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On the occasion of his 100th birthday the curriculum vitae and the scientific work of the surgeon Johannes Volkmann (1889-1982) are presented. The influence of his teacher Friedrich Voelcker (1872-1955) and the importance of Volkmann to the development of intravenous urography are emphasized.

On the occasion of his 300th birthday it is remind to the important english surgeon William Cheselden, who has influenced markedly the development of vesicolithotomy. The few known biographical data and the methods of lithotomy commonly used in the 18th century are presented.

It is reminded of the outstanding Berlin urologist Leopold Casper (1859-1959), whose work reflects half a century of the history of Berlin urology. As founder of the ureteral catheterisation and the functional renal diagnostics he helped the urology, for the recognition of which as an undependent subject he fought a life-long struggle, to further reputation.

We remember the urologist Eugen Joseph (1879-1933), working in Berlin. After a short description of his life from his extensive scientific work particularly the chromocystoscopy, the chemocoagulation of the tumours of the urinary bladder and the medical technological studies are emphasized, by which he considerably influenced the development of urology in Germany.

On the occasion of his 150th birthday we make mention of the Berlin urologist Ernst Fürstenheim born in Köthen in 1836 who in 1863 set up his practice as first "physician for diseases of the urinary tract" in Berlin and thus indicates the beginning of urology in Berlin. Emphasized are Fürstenheim's efforts for the introduction and popularization of the urological endoscopy in Germany, the practical usability of which he detects as first physician. By his engaged advocacy of the performance of lithotripsy this versatile urological practitioner became a true pioneer of urology in Berlin.

In this article we remember the Berlin urologist Maximilian Nitze (1848-1906) who with his invention of the cystoscope 110 years ago founded a new epoch of the urologic-endoscopic diagnostics and therapy. After a short description of his life the importance of his scientific work for the development of urology as an independent medical special subject in the second half of the 19th century is pointed out.

The fourth case of malakoplakia of the urethra is reported in a 20 year-old female patient. As a rule the malakoplakia is diagnosed pathologic-anatomical like special form of a proliferative inflammation and be reputed to be a local lysosomal macrophage defect with disturbed cellular immune answer. The importance of a differential diagnostical clarification against a granular neuroma and of tumor markers is emphasized.

We remember the Berlin urologist Carl Posner (1854-1928) who by his scientific urological work as well as by his activities as an editor has greatly furthered the development of urology to a scientific subject. After the description of his life particularly his political work in associations is treated, which made him the organizer of the international medical associations in the first half of the 20th century.

Life and work of the Berlin urological surgeon James Israel, one of the most outstanding representatives of renal surgery, which developed in the second half of the 19th century in Germany, is described. Coming out from surgery, Israel developed himself the most outstanding renal surgeon of his time, who by his work essentially contributed to the formation of urology in Germany.

On the occasion of the 175th anniversary of his death we think of the physician Phillipp B. Bozzini (1773-1809), born in Frankfurt/Main, who by his light conductor, constructed in 1806, started the development of the endoscopic diagnostics. After description of his short life and an explanation of the light conductor Bozzini's merit is emphasized, by his invention as first physician to have made accessible to medicine endoscopic diagnostic possibilities.