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In order to determine the influence of genotype and mechanical damage during harvest on field pea seed quality, an examination has been carried out at the Experiment Field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops and in the National Laboratory for Seed Testing. There were determined germination energy, germination, abnormal seedlings portion and 1000-seed weight in three field pea genotypes (NS-Junior, Jezero and Javor) in four harvest treatments (harvest by hand and mechanical harvest with 500, 650 and 800 o/min). The trial was established as a modified block system, with a randomized plot design and three replicates. Harvest has been carried out in the stage of physiological maturity, with a seed moisture of 13-14 %. After the harvest, seed was processed with a lab selector. Seed quality was tested by standard methods, according to the Guidelines on the seed quality of agricultural plants (Official Gazette of SFRY, No. 47/87) and ISTA Rules (1999), with a sample size of 1000 g. There were determined the following seed quality parameters: germination energy, germination, abnormal seedlings and 1000-seed weight. The lowest germination energy (79.82 %) and germination (84.94 %) were in the genotype with the largest seed size, Javor. This genotype had the largest portion of abnormal seedlings (11.39 %). Testa cracking before harvest was most prominent in the genotype Javor, that in harvest by hand had the lowest germination energy and germination (84.67 % and 89.67 %), as well as the largest abnormal seedlings portion (8.25 %). Testa cracking during seed filling and mechanical damage of testa in harvest were more prominent in teh genotypes with larger seeds. By this reason their seed has lower germination in comparison to the genotypes with smaller seeds. This is confirmed by a high significant negative correlation between germination and 1000-seed weight, r= -0.440**., Ipitivan je uticaj genotipa i mehaničkih oštećenja tokom žetve na najznačajnije parametre kvaliteta semena stočnog graška. Utvrđena je energija klijanja, klijavost, udeo atipičnih biljaka i masa 1000 semena kod tri genotipa graška (NS Junior, Jezero i Javor) pri četiri tretmana žetve (ručna žetva, mehanizovana žetva pri 500, 650 i 800o/ min). Najnižu energiju klijanja (79,82%) i klijavost (84,94%) i najveći udeo atipičnih ponika (11,39%) imao je genotip sa najkrupnijim zrnom, Javor. Takođe, pucanje semenjače pre žetve najizraženije je kod Javora, koji je na tretmanu ručne žetve imao najnižu energiju klijanja i klijavost (84,67% i 89,67%) i najveći udeo atipičnih ponika (8,25%). Utvrđena je visoko signifikantna negativna korelacija između klijavosti semena i mase 1000 semena (r= - 044**).

Perennial forage legumes produce poor yields during the establishment year if seeded as pure crops. In that light a companion/nurse crop is needed to overcome this lack of productivity in establishment years. Traditional options for this purpose include oats, or barley. But these crops do not provide all protein that farmer needs. Fodder pea as protein crop meets this requirement. Information on use of fodder pea as companion crop receives little mention in the literature. Some authors claim that forage peas can be used as suitable companion crop in perennial forage legumes establishment. In alfalfa and red clover establishment with fodder pea as nurse crop nitrogen fixation is more efficient, in particular at the very beginning of growing season. Forage and protein yield in the first year of growing increase and crop has higher competition with weed. The aim of this study was to determine whether fodder peas is suitable crop to use for the establishment of perennial forage legumes. In particular to determine the effect of pea genotype with different morphological properties (semi leaf, and reduced leaflets) and develop of agronomic practices for using peas to establish forage legumes. These include number of pea plants i.e. seeding rate, and establishment method. The trial was carried out at the experimental field in randomized block design in three replications during two years (2004 and 2005). Perennial legumes were alfalfa (cv. Mediana) and red clover (cv. Kolubara). Regarding fodder pea, two factors has been applied: fodder pea variety (Jezero-semi-leaf less and Javor-common leaf with reduced leaflets) and number of pea plants (30, 60, 90 plants of pea per square meter). Control variants were pure stand of alfalfa and red clover and their mixture with oat. At stage of technological maturity forage and protein yield (t ha-1) were monitored. On average the highest forage yield has been achieved in control-2, then variants with cover crop and the lowest in pure st, Višegodišnje krmne leguminoze u prolećnom zasnivanju, što je najčešći slučaj u našim agroekološkim uslovima daju mali prinos krme u prvoj godini ako se seju kao čist usev. Združena setva je efikasan način za povećanje prinosa krme u prvom otkosu, odnosno prvoj godini života. Tradicionalne opcije združene setve višegodišnjih leguminoza koje imaju za cilj povećanje prinosa uključuju strna žita, pre svega ovas ili ječam. Međutim, ovi usevi nemaju zadovoljavajući kvalitet, što nije slučaj kod stočnog graška koji pored prednosti vezanih za kvalitet ima i odgovarajuće morfološke i biološke osobine pogodne za združenu setvu, što se pozitivno odražava na naredne otkose i godine eksploatacije poduseva. U poljskim uslovima u toku dve godine postavljena su dva uporedna dvofaktorijalna ogleda u kome su podusevi bili lucerka i crvena detelina. U odnosu na stočni grašak kao nadusev ispitivana su dva faktora, sorta (Jezero i Javor) i broj biljaka (30, 60, i 90 po m2). Kao kontrola korišćene su lucerka i crvena detelina sejane u čistoj setvi i združeno sa ovsem. U obe godine istraživanja najveći prinos zelene mase kod oba poduseva dobijen je u smeši sa ovsem. U združenoj setvi sa stočnim graškom, na svim tretmanima dobijen je veći prinos u odnosu na kontrolu 1 (čist usev višegodišnje leguminoze). U pogledu faktora A, kod obe sorte dobijene su slične vrednosti prinosa zelene mase. Kada je u pitanju broj biljaka (faktor B), najveći prinos je dobijen setvom 90 biljaka po m2. Prvi otkos u združenoj setvi ima izrazit udeo u produkciji zelene mase na godišnjem nivou. S obzirom na mali razmak varijacije u pogledu sadržaja proteina, prinos proteina u prvom otkosu ima isti trend kretanja kao i prinos zelene mase.

According to data from foreign and domestic references as well as original unpublished and published results, production technology of fodder pea has been discussed. Spring protein pea in terms of cultivar specificity is emphasized. Selection of fodder pea variety for specific agroecological conditions is of particular importance, as the cultivar significantly influences the production technology. The best preceding crops for winter fodder pea are small grains, while sunflower, corn (attention should be pay to herbicides) and sugar and fodder beet are the best previous crops for winter genotypes. In the agroecological conditions of the Vojvodina Province the optimum sowing date for winter varieties (NS-Dunav and NS-Pionir) is from September 20th until October 10th For spring common grain and grain dwarf varieties (NS-Junior, Jezero, Moravac and Javor) the optimum dates are from February 1st until 15th of March. If weather conditions allow, sowing can be done earlier. It should be underlined that grain yield and quality greatly depend on sowing date. The optimum crop density, i.e. number of plants, for winter varieties ranged from 100-120 plants per m2, and for spring cultivars from 60 to 100 plants per m2. The number of plants per unit of area depends on the purpose of fodder pea growing (grain or forage). Fertilization depends all on soil properties (fertility) and fodder pea cultivar as well. Dwarf grain varieties are more tolerant of higher nitrogen levels. Forage pea varieties with colored flower (NS-Dunav, NS-Pionir and NS-Lim) are rarely prone to pea weevil attack (only in particular conditions/years/growing seasons). Protection from mentioned pest can be done in the storehouse., Na osnovu podataka iz domaće i strane literature, kao i na osnovu orginalnih neobjavljenih i objavljenih rezultata, obrađena je tehnologija proizvodnje stočnog graška. Akcenat je dat na jari proteinski grašak i sortne specifičnosti. Rezultati pokazuju da se u našem agroekološkom području može proizvesti dovoljno kvalitetne krme stočnog graška. Takođe, mogu se postići zadovoljavajući prinosi zrna, znatno više u odnosu na prosečne. To omogućuju, pre svega, domaće sorte stočnog graška, kao i odgovarajuća tehnologija proizvodnje.

We have analyzed the 1999-2002 seed production of the Novi Sad varieties of alfalfa, field pea and vetch that predominate the commercial production in the Vojvodina Province. The average alfalfa yield of 260 kg/ha was at the level of the long-term average, but the annual variations were large, from 100 to 362 kg (Table 2). The highest yield was achieved in 2002 with the variety NS-Banat ZMS 11. 675 kg/ha. High values were registered for the major quality indicators. The average seed purity was 99-6%, with small annual variations from 99.4% to 99.8% (Table 3). Further to the point, the largest portion of admixtures was made up of inert matter (0.3%), while weed seeds could be found only in traces (0.1%). Depending on the weather conditions of the year of production, seed viability ranged from 83% to 86%. The average contents of atypical seedlings and hard seeds were low, 6.8% and 4.5%, respectively. The mass of 1000 seeds was 2.1 g, with the average moisture content of 7.3%. Depending on the purpose of production, field pea seed yields varied between 1601 kg/ha (NS-Pionir) and 3131 kg/ha (Javor) (Table 4). The analyzed period had unfavorable ecological conditions for vetch production, which resulted in low yields, from 1271 kg/ha (NS-Sirmium) to 1550 kg/ha (Beograd) (Table 5). Field pea seed purity was 99.4%, with 0.6% of inert matter and no seed admixtures of other crops or weeds. Vetch seed purity was 98.9% (98.3 - 99.3%). The largest portion of admixtures was inert matter (0.8%), while seed of other crops made 0.3%. Weed seeds were not present. The values for seed viability of field pea and vetch were 90.3% and 933%, respectively, with small variations due to ecological conditions (Table 6)., Analizirana je proizvodnja semena najzastupljenijih novosadskih sorti lucerke, stočnog graška i grahorice u Vojvodini tokom četvorogodišnjeg perioda (1999 2002). Prinos semena lucerke bio je na nivou višegodišnjeg proseka 260 kg/ha, uz značajno variranje između godina ispitivanja (100-362 kg). Najveći prinos ostvaren je sortom NS-Banat ZMS II (675 kg/ha) u 2002. godini. Utvrđene su vrlo visoke vrednosti značajnih pokazatelja kvaliteta semena. Prosečna čistoća semena iznosila je 99,6%, sa neznatnim variranjem po godinama od 99,4% do 99,8%. Pri tome, najveći deo primesa činile su inertne materije (0,3%), dok je seme korova bilo prisutno u tragovima (0,1%). U zavisnosti od vremenskih uslova tokom godine, klijavost semena varirala je od 83% do 86%. Sadržaj atipičnih klijanaca i tvrdog semena bio je nizak, prosečno 6,8% i 4,5%. Masa 1000 semena iznosila je 2,1 g, dok je prosečan sadržaj vlage bio 7,3%. U zavisnosti od namene sorte prinos semena stočnog graška kretao se od 1.601 kg/ha (NS-Pionir) do 3.131 kg/ha (Javor). Period 1999-2002 godine odlikovao se pretežno nepovoljnim ekološkim uslovima za proizvodnju semena grahorica što je rezultiralo niskim prinosom semena, od 1.271 kg/lia (NS-Sirmium) do 1.550 kg/ha (Beograd). Čistoća semena stočnog graška iznosila je 99,4%, sa 0,6% inertnih materija bez semena drugih gajenih vrsta i korova. Kod grahorice čistoća semena iznosila je 98,9% (98,3 99,3%). Najveći deo primesa činile su inertne materije 0,8%, 0,3% semena drugih gajenih vrsta, bez semena korova. Klijavost semena stočnog graška iznosila je 90,3%, a grahorice 93,3% sa neznatnim variranjem u zavisnosti od ekoloških uslova godine.

The paper emphasizes growing and utilization of fodder pea in forage and grain production. The yield and quality of different pea varieties in forage and grain especially important in plant protein provision. The paper offers a review of areas, production, average yield of fodder pea as forage and grain crops from 1955 until the present day. Possible ways of utilization as well as access to optimal of utilization are also emphasized., U radu je razmatrana problematika gajenja i iskorišćavanja stočnog graška u proizvodnji krme i zrna. Posebno je obrađen prinos i kvalitet sortimenta stočnog graška u proizvodnji krme i zrna kao koncentrovanog stočnog hraniva, značajnog u obezbeđenju biljnih proteina. Dat je pregled kretanja površina, obima proizvodnje i prosečni prinosi po hektaru, stočnog graška za krmu i zrno od 1955. do danas (SGJ-2000), te mogući načini iskorišćavanja i optimalne faze pristupa korišćenju.

Peculiarities in fodder pea technology practices, starting from field choosing to biomass mowing and grain harvesting, has been taken into consideration. Fodder pea is complex crop species in term of its uses. Every use has its own peculiarities when it comes to the technology of growing, especially concerning operations (drilling, fertilization, time of forage mowing and grain harvesting) and this is significant impact on the success of production. Review trend of areas, production and yields was given., U radu se ističu specifičnosti u tehnologiji proizvodnje stočnog graška, počev od izbora parcele do 'skidanja' biomase, odnosno žetve zrna. Stočni grašak je kompleksna vrsta u pogledu načina iskorišćavanja, tako da svaki vid upotrebe, ima svoje specifičnosti u tehnologiji gajenja, posebno u pojedinim operacijama kao što su setva, đubrenje, nega useva, vreme skidanja biomase i žetva zrna, što značajno utiče na uspeh proizvodnje. Dat je pregled kretanja površina, obim proizvodnje i trend prinosa.

Peculiarities in fodder pea technology practices, starting from field choosing to biomass mowing and grain harvesting, has been taken into consideration. Fodder pea is complex crop species in term of its uses. Every use has its own peculiarities when it comes to the technology of growing, especially concerning operations (drilling, fertilization, time of forage mowing and grain harvesting) and this is significant impact on the success of production. Review trend of areas, production and yields was given., U radu se ističu specifičnosti u tehnologiji proizvodnje stočnog graška, počev od izbora parcele do 'skidanja' biomase, odnosno žetve zrna. Stočni grašak je kompleksna vrsta u pogledu načina iskorišćavanja, tako da svaki vid upotrebe, ima svoje specifičnosti u tehnologiji gajenja, posebno u pojedinim operacijama kao što su setva, đubrenje, nega useva, vreme skidanja biomase i žetva zrna, što značajno utiče na uspeh proizvodnje. Dat je pregled kretanja površina, obim proizvodnje i trend prinosa.