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2. Unspeakable Names: Solomon's Tax Collectors
- Author
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Reis, Pamela Tamarkin
- Abstract
This paper deals with a lacuna in I Reg 7–19 that has aroused much scholarly discussion. Five of Solomon's twelve tax collectors are unnamed; only their fathers' names are provided. Since the void accords with comparable effacements, each communicated in the Bible by the tell-tale formula of namelessness combined with »son of X,« I argue that, by listing only their father's names, the biblical author censures these five and consigns them to oblivion. This understanding solves two long-standing problems. It explains the absence of the five tax collectors' proper names and provides a rationale illustrating why it is invidious to omit any individual's name and identify him only as son of X.
- Published
- 2008
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3. A Response to Robert Gagnon on »The Old Testament and Homosexuality«
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Miller, James E
- Abstract
AbstractThis paper is a response to an article by R.A.J. Gagnon. Exegetical issues are contested concerning religious prostitution, the offence of Ham, Sodom, menses and semen. Gagnon's goals are questioned alongside his methods, especially his desire to instruct the churches on how Biblical proscriptions should be enforced.
- Published
- 2007
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4. The Raven as Kind and Kinds of Ravens: A Study in the Zoological Nomenclature of Leviticus 11,2–23
- Author
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Whitekettle, Richard
- Abstract
AbstractLike most societies, the Israelites formed animal classification systems consisting of broad, primary level taxa (e.g., Birds), more specific, intermediate level taxa (e.g., Carnivorous Birds), and very specific, terminal level taxa (e.g., Vultures). In the classification system found in Lev 11,2–23, three different formulas are used to refer to intermediate level taxa. One formula contains the word כל, and is used only once (to refer to Ravens [ערב]) in Lev 11,2–23 (Lev 11,15). This paper presents two possible explanations for the single use of the כל-formula in Lev 11,2–23. Hypothesis One argues that the lexeme ערב was polysemous, being used in the textual record to refer to both intermediate and terminal level taxa, and that the כל-formula was used in Lev 11,15 to clarify the intermediate level status of the ערב-taxon found there. Hypothesis Two argues that Israelite taxonomic thought developed over time, and that the כל-formula was used for a terminal level taxon (Ravens) that underwent differentiation into subclasses (Raven X and Raven Y), thereby becoming an intermediate level taxon. Hypothesis Two is the stronger explanation.Comme la plupart des sociétés, les Hébreux ont constitué des systèmes de classification des animaux en catégories étendues (ex.: oiseaux), intermédiaires (ex.: oiseaux carnivores) et spécifiques (ex.: vautours). On trouve ce système de classification en Lev 11,2–23, qui utilise trois formules différentes pour désigner les catégories intermédiaires. L’une de ces formules, qui contient le vocable כל, n’est utilisée qu’une fois au sujet du corbeau (ערב) en Lev 11,15. Cette étude présente deux hypothèses quant à cet usage de la formule-כל: (a) le lexème ערב est polysémique et pourrait s’appliquer ici aussi bien à une classification intermédiaire que spécifique, alors que la formule-כל est utilisée pour clarifier la position du ערב dans la classification intermédiaire; (b) la pensée d’Israël quant à l’ordonnancement biologique a évolué au cours du temps et la formule-כל a été utilisée pour une classification spécifique (corbeaux) qui inclut une distinction en sous-classes (corbeau X et corbeau Y) et introduit ainsi une nouvelle classification intermédiaire. Cette seconde hypothèse semble la plus convaincante.Ähnlich den meisten Gesellschaften bildeten die Israeliten Klassifikationssysteme zur Einordnung der Tiere, bestehend aus einer breiten Grundklassifikation (z.B. Vögel), einer bestimmteren Zwischenklassifikation (z.B. Fleisch fressende Vögel) und einer sehr genauen Begriffsklassifikation (z.B. Geier). In dem Klassifikationssystem, das in Lev 11,2–23 zu finden ist, werden drei verschiedene Formeln benutzt, die sich auf eine Zwischenklassifikation beziehen. Eine Formel, die das Wort כל enthält, wird nur einmal (in Bezug auf Raben [ערב]) in Lev 11,2–23 (Lev 11,15) verwendet. – Dieser Aufsatz bietet zwei Hypothesen für die Verwendung der כל-Formel in Lev 11,2–23. Die erste setzt voraus, dass das Lexem ערב mehrdeutig war, verwendbar sowohl in Bezug auf eine Zwischenklassifikation als auch auf eine Begriffsklassifikation, und die כל-Formel in Lev 11,2–23 deshalb benutzt wurde, um die Einordnung des ערב im Sinne der Zwischenklassifikation klarzustellen. Die zweite vertritt den Standpunkt, dass sich das biologische Ordnungsdenken Israels im Lauf der Zeit entwickelt hat und die כל-Formel für eine Begriffsklassifikation (Raben) benutzt worden ist, die eine Differenzierung in Unterklassen (Rabe X und Rabe Y) durchgemacht hat und dadurch zu einer Zwischenklassifikation geworden ist. Die zweite Hypothese bildet die überzeugendere Erklärung.
- Published
- 2006
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5. Facing Destruction and Exile: Inner-Biblical Exegesis in Jeremiah and Ezekiel
- Author
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Rom-Shiloni, Dalit
- Abstract
AbstractContributing to the growing interest in inner-biblical interpretation, this paper calls attention to one social-historical setting that can illuminate the evolution of exegesis already by the first decades of the sixth century BCE. An exegetical discourse between the prophets and their opponents is exemplified in two passages from the books of Jeremiah and Ezekiel (Jer 21,1–7; Ez 20,1–38). The study shows that independent lines of argumentation are introduced, through the reuse of earlier sources within quotations of »other voices«, on the one hand, and through the prophets’ refutations, on the other. The allusions to earlier sources meet the need to correlate the present distress with the past, or with the enduring qualities of God, by way of analogy or polarity. Hence, it is claimed that innerbiblical exegesis is not restricted to the prophets. The quotations illustrate an exegetical process within non-prophetical circles, on the basis of which they approach the prophets. The latter refute their contemporaries in diverse ways. In an effort not to contradict directly cherished heritage or traditional concepts of the divine, the prophets present the opposing exegesis as a deplorable misinterpretation. Thus, inner-biblical exegesis motivates the echoes and allusions in the polemic between the prophets and their audiences.Angesichts des wachsenden Interesses an innerbiblischer Interpretation lenkt dieser Aufsatz die Aufmerksamkeit auf eine sozialhistorische Konstellation, welche die Entwicklung der Exegese schon während der ersten Jahrzehnte des 6. Jh. v.Chr. erhellen kann. Eine exegetische Auseinandersetzung zwischen den Propheten und ihren Gegnern ist beispielhaft in zwei Abschnitten der Bücher Jeremia und Ezechiel (Jer 21,1–7; Ez 20,1–38) gegeben. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass unabhängige Argumentationslinien auf der einen Seite eingeleitet werden durch die Wiederverwertung früherer Äußerungen anhand von Zitaten »anderer Stimmen« und auf der anderen Seite durch deren prophetische Widerlegung. Die Anspielungen auf frühere Äußerungen machten es notwendig, das gegenwärtige Leid mit dem vergangenen oder mit den bleibenden Eigenschaften Gottes – in Analogie oder Polarität – in Beziehung zu setzen. Von daher legt sich die Annahme nahe, dass innerbiblische Auslegung nicht auf die Propheten beschränkt bleibt. Die Zitate veranschaulichen einen Auslegungsprozess innerhalb nichtprophetischer Kreise, aufgrund dessen die sich an die Propheten wenden. Die letzteren widerlegen ihre Zeitgenossen auf verschiedene Weise. In einem Versuch, dem wertgeschätzten Erbe oder überlieferten theologischen Konzeptionen nicht direkt zu widersprechen, veranschaulichen die Propheten die gegnerische Auslegung als bedauerliche Fehlinterpretation. Somit ist es innerbiblische Auslegung, welche die Rückäußerungen und Anspielungen in der Polemik zwischen den Propheten und ihren Zuhörern anregt.En référence à l’intérêt croissant pour l’exégèse intra-biblique, cet article vise à attirer l’attention sur un contexte socio-historique susceptible d’éclairer l’évolution de l’exégèse dès les premières décennies du 6ème siècle av. J.-C. Une controverse exététique entre les prophètes et leurs opposants est illustrée par deux passages des livres de Jérémie et d’Ezéchiel (Jer 21,1–7; Ez 20,1–38). Cette étude montre que des axes indépendants d’argumentation sont introduits, d’une part par la réutilisation de sources anciennes à l’intérieur de citations »d’autres voix«, d’autre part par leur réfutation par les prophètes. Les allusions faites à ces sources plus anciennes rendaient nécessaire la corrélation du malheur actuel avec les qualités passées ou permanentes de Dieu, sur le mode de l’analogie ou de la polarité. Il en ressort que l’exégèse intra-biblique ne se limite pas aux prophètes. Les citations illustrent un processus exégétique à l’intérieur de cercles non-prophétiques, sur la base duquel ils s’adressent aux prophètes, ces derniers contredisant leurs contemporains de plusieurs manières. En tentant de ne pas s’opposer directement à un héritage apprécié ou à des concepts traditionnels du divin, les prophètes décrivent l’exégese opposée comme une lecture fautive. L’exégèse intra-biblique suscite ainsi des échos et des allusions dans la polémique entre les prophètes et leurs auditoires.
- Published
- 2005
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6. The Position and Function of Jos 22 in the Book of Joshua
- Author
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Assis, Elie
- Abstract
AbstractIt is generally agreed that originally Jos 22 was not part of the book of Joshua. However, there is no consensus regarding its historical background. Depending on the scholar, its historical background varies from the early period of Israel’s settlement to post-exilic times. Contrary to most scholars’ opinion this paper demonstrates the strong ties and analogies of this story to various sections in the Book of Joshua, and its skillful integration in the Book. This narrative follows the description of the division of the land into separate portions in Jos 13–21. It shows that the tribes of Israel who divided the land into 12 separate portions still formed a united people. This is illustrated in the account of the dangerous conflict between the Cisjordanian and Transjordanian tribes that was prevented because of their commitment to the unity of the nation.
- Published
- 2004
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7. The Prophecy of Jeremiah in Esr 1,1
- Author
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Frolov, Serge
- Abstract
AbstractThe paper explores two unconventional approaches to Esr 1,1aβ, arguing that it can sustain several plausible readings and that its ancient and modern translations, which uniformly reflect only one of these readings, fail adequately to reflect the fragment’s richness and flexibility.
- Published
- 2004
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8. The Sitz im Buchof the Story of Hezekiah's Illness and Cure (II Reg 20,111; Isa 38,122)
- Author
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Kasher, Rimon
- Abstract
AbstractIn this paper it is claimed that the parallel story of Hezekiah's illness and cure (II Reg 20,111; Isa 38,122) had been formed in three stages. The first, is the original story, which can be reconstructed as shown recently by R. F. Person, in his interesting monograph The Kings-Isaiah and Kings-Jeremiah Recensions, BZAW 252, 1997. The second stage, includes two parallel unrelated developments, one in the book of Kings, the other in the book of Isaiah. The book of Kings portrays the prophet Isaiah according to its images of the prophets; the book of Isaiah portrays Isaiah to its conception of prophecy and prophets. Thus it is suggested that each parallel story has to be read according to its own Sitz im Buch. In the third stage there were some harmonized additions, trying to bring nearer the two separate stories.
- Published
- 2001
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9. War Saul auch unter den Philistern? Die Anfnge des Knigtums in Israel
- Author
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Kreuzer, Siegfried
- Abstract
AbstractEven though there are many different aspects in the scholarly view of the beginning of the monarchy in ancient Israel, there is a common emphasis on the basic situation of war with the Philistines. This paper takes up recent archeological and sociological insights about the demographic and economic factors in the development of the Israelite monarchy and opens them up to include the relations to the Philistines. It is argued that besides the times of military clashes (I Sam 4; 13f.; 31; II Sam 5) there were long phases of exchange and cooperation, e.g. exchange of cultural products and services of craftsmen (I Sam 13,20f.), and that the very position of Saul's residence in the southwestern corner of his kingdom and in close neighbourship to the Philistine garrisons in best explained by a relation that was basically peaceful, although dominated by the Philistines. In all probability, Saul resp. the Israelites took over not only the idea of a mercenary force (cf. A. Alt), but also cultural and economic ideas and techniques. Politically Saul in these years was probably in a similar situation in the north as later on David was in the south, affiliated with the Philistines but also developing his area of influence and dominion (cf. I Sam 27; 20,2631).During the reign of Saul Israel grew stronger; the old dependency seemed no longer justified. The changes repeatedly led to conflicts. Even though Saul lost his life in the battle at mount Gilboa, the development was going on and David as his successor was able to complete the change to Israelite independence and even dominance.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
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