the main causes of death in critically ill patients. Ferroptosis is a kind of iron dependent cell death, characterized by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Sepsis can cause a substantial accumulation of ROS in cells. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key regulator of antioxidant and plays a critical protective role in sepsis induced ferroptosis by regulating the expression of proteins related to the ferroptosis pathway. Current studies have found that activation of Nrf2 has a protective effect on ferroptosis induced by sepsis. In this paper, we summarized the regulation mechanism of Nrf2 in ferroptosis, in order to provide references for the treatment of sepsis.

Sepsis is a systemic disease with severe health consequences, and it was redefined in 2016 as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by an abnormal host response to infection and is a global public health priority. In recent years, there has been increasing recognition of the role of dysregulated micronutrient iron metabolism in the pathogenesis of sepsis. The concept of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic mode of cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS), was first proposed by Dixon et al. in 2012. As a novel mode of programmed cell death, ferroptosis differs in morphological and biochemical characteristics from various forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis and lysis. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis plays an important regulatory role in the development of sepsis and has become a research focus and highlight for the diagnosis and prognosis of related diseases. Therefore, this paper reviews the latest developments in ferroptosis in sepsis, in order to further understanding its pathogenesis and providing new therapeutic targets for sepsis-related organ dysfunction.

To systematically review the effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in an animal model of lung injury induced by paraquat (PQ), and to provide a theoretical basis for future clinical trials.The Wanfang, CNKI, VIP, PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE database (from January 1979 to September 2012) were searched. All papers concerning TCM in animal model of lung injury induced by PQ were retrieved. Study selection and data extraction were performed on the basis of Cochrane systematic review methods. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) with random effects model was adopted to investigate the effect of TCM on lung injury induced by PQ.Eighteen papers involving 1 188 rats met our criteria. Meta-analysis showed that TCM could improve the lung coefficiency (WMD -0.07, 95%CI -0.14 to -0.01, P=0.03), reduce lung wet/dry weight ratio (WMD -1.15, 95%CI -2.03 to -0.27, P=0.01), increase the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (WMD 56.08, 95%CI 23.46 to 88.70, P=0.000 8), improve plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) level (WMD 26.64, 95%CI 18.95 to 34.33, P0.000 01), and lower serum malondialdehyde(MDA) level (WMD -0.65, 95%CI -1.00 to -0.30, P=0.000 2), however there was no significant difference in the level of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and hydroxyproline(HYP) level between TCM and controls (TNF-α: WMD -25.15, 95%CI -54.87 to 4.57, P=0.10; HYP: WMD -0.11, 95%CI -2.71 to 0.48, P=0.17).These findings demonstrate the efficacy of TCM in animal models of lung injury induced by PQ. However taking account of heterogeneity, the efficacy should be interpreted with caution.

CCAAT enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ), as a nuclear transcription factor necessary for the development of liver, airway epithelium, and adipose tissue, plays a vital role in physiological processes related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. However, the up-regulation of C/EBPβ activates signal pathways related to inflammatory response, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell proliferation and invasion, immune response, and angiogenesis by regulating a series of downstream genes transcription promotes the development of lung diseases. Therefore, targeting C/EBPβ may be a potential treatment strategy for lung diseases. This paper summarizes the regulatory effects of C/EBPβ and related signaling pathways in lung infection, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer to provide a theoretical basis for the precision medicine of lung diseases.

In acute or chronic lung diseases, inappropriate immune response and abnormal repair process can lead to irreversible damage to lung tissue, which in turn leads to decreased lung function and even respiratory failure or death. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derivatives have shown wide application prospects in cell therapy and acellular therapy of lung diseases and are entering the clinical transformation stage because of their unique physiological functions and characteristics, but the safety and efficacy of MSCs and their derivatives are still controversial. Nebulization therapy provides new opportunities and challenges for the innovative treatment of MSCs and their derivatives in lung diseases. In a number of preclinical studies and clinical trials, there have been evidence that atomization therapy of MSCs and their derivatives is safe and effective. This method could be an optimal solution for the treatment of various complex lung diseases. However, extensive research should be carried out on various strategies and their compatibility with different nebulizers before this method can be used in clinical setting. In this paper, we review the research progress of MSCs and their derivatives by nebulization in the treatment of pulmonary diseases.

Mitophagy is the selective degradation of damaged mitochondria, and it is of great significance to maintain the normal quantity and quality of mitochondria to ensure cell homeostasis and survival. Necroptosis is a type of programmed cell necrosis that can be induced by excessive mitophagy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced mainly by mitochondria and can damage mitochondria. Hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI) is a serious complication of clinical oxygen therapy, and its pathogenesis is not clear. Existing studies have shown that mitophagy and necroptosis are involved in the occurrence of HALI. There are many mechanisms regulating mitophagy and necroptosis, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PINK1/Parkin) protein pathway encoded by PTEN-induced kinase 1/PARK2 gene, phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5), etc. PGAM5 has been proved to be a key factor linking mitophagy and necroptosis. Previous studies of our team found that the mechanism of microRNA-21-5p (miR-21-5p) alleviating HALI was related to its pGAM5-mediated inhibition of mitophagy, but the mechanism of PGAM5-mediated mitophagy and necroptosis remains unclear. Therefore, this paper reviews the targets of PGAM5-mediated mitophagy and necroptosis, in order to find clues of lung protection of pGAM5-mediated mitophagy and necroptosis in HALI, and provide theoretical basis for subsequent basic research.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome caused by a variety of internal and external injury factors in the lung, and its morbidity and mortality have remained stubbornly high. Recent studies have shown that endothelial-derived extracellular vesicles are an important mediator of pathological signal transduction and play an important regulatory role in the occurrence, development and prognosis of ARDS. Now our paper reviewed the regulatory mechanism of endothelial-derived extracellular vesicles in ARDS.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a common respiratory critical illness with multiple causes, is associated with high mortality. The high degree of heterogeneity may be the reason why it is lack of highly specific and sensitive biological biomarkers. Therefore, it is an urgent need to explore biomarkers, perform phenotypic analysis and establish risk stratification model for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of ARDS. Endothelial cells specificity molecular-1 (ESM-1, endocan), is a soluble dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, and be involved in regulating biological behaviors such as cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Numerous studies have confirmed that ESM-1 is closely related to inflammation, endothelial activation and dysfunction. However, the role of ESM-1 in the initiating and developing process of ARDS is still unclear. To provide a scientific basis for its clinical applications in ARDS, such as early prognosis assessment and timely prevent strategies, this paper focuses on the biological properties and the clinical value of ESM-1 as a potential biomarker for ARDS.

Sepsis is the main cause of death in intensive care unit (ICU). Sepsis and septic shock seriously affect the prognosis of patients and increase the mortality and re-morbidity of patients. Early and timely intervention can reduce the mortality and recurrence rate of patients with sepsis. The occurrence of sepsis may be related to the phosphorylation of connexin 43 (Cx43), which needs to be realized through various signal pathways. The related sites of connexin 43 are phosphorylated through different signal pathways to achieve the precise regulation of sepsis, these sites may be related targets for the treatment of sepsis and provide a direction for accurate treatment of sepsis. This paper mainly analyzes the role of Cx43-related signal pathways such as protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) in the pathogenesis of sepsis.

Sepsis is a systemic reaction syndrome caused by various infectious factors,and its core mechanism is immue disorder. Macrophages, known as the most important component of innate immunity, play an important role in the occurrence and development of sepsis. Macrophage polarization has been shown to be closely related to inflammation and immunity. In the occurrence and development of sepsis,the mechanisms are complex and unclearly. The release of inflammatory factors and the occurrence of inflammatory responses will be regulated by changes in macrophage polarization phenotype. Multiple signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear transcription factor-κB (TLR4/NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), Janus kinase/signal transduction and transcription activator (JAK/STAT), adenosine-activated protein kinase-peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor γ (AMPK-PPARγ), Notch, C-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), etc. are involved in the regulation of macrophage polarization,and interact with each other.Regulation of macrophage polarization will be a new target for the prevention and treatment of the occurrence, development and prognosis of sepsis. This paper summarized the latest progress of macrophage polarization phenotype in the occurrence and development of sepsis, aiming to provide new ideas and methods for clinical prevention and treatment of sepsis.

Chest compressions are a key component of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The determination of the optimal compression point (OCP) in adult CPR is an indispensable critical factor for high quality chest compressions (CCs). At present, the OCP for adult CPR is still controversial, which still needs further research and discussion. To provide theoretical reference for determining the OCP, this paper reviews the research progress of the OCP of adult CPR from the development process of compression point and hemodynamic mechanism, so as to improve the quality of CCs and the outcome of cardiac arrest (CA) patients.

Since the production and use of paraquat was banned in China in 2016, the use of diquat (DQ) has been increasing and the clinical cases of DQ poisoning have also shown an increasing trend every year. The treatment of DQ poisoning is a worldwide medical problem, and there is no specific antidote. Studies have found that oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, neurotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity play an important role in DQ poisoning. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) can inhibit oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and inflammation by regulating the protein expression of upstream and downstream signaling molecules. Therefore, the role of Nrf2 signaling pathway in the poisoning and treatment of DQ has become a hot spot of attention for emergency critical care researchers in recent years. This paper reviews the relationship between Nrf2 signal pathway and DQ poisoning, in order to provide a theoretical basis for improving the treatment strategy for DQ poisoning.

Cardiac arrest is the fourth stage of sudden cardiac death, which is characterized by the cessation of electrical activity in the heart, rapid circulatory and respiratory failure, and the prognosis is often poor. How to effectively predict cardiac arrest is the key and difficult point in the diagnosis and treatment process. In recent years, the research on the application of early warning scoring system in cardiac arrest has made continuous breakthroughs, from initially formulating a traditional scoring system containing only basic vital signs indicators according to a certain number of samples to continuously increasing and changing indicators, increasing the sample size, and formulating an improved scoring system with better sensitivity and specificity. Nowadays, with the continuous development of electronic information technology, machine learning technology is introduced into the formulation of scoring system, which breaks through the limitations of previous scoring system and has achieved good results in clinic. This article analyzes and compares the relevant research and cutting-edge progress of different early warning scoring systems at home and abroad, and summarizes the research results, gaps and shortcomings. Finally, combined with the relevant policies of graded diagnosis and treatment in China, this paper discusses the development and application direction of cardiac arrest early warning scoring system in the future.

Exosomes are small vesicles with a diameter of about 40-160 nm actively secreted by cells. They participate in a variety of pathophysiological processes and are closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases. As a newly carrier of intercellular communication and circulating biomarkers of disease diagnosis and prognosis, exosomes have attracted great attention for their potential clinical applications. However, many aspects such as exosome biogenesis, targeted transport, and mechanism of action are still unclear. This paper focuses on the exosome biogenesis, summarizes the exosome biogenesis pathways, and describes relevant molecular modulation mechanisms of importance. And this review provides a theoretical basis for disease treatment based on regulating exosome production.

Maintenance of spontaneous effort during mechanical ventilation has long been recognized to improve oxygenation. Such effort has been considered beneficial because oxygenation is a key management aim. However, accumulating evidence indicates that spontaneous effort during mechanical ventilation may cause or worsen acute lung injury. Recently, effort-dependent lung injury has been termed as patient-self inflicted lung injury (P-SILI). This paper describes pathophysiological changes of ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI) induced by mechanical ventilation and spontaneous breathing, and the role of spontaneous breathing during mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Studies have shown that spontaneous breathing is a double-edged sword, depending on the intensity of spontaneous breathing activity and the severity of lung injury. Future studies are needed to determine ventilator strategies minimizing injury.

Hyperoxia is very common in critical patients, which causes varying degrees of pathophysiological damage. Hyperoxia is one of the main reasons for increasing mortality, prolonged hospital stay and poor prognosis of critical patients. Therefore, it is critical to carry out the standardized oxygen therapy. In this paper, we discussed the harmful effects of hyperoxemia to critically ill patients by reviewing the effect of hyperoxemia on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, hyperoxia-induced lung injury, and the association of hyperoxemia with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and acute renal kidney injury (AKI). Meanwhile, we provided some management suggestions about standardized clinical oxygen therapy, oxygen therapy related research and clinical management of oxygen therapy, aimed at providing reference and research direction for standardizing clinical oxygenation process, reducing the occurrence of hyperoxemia, and making reasonable method for hyperoxemia prevention.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common critical disease in clinic, which refers to acute hypoxic respiratory failure caused by various insults, with bilateral fluffy infiltrates on chest radiography. It is reported that gender may play a critical role in the occurrence, severity, and outcomes of ARDS. Nevertheless, gender difference in ARDS is still controversial because of the complexity of the disease. This paper summarized the sex difference in epidemiology of ARDS according to different etiologies such as sepsis, trauma and respiratory viruses, and discussed gender-bias in the occurrence, severity and outcomes of ARDS. Moreover, we clarified briefly the mechanism that may contribute to the gender-bias to provide novel ideas for clinical treatment of ARDS.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) with high mortality and disable rate is a public health problem of common concern all over the world. In order to improve the survival rate of OHCA, developed countries such as Europe and the United States have established regional and even national OHCA registration database for continuous monitoring and quality improvement of OHCA, identifying the weaknesses in each link of the survival chain, and evaluating effective measures to enhance the survival rate. At present, China still lacks of registration database that can comprehensively collect the information of OHCA and effectively reflect the treatment status and research direction of OHCA. In order to shorten the huge gap of OHCA survival rate between China and developed countries such as Europe and the United States, we should learn from the experience of foreign registration databases and establish OHCA registration database suitable for China's national conditions, so as to promote the improvement of OHCA survival rate in China. This paper presents several major OHCA registry databases of the internationally recognized,such as cardiac arrest registry to enhance survival (CARES), resuscitation outcomes consortium (ROC), European registry of cardiac arrest (EuReCa), Pan-Asian resuscitation outcomes registry (PAROS), and Australian resuscitation outcome consortium (Aus-ROC), aims to provide a reference for promoting the construction of the cardiac arrest registration database in China.

Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) is a common and serious complication in intensive care unit (ICU) with a high incidence of typical systemic and symmetrical muscle weakness, which mainly involves the limbs (proximal more than distal) and respiratory muscles, and can affect the short-term and long-term outcomes among ICU patients, further reduces their quality of life, and seriously delays their return to family and society. At present, the etiology and pathogenesis of ICU-AW are not clear, and the diagnosis methods are different. There is no "gold standard" for the diagnosis of ICU-AW, and there are still great difficulties in early diagnosis or recognition. This paper reviews the progress of ICU-AW diagnosis and evaluation, aiming to provide a reference for clinical practice and scientific research.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in critically ill patients and it is directly related to the patient's prognosis and survival. Despite remaining uncertainties regarding the prevalence of AKI in intensive care unit (ICU), the overall incidence of AKI is relatively high, and prompt recognition is necessary to ensure the risk assessment, early diagnosis, clinical outcome, and treatment of critically ill patients. Doppler-based renal resistive index (RRI) mainly reflects vascular bed resistance state, which can be indirect to the extent of the damage of renal parenchyma. It is a relatively objective and quantitative evaluation, and is widely used in clinical prognosis of acute or chronic renal damage evaluation and judgment. This paper reviews the definition of RRI, the measurement methods of RRI, the application and progress of RRI in the field of AKI, the advantages and disadvantages of ultrasonic measurement of RRI, the long-term application of RRI, the effectiveness of RRI in predicting AKI, and the progress in clinical application.

Sepsis is a life-threatening multiple organ dysfunction disease with high mortality and has become leading causes of death affecting intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Both long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) are involved in the pathophysiological process of sepsis and can regulate the inflammatory response, both of which could be used as important diagnostic indicators and therapeutic targets of sepsis. The interaction among lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA plays an important role in sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction. This paper reviewed the regulatory relationship of lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA, as well as the regulatory role of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis in inflammatory immune response and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in sepsis, to provide new targets and strategies for the treatment of sepsis and organ dysfunction.

Sepsis and septic shock have high morbidity and mortality. The key point is that huge amount of nitric oxide (NO) is releasing into circulation, inducing marked dilation of blood vessels, and continuously decreased of blood pressure. The central link is inflammation and oxidative stress. Methylene blue can effectively inhibit NO, remove excessive NO and block the signal transduction pathway named inducible nitric oxide synthase-NO-soluble guanylate cyclase-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (iNOS-NO-sGC-cGMP). Meanwhile, it also play a role in inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. This paper reviews the mechanism of methylene blue in the treatment of sepsis and septic shock, as well as its treatment time window, optimal dose, administration mode and potential adverse reactions, to provide new ideas for clinical treatment.

Influenza virus is one of the common pathogens causing acute respiratory infectious diseases, and is easy to cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after infecting human body, which is an important cause of death of influenza patients. Influenza-induced ARDS results from a combination of overwhelming inflammation and immune response, causing tissue damage and apoptosis. Furthermore, virus-mediated oxidative stress is another important mechanism. Viral infection can produce excessive reactive oxygen species, which damage the epithelial-endothelial barrier with pulmonary edema. In this content, numerous studies have highlighted the importance of antioxidants as a new therapy aimed at blocking both viral replication and virus-induced inflammation. Therefore, this paper summarizes the epidemiology and mechanisms of influenza-induced ARDS, the role of oxidative stress in the occurrence and development of influenza-related ARDS and the role of antioxidants in anti influenza virus infection, in order to provide reference for effective treatment of influenza patients, reducing mortality, developing new anti influenza drugs and preventing and controlling influenza epidemic.

2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Delta variant of concern (VOC) is one of the variants of 2019-nCoV, which has the characteristics of strong transmission, high pathogenicity, and rapid progression. 2019-nCoV Delta VOC has caused a global pandemic. Understanding the characteristics of 2019-nCoV Delta VOC and implementing targeted control measures are important aspects of controlling the pandemic. In this paper, the characteristics and control measures of 2019-nCoV Delta VOC were reviewed.

Prone position ventilation has become an important part of lung protective ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. Timely and appropriate implementation can improve the mortality of such patients. The same is true for patients with critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, but safety assessment, control of implementation details and prevention of complications still need to be further standardized during the practical procedure of prone position ventilation. The purpose of this paper is to explain the specific requirements and key points of prone position ventilation in critical COVID-19 patients, in order to promote the application of prone position ventilation in the treatment of patients with critical COVID-19 and reduce the occurrence of related complications.

To illustrate a relatively complete knowledge system (e.g., research outputs, current hotspots, and future trends) in the sepsis field and to help scholars grasp the scientific research direction or clinical focus of treatment.The relevant literatures of sepsis during the time from 1985 to 2019 in Web of Science database were collected. Sepsis-related research contents were generated using softwares (CiteSpace 5.6.R2 and VOSviewer 1.6.13), which using data mining, information processing and knowledge map methods, to analyze the historical evolution and predict the development trend.A total of 8 189 papers on sepsis were published. The volume of publications were increasing yearly from 1985 to 2019, and reached the top list of 1 276 in 2019. For research contents of sepsis, it has formed the basic characteristics of sepsis which focusing on epidemiological studies and animal experiments. Through cluster analysis, the researches mainly focused on six aspects: septic rat, necrotizingenterocolitis, sepsis-associated encephalopathy, acute kidney injury (AKI), gut-derived sepsis, and inflammatory mediator. And it presented the literature characteristics that related to the injury or dysfunction of intestines, brain, liver, kidney or other organs, but the heart and lung researches were more marginal. Additionally, based on the top key words with the strongest citation bursts, it reflected that the development trend of the continuous attention hotspots with "endotoxin" or "endotoxin shock", the significant attention hotspots with "inflammation", "immunity" and "multiple organ dysfunction syndrome" (MODS), and the novel burst attention hotspots with sepsis management including "diagnosis" and "chemotherapy".Through the hotspots and trends visualization of sepsis, the current researches are prefer to animal experiments, epidemiology, or other basic scientific aspects. Meanwhile, the researches are mostly focusing on inflammatory reaction, immune function or organ dysfunctions. Integrating the knowledge maps of hotspots and trends, based on researches of epidemiology, diagnosis, risk factors, pathogenesis, or treatment, we predict that the future scientific topics will concentrating on childhood sepsis, organ injury mechanism or intervention relating to MODS, and integrated management of sepsis by combining traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.

In recent years, the problem of bacterial resistance has become more and more serious, which has brought troubles to global public health and medical care. The time and money required to develop new antibiotics is even greater than before. Bacteriophage is a kind of virus that can specifically infect bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and other microorganisms. Relying on host bacteria to replicate in large numbers, rich species, low research and development cost, the value of anti-infection therapy is very considerable. It is a new generation of biological antimicrobial agents with great potential. This paper briefly describes the sterilization mechanism, progress of research on anti-infection aspect and clinical application of phage, in order to provide reference for phage anti-infection treatment and clinical application.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common clinical critical condition of the respiratory system, with a high fatality rate and lack of effective drug treatment, hence it is a global medical problem to be solved urgently. Recently, with the in-depth research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) at home and abroad, more and more evidences suggest that EVs play a critical role in the initiation, development and progression of ARDS and have potential clinical application value. The role of different cells derived EVs in ARDS will be reviewed in this paper.

Paraquat is a quaternary ammonium herbicide, which can be distributed in lung, liver, kidney, heart, brain and other organs through blood circulation, leading to multiple organ failure, especially lung injury. Due to the lack of effective treatment methods and specific antidotes, the prognosis of most patients with paraquat poisoning is very poor. The treatment of paraquat poisoning was a big problem for emergency doctors. Previous studies have found that pulmonary fibrosis caused by paraquat poisoning is closely related to a variety of pathological processes, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction, mitochondrial damage, imbalance of extracellular matrixproduction (ECM) and degradation, which involve the activation or inhibition of various signaling pathways. In recent years, many researchers focused on clarifying the mechanism of paraquat induced pulmonary fibrosis, and some signaling pathways related to paraquat poisoning leading to pulmonary fibrosis have been found. A large number of studies have found that adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) related signaling pathway, transforming growth factor-β/Smad (TGF-β/Smad) signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) related signaling pathway, Ras homolog gene/Rho associated kinases (Ras/ROCK) and Wnt/β-catenin signal pathways are closely related to paraquat induced pulmonary fibrosis. In this paper, we reviewed signaling pathways related to paraquat induced pulmonary fibrosis, in order to provide more ideas for the clinical treatment of paraquat induced pulmonary fibrosis.

The main pathophysiological changes of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are massive destruction of pulmonary vascular endothelial barrier, pulmonary edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and refractory hypoxemia in severe cases. Pyroptosis is programmed cell necrosis, triggered by caspase and mediated by proteins in a member of conserved protein family Gasdermin D (GSDMD), which manifests as continuous cell expansion until cell membrane rupture, leading to release of cell contents and activation of a strong inflammatory response. Pyroptosis plays a key role in the development of septic ARDS. In this paper, the molecular mechanism of pyroptosis and the related researches on pyroptosis and ARDS are reviewed.

At present there is a lack of standardized first-aid training mode in China. It is an important issue in the construction of social first aid system that how to arrange the first aid training and popularization in a planned and reasonable way according to the limited training resources. Under the guidance of Shenzhen City Baoan District government, the "Baoan Mode" of social emergency grid management has been promoted and achieved good results. The characteristics of "Baoan Mode" emergency system are "government leading, department cooperation, expert guidance, science and technology support, and social participation", and it could effectively shortened the emergency radius. As a result, the "Baoan Mode" was unanimously approved by the emergency medicine, media and government. The public first-aid "on-demand training" is to adopt scientific methods to identify the needs of public first aid training in various regions, and then organize and implement training of first aid knowledge and skills in line with the current situation of local society. The pecific measures include (1) establishing a local cardiac arrest database; (2) analyzing the cardiac arrest database to clarify the target population and content of the training; (3) establishing the local public training registration management system. In China's current national conditions, on-demand training is conducive to the rational use of training resources, a planned and reasonable arrangement of public first-aid training. Based on the experience of "Baoan Mode" initiated by the research team of the authors, this paper discusses the "demand training" theory in social first-aid training, aiming to provide reference for the construction of social first-aid training system in China at present.

Saving lives is the bounden glorious mission and sacred duty of medical staff. As the front-line and cutting-edge, the emergency department and prehospital first-aid personnel have a deeper understanding and feeling. In the face of all kinds of patients and coming critical patients, as well as potential, suspected and even clearly diagnosed infectious diseases, the first-aid personnel of the emergency department performed their duties without hesitation, saved countless lives, and composed a song of life praise. In order to better carry forward and inherit this kind of boundless love, life-saving professional ethics and revolutionary spirit, this paper proposes to establish and uphold the first aid spirit in the industry and cultivate first aid thinking.

According to the world epidemic report, the mortality of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is high. Diabetic patients are more susceptible to COVID-19. Since the mortality of COVID-19 patients with diabetes is on the top of list, hyperglycemia is considered an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19. Up to now, there is few effective treatment for severe patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Clinical studies observed that cytokine storms existed in patients with severe COVID-19. Sustained high levels of cytokines cause diffuse damage to pulmonary capillary endothelial cells and alveolar epithelial cells, resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS is the main cause of death in COVID-19 patients. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging therapeutic method in the field of anti-infection, which can activate the self-protective immune response, suppress excessive inflammatory response, and be used to assist the treatment of traditional drugs to shorten the course of disease. Metformin has been shown to be effective in HDT and can assist in the treatment of the viral and bacterial infectious disease. This paper discusses the rationality and potential therapeutic mechanism of metformin in the treatment of severe COVID-19. It was speculated that the use of metformin for controlling blood glucose in severe COVID-19 patients with diabetes may prevent or inhibit the occurrence of ARDS, thereby reducing the mortality of COVID-19 patients. The possible mechanism is that metformin could inhibit cytokine storm via suppressing interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling, prevent the process of lung fibrosis, suppress endocytosis, thereby elevating angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression.

With the development of society and economy, the disease spectrum of Chinese residents has undergone a major change, and the public health emergencies have occasionally occurred. The new situation has put forward higher requirements on the emergency capacity, professional technical level and treatment quality of critical care treatment system. Combining with the advantages of hospital aviation, ground and Internet emergency, Henan Provincial People's Hospital established a new construction path of emergency and critical care treatment system, namely "trinity" rescue system of aviation, ground and Internet emergency treatment and the "five-ring" model of critical care treatment system in hospital. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the practical experience of the construction of emergency and critical care system in Henan Provincial People's Hospital, so as to provide reference for the management of emergency and critical care in China.

Inflammatory response is an effective host defense mechanism to eliminate pathogens at the site of infection. The regression phase of inflammation mainly maintains the stable environment in tissues. Pro-inflammatory regression mediators (SPMs) are endogenous anti-inflammatory molecules, which play an important role in reducing excessive tissue damage and chronic inflammation. This paper reviews the interaction between SPMs and immune cells in inflammatory sites. By reviewing the relevant literature, it was found that SPMs regulate the components of innate and adaptive immune system, including neutrophils, macrophages, innate lymphocytes, natural killer cells and T cells.

To explored the progress of intensive care unit (ICU) delirium between 2010 and 2020 based on knowledge visualization analysis.The literatures related to ICU delirium included in Web of Sciences (WOS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases from 2010 to 2020 were collected. A bibliometric analysis was performed. The growth trend was showed by Excel 2019 software. The information about country, institution and author were extracted by VOSviewer 1.6.15 for generating cooperative network, to find the main research power and each cooperative relation. At the same time, Citespace 5.0.R1 was used to analyze those high frequency keywords and bursting keywords and build the map of co-citation reference, in order to explore the evolution of research in the field of ICU delirium and the hotspots about this field in recent 10 years.A total of 1 102 Chinese journal articles and 2 422 English "Articles" or "Reviews" from 2010 to 2020 were collected preliminarily, and the number of published literatures increased steadily. In the respect of quality, the impact factors of most articles were concentrated between 2 and 3, and the literatures with impact factor over 5 accounted for 27.9% (337/1 209). According to the knowledge visualization analysis, the United States published most of the related articles (total 1 152) in this field, while the England and Canada ranked second and third respectively, totaling 220 and 204. In terms of the distribution of research institutions, the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine was not only far ahead in the number of publication (n = 149), but more importantly, top three high-impact authors located in this institution. The amount of domestic publications was lower than developed countries, however, the burst index, which reflected the sudden increase, ranked first (7.09), suggesting that the interest and investment of Chinese researchers was increasing recently. The most productive institution in China was Capital Medical University School of Nursing with totaling 23 articles. Wu Ying, who published most Chinese papers (n = 14), belongs to this institution. However, it was a pity that there was no large scientific community be constructed in China, and the cooperation between institutions was deficient. By generating the co-occuring keyword mapping, the research hotpots mainly focused on the prevention, treatment and prevention of delirium in mechanically ventilated patients, the effect of dexmedetomidine and exploring the risk factor of ICU delirium. Finally, the results of co-citation reference analysis showed that Cluster 4 (risk assessment) was still in the process of development, in hence it was the frontier in this domain.There was a big gap between China and leading countries in the field of ICU delirium research. The main research power was located in the United States, and the trending of future studies mainly focus on delirium-related risk assessment.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a global medical challenge. Early case recognition and initiating the chain of survival is associated with good prognosis of these patients. On the basis of former research, American Heart Association (AHA) published a policy statement related to telecommunicator cardiopulmonary resuscitation (T-CPR) in March 2020, and introduced its specific procedures, standards and precautions. To assist Chinese doctors in better understanding of the T-CPR, and give a reference for the emergency curing of OHCA, the guideline was translated and interpreted in this paper.

With the rapid development of modern society, high energy injury has greatly increase as compared with the past, and the number of trauma patients seeking medical treatments has risen year by year. Trauma emergency medicine has become the reflection of the service level and medical quality of medical institutions, as well as the hospital administrators' attention and concern to this discipline. This paper aims to elaborate the status and role of emergent medicine of trauma in the development of hospitals, to review the significant experience in the construction and reform of Tianjin Trauma Emergence Center, and put forward the prospect of future disciplines and center construction in combination with the practice.

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has become an effective multiple organ support therapy instead of single renal replacement as initially expected, and it is widely used in intensive care unit (ICU). After the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a series of expert recommendation or consensus have been developed to diagnose and treat the disease, including CRRT in acute kidney injury (AKI) and hyper inflammatory response. However, CRRT in COVID-19 is extraordinarily different from regular one due to different pathophysiology and infectious clinical scenarios. Accordingly, the paper aims to elaborate the similarities and differences between CRRT in COVID-19 and routine treatment in terms of safety and accessibility, indications and timing, clinical operation, anticoagulation, fluid management, prevention and control of infectious diseases, etc.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal cardiovascular disease characterized by progressively increases of pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure, and finally leading to right heart failure. High-mobility group B1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding protein mainly expressed in the nucleus and has a variety of corresponding functions due to its diverse cellular localization. Recent studies have shown that HMGB1 is significantly up-regulated in the lungs of PAH patients, and its receptor signal transduction pathway promotes inflammatory response and pulmonary vascular remodeling to induce PAH. In addition, these multiple sites in HMGB1 and its receptor signal transduction pathway are expected to be the new targets for PAH therapy. In this paper, the inflammatory immune mechanism of PAH, the biological characteristics of HMGB1 and its main role in the occurrence and development of PAH are reviewed in order to discover the new treatment of PAH.