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The aim of this work is to present the lexical changes in the Serbian language caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper analyses new words that appeared in the Serbian language which very quickly expanded the domain of their use from specific medical terminology and became part of everyday spoken Serbian language, including new words motivated by them. Types of neologisms emergence are presented (borrowing from the English language, changing or developing new meanings of the existing words, exploiting the derivative potential of the Serbian language, etc.), as well as their stylistic, orthographic, and pragmatic features. After a detailed analysis, we included a dictionary of neologisms followed by the indispensable comments.

Although pessimism, which is the dominant motif of modernist poetry, is considered to have originated under the influence of Western models, we must not forget that it appeared in the Serbian literature of the Middle Ages. The motives of the transience of life, sin, anticipation of death, despair, and fear can be traced from the very beginnings of the formation of the original Serbian literature and were an expression of various social and historical troubles that gripped the Serbian people. This paper aims to examine how pessimism was realized in the poem Molitva Bogorodici by Dimitrij Kantakuzin and the poets of the Serbian modernism. The need to write this paper arose from the desire to determine the origin of the influence of the motif of the transience of life and death in the poetry of the Middle Ages on the one hand, and modernist poets, on the other.

If we analyse all examples where Byzantine princesses were mentioned in Serbian hagiographies, we could reach certain conclusions. The performances of the Byzantine princesses in the above mentioned lives are not uniform and the descriptions of their characters ranged from extremely positive to extremely negative. If we look closely at their mentions, it is observed that the description of each of them was intended to tell us more directly about the hero of this life: to portray him as a good diplomat, martyr, strong ruler and knight, or a weak man; then to provide appropriate moral instruction to readers; or to convey with a conveyed meaning a picture of the relationship between Byzantium and Serbia at the time it describes. Princesses who are not named or described by any epithet that would fit their personalities are thus suppressed as irrelevant. These were Eudocia the Angel in Sava's Life of Saint Simeon and Ana the Angel in Domentian's Life of Saint Sava. The portrayal of Eudokia and Anna mentioned the life writers only for the purpose of extolling the diplomatic abilities of the main heroes of the lives of Stefan Nemanja and Saint Sava, who manage to befriend the Byzantine dynasty. The Byzantine princesses who were described in a positive light were Simonida Paleologus in the lives of Queen Jelena and King Milutin and Maria Paleologina in the lives of King Stefan Decanski of Danil's Learner and Grigory Camblak. The writers of life have given these princesses the names and descriptions of their personalities with certain epithets of a pious, godly, Christ-loving and blissful woman. However, the description of Simonide in the lives of Danilo is actually a description of the ideal view of his wife in the Middle Ages, not the actual image of this Byzantine princess and Serbian Queen. The description of Simonida's character was used to portray to idealize Milutin character as the true representative of the patriarchal family. With this depiction, Simonide Danilo fulfilled the goal and complemented the image of Milutin as an "ideal" man, which was the reason for writing the piece. A positive portrayal of Maria Paleologus also served as a means of constructing the character of his life hero, Stefan Decanski, as a "ideal" ruler and knight. The idealized portrayal of these Byzantine princesses was perfectly in line with the historical context of the time of origin of life and the aesthetic tasks of their authors. The negative representations of the Byzantine princesses were followed by the omission of their personal names, the epitome of a sly, malicious, shameless woman and a comparative comparison with female biblical figures who were the embodiment of evil. In a negative light are depicted princess Anna Angel in Theodosius' Life of Saint Sava and Simonides in the Life of Stefan Decanski by Grigory Camblak. The performances of these two Byzantine princess are full of stereotypes and do not represent realistic descriptions of their personalities. The negatively described personalities of powerful women who exert influence over their husbands Anna Angel and Simonide Paleolog actually speak more about their husbands than themselves. These two Byzantine princes served as writers of life as a means of portraying Radoslav and Milutin as weak and submissive men. In doing so, the writers of life fulfilled their tasks of writing the work. By telling the story of the cunning Anna and the submissive Radoslav, Theodosius magnified the character of his hero of the life of Saint Sava and at the same time gave moral instruction to his readers. Grigory Camblak rehabilitated the hero of his life, Stefan Decani, with the story of the shameless and malicious Simonida and characteristically weak man Milutin, which was the reason for writing the work. These Byzantine princesses arrived as brides in Serbia and became members of the Serbian ruling family. For the writers of life, they were foreigners in Serbia, but no author portrays their foreign origin in a negative context. Moreover, most writers of life have a striking emphasis on the glorious imperial origins of these women in a positive light. It was their glorious imperial descent that made them the hero of life. Being married to a Byzantine princess, a member of the imperial dynasty, meant prestige to the Serbian middle-aged ruler. Even writers who negatively describe the two Byzantine princesses do not mention them as aliens. Although the Byzantines viewed Serbia as a barbaric land from a height, Byzantium was an ideal to aspire to medieval Serbia. Byzantine princesses Irina Laskaris and Teodora Paleolog in Serbian medieval life were different from those described above, because they were not brides of Serbian rulers. Although they did not give her name, Irina Laskaris was presented by Domentian and Theodosius in the Life of Saint Sava exclusively as a friendly empress. The picture of Irina Laskaris at Domentijan is at the same time the most realistic representation of a noble Byzantine woman in Serbian hagiography. It is not idealized or constructed by the author. On the other hand, the indefinite mention of Theodore Paleologus, and the simultaneous highlighting of her rival Ana Nemanjic, as part of the description of the battle of Velbuzde with Danilo's Learner, may have been tasked with secretly personifying Byzantium, which after this battle lost its prestige in the Balkans. The historical context of the time of Dusan's age in which life was created would support this hypothesis.

In this paper, we will critically assess the philosophical and linguistic aspects of the first Serbian translation of Plato's Apology, that has been recently discovered. The Apology was translated by Kosta J. Lozanić in 1904. First, we will analyze the philosophical terminology of this translation, taking into account some important passages of the dialogue. By comparing and contrasting Lozanić's translation with the most prominent translations of the Apology of his time, we explicate the uniqueness of his translation, that rests on the translator's own understanding of both the Greek text and Plato's philosophy.

This paper examines the forms and patterns of use of the markers of textual metadiscourse in the academic book reviews from the fields of humanities (linguistics and literature) and social sciences (sociology, history, and ethnography) in both Serbian and English languages. The principal aim of our research was to attempt to establish a potential variation in the use of these markers with regard to the parameters of the type of markers, discipline, and language in which the reviews were written. The qualitative-quantitative analysis was carried out according to the model provided by Blagojević (2008). As for the first parameter, the comparison showed the predominance of logical textual connectives in comparison to both other textual connectives and markers of discourse actions/references to discourse across disciplines and languages. When it comes to the parameter of discipline, linguistics, literature and sociology reviews contained the greatest number of markers. Regarding the language criterion, cumulatively speaking, more markers were observed in the reviews in Serbian than in the reviews in English. However, the difference was rather subtle and it pointed to similarities rather than disparities in the use of these markers.

The period of transition in post-Yugoslav countries has left its mark on various cultural and artistic practices, with tropes and themes indicating the changes and turns in the perception of reality. One of the aspects of rendering of reality in literature relates to old age, as one of the less frequently covered topics, albeit important for understanding the consequences of the times. Drawing on the findings of age studies, the paper discusses the elements of representation of old age and aging in Serbian short stories that deal with this period. The literary analyses of the selected stories by D. Albahari, Lj. Đurđić, V. Marković, G. Petrović, and M. Vujičić, have shown that although some of the stereotypical traits in depiction of old age are still present, the authors have, by following the lives of their protagonists in turbulent times, offered a rendering of old people who do not have the opportunity to settle into a routine of quiet life (which is probably expected to happen due to their age), but rather struggle to find some sense in times of confusion. The juxtaposition of old and young does not put the two groups at opposite poles - in the stories they create a mutual support system, sometimes even unintentionally. The paper covers the topics of male and female aging; of chronological and biological age; of cultural constructs supporting the stereotypes in contemporary Serbian short prose.

The importance of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight for the history of English literature lies in the richness of its story and language, complexity of its structure and the poet's virtuosity. Another reason why it continues to attract and sustain broad interest of numerous theorists from around the world arises from the inspiration it provides for new interpretations, fuelled with its author's ambivalent attitude towards the ideals of romance and the ideals of his time in general, which brings it closer to the attitudes prevailing in contemporary literature. The potentials of this romance - veiled in mystery, challenging to readers, and deeply inspiring to contemporary authors - are owed to the features that contemporary English and Serbian fantasy borrows from medieval literature: a mythical past combined with (usually medieval) history, then a commixture of natural, supernatural and divine, as well as a blend of pre-Christian and Christian motifs. Accordingly, it is worth encouraging closer acquaintance of Serbian readers and theorists with its numerous values through verse translation and further, deeper analyses in the Serbian language.

First common state of southern Slavs, that is of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, was not created by one act and not all at once, but over the period of three years (since 1918 until 1921) because there was disagreement between constitutive nations about which state should be made. Given that in this period there was not constitution, it was called provisional state. But, even later, when the first constitution was adopted - Vidovdan Constitution of the year 1921 - it was not legitimate, because it was not adopted with the agreement of all three nations. However, in factual sense, this state functioned like any other, and with strong jurisdictions of central authorities. The period of political and legal provisorium was filled with political discussions and differences of opinion on the structure of the future common state. These differences continued to grow. Serbian parties advocated for centralistic state, while Croatians, Slovenians, and Muslims were proponents of a federal or a confederate state. In fact, to the Croatian parties, the goal was not creation of the common state, but they implicitly agreed to it so that they would save territories with non-Croatian population. Aside from that, the Croatian provinces on the Austro - Hungarian side were lost in the war, leaving Croatia with only a portion of its territory. While Serbian people saw only interim solution of the Slavic unity in the common state, Slovenian and especially Croatian people recognized the opportunity for liberation from Austro-Hungary and international recognition, especially in the territories where the Croats were not the majority. Croatian parties requested decentralization, while at the same time they were not ready to admit even the minimum of rights to other nations, primarily to the Serbian people, who lived in the provinces that Croatian political leadership was pretending to.

The paper deals with national education in primary schools on the basis of Serbian art music. On the theoretical level, the task of this paper is to examine the works of the most prominent Serbian composers which should be introduced to elementary school students. The paper presents the results of the research whose aim was to determine to what extent the 8th grade students from the territory of Kosovo and central Serbia know about Serbian art music and how many are familiar with the works of the most prominent Serbian composers. The survey results indicate that students do not know enough about the national art music after finishing primary school. One of the reasons is the insufficient representation of the local authors' compositions for listening in class. The task of primary school classes is to, in accordance with the national educational policy, strengthen the national spirit among young people and to encourage responsible behavior towards their own national values: language, religion, art, customs, traditions. It was concluded that the selection of content that enables the realization of the tasks of national education must be approached conscientiously and responsibly across all subjects in elementary education. In teaching of music culture, national art music is a subject that, in addition to the traditional, spiritual, and patriotic songs, contributes greatly to the national upbringing. Features of national character today have special educational and social meaning and significance in Kosovo and Metohija, where, due to the specific conditions of life of the Serbian people on this territory, it is necessary to devote more attention to them in the educational work. Introduction of creative works of national composers to elementary school students will contribute to the strengthening of national pride and sense of belonging to their people. The paper cited works of national art music that are unjustly neglected, and which because of their high aesthetic and ethical values should be included in the curricula of music culture. The study applied a descriptive method and the method of theoretical analysis.

In the letter of Pope Clement VI, which is addressed to the Serbian ruler Stefan Dusan on January 7, 1346, the places from the interior of Serbia, where Roman-Catholic parishes were settled, were listed. The letter is significant for many reasons, among other things, because it bears testimony to the process of urbanization on the territory of medieval Serbia. Settlements mentioned in the letter were urban places proved by the existence of Roman-Catholic communities in them. These communities consisted of Saxons and Latins, i.e. the miners of German origin and tradesmen who arrived from Primorje (cities on the east coast of Adriatic Sea). The letter was written in Latin, with the names of places in the way the Pope and his secretariat interpreted them, due to which, as well as due to the lack of other historical sources, their identification was made difficult. Owing to the significance, the letter was noticed early on and was frequently quoted. Nevertheless, the identification of certain places has still remained the same. One of the places that many researchers disputed over, which even nowadays still raises doubts, is Ostacia, as it is written in the letter. An extraordinary expert in Serbian history and the initiator of historical-geographic researches, Konstantin Jirecek, mentioned this place as the village Ostraca, on the western slopes of Kopaonik. He confirmed his findings, among other things, in the Charter of the nun Jevgenija (princess Milica) and her sons Stefan and Vuk, which was willed in 1400 to the monastery of Saint Panteleimon on the Mount Athos; the Charter mentioned Ostraca together with a well-known mine and a marketplace Koporice. Jirecek did not change his opinion even after the publication of paper by Avram Popovic, who accepted the identification Ostraca, but also said that there were no remains of mining activities in this village. Afterwards, most researchers accepted Jirecek's opinion. An important researcher of historical geography and mining economy in medieval Serbia, Mihailo Dinic, on the grounds of the absence of mining activities in Ostraca, as well as the toponymy and similarity of names, came to the conclusion that it was actually the place Ostatija in the spring area of the river Studenica on the mountain of Golija. Field research of the geologist Vasilije Simic confirmed Dinic's attitude. Nevertheless, Jirecek's opinion still prevails in the research studies. The main opinions are supported by arguments as to why Ostacia from the Pope's letter should be identified with Ostatija. The paper also points out the reasons due to which identification with Ostraca still persists in the literature.

Inclusive differentiated instruction is a new model of didactic instruction, theoretically described and established in this paper for the first time, after being experimentally verified through teaching of the mother tongue (instruction in reading and literature). Inclusive individually planned instruction is based on a phenomenological and constructivist didactic instructional paradigm. This type of teaching is essentially developmental and person-oriented. The key stages of inclusive differentiated instruction of literature are: 1) recognition of individual students' potential and educational needs regarding reading and work on literary texts; 2) planning and preparation of inclusive individually planned instruction in reading and literature; 3) actual class teaching of lessons thus prepared; and 4) evaluation of the student achievement following inclusive differentiated instruction in reading and literature. A highly important element of the planning and preparation of inclusive differentiated instruction is the creation of student profiles and inclusive individualized syllabi. Individualized syllabi specify the following: 1. a brief student profile; 2. the student position on the continuum of the learning outcomes of instruction in the Serbian language; 3. reverse-engineered macro-plan stages of instruction in the Serbian language (3.1. identifying expected outcomes and fundamental qualities of learners' work, 3.2. defining acceptable proofs of their realisation, 3.3. planning learning and teaching experiences, and 3.4. providing material and technical requisites for teaching); 4) the contents and procedure of individualized lessons targeting the student; 5) a plan of syllabus implementation monitoring and evaluation. The continuum of the learning outcomes of inclusive differentiated instruction in literature exists at three main levels, A, B and C. The three levels are: A) reading techniques and learning about the main literary theory concepts; B) expressive reading and information reception and comprehension; and C) critical and creative reading and creative information processing. The students assigned to the experimental group learnt about and acquired literary theory concepts and special characteristics of literary genres within their 'zones of proximal development,' while the lessons taught to the control group were structured to suit an average or imaginary student. The same requirements were set on all students in the control group, regardless of their individual level of familiarity with literary theory notions and concepts and the degree to which they were capable of comprehending and experiencing a literary text. The results of the experiment carried out with such parallel groups show that the achievement of the students included in the experimental group, who were taught according to individualized instruction plans, was better in a way that was statistically significant, in comparison with both their knowledge of the subject matter before the experiment and the control group, whose members attended classes organized in a predominantly traditional, non-individualistic way.

The complex cognitive and ontological status of future events being the basis of the epistemological difference between the future on one and the past and present time on the other side is often pointed out in linguistic studies. This difference is reflected in the future tense semantics. The presence of modal and temporal values raised the issue of the status of the future tense as a formal grammatical category in the linguistic theory, primarily in anglistics. This paper examines whether the future tense in Serbian, future I, expresses a double semantic character and whether there are grounds for questioning its categorization. In this regard, the paper begins with a review of the theoretical assumptions underlying the prevailing view on tense and modality. In our linguistic theory and grammar, the tense meanings and functions are primarily described and analysed based on three basic concepts (indicative, relative and modus) aiming, in essence, to differentiate temporal from modal uses and meanings. In the description of the future I, the same concepts feature. However, as shown in the paper, it cannot be argued that the consideration on such basis leads to a clear distinction between the indicative and modal future. Furthermore, it is shown that there are certain notable discrepancies between theoretical assumptions and definitions of the primary functions of this tense. If the conformity between the semantic categories and the grammatical verbal forms used to express them is to be achieved, then future I should rather be regarded within the category of mood. Semantic analysis that takes the notion of factuality into account would suggest the same. In some instances of its use, future I can express volitive modal meaning as dominant. Although the paper indicates the possibility to regard the verbal system in Serbian as a binary system with the expressed past - non-past opposition, it does not tend to offer a new categorization, but rather to highlight the complexity of the future I semantics closely related to the forms of its appearance. In this respect, the double nature of the future I on the semantic and morphosyntactic levels, which makes it a unique member of the verbal system in Serbian, has been emphasised. .

The term collocation, even though it is rather common in the English language grammar, it is not a well known or commonly used term in the textbooks and scientific papers written in the Serbian language. Collocating is usually defined as a natural appearance of two (or more) words, which are usually one next to another even though they can be separated in the text, while collocations are defined as words with natural semantic and/or syntactic relations being joined together in a sentence. Collocations are naturally used in all English written texts, including scientific texts and papers. Using two textbooks for English for Specific Purposes (ESP) for intermediate students' courses, this paper presents the frequency of collocations and their typology. The paper tries to investigate the relationship between lexical and grammatical collocations written in the ESP texts and the reasons for their presence. There is an overview of the most used subtypes of lexical collocations as well. Furthermore, on applying the basic corpus analysis based on the quantitative analysis, the paper presents the number of open, restricted and bound collocations in ESP texts, trying to draw conclusions on their frequency and hence the modes for their learning. There is also a section related to the number and usage of scientific collocations, both common scientific and narrow-professional ones. The conclusion is that the number of present collocations in the selected two textbooks imposes a demand for further analysis of these lexical connections, as well as new modes for their teaching and presentations to the English learning students.

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The paper presents considerations of the research on the Serbian political tradition in the work of Slobodan Jovanović (1869-1958), a famous Serbian lawyer, historian, writer and politician, who had a very important role in the development of the Serbian political thought. His work is extensive and varied, but in essence, it relates to the whole of political life in Serbia in the second half of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. Almost all the elements that make up the Serbian political tradition can be observed in his work. All these elements are contained in the discussion of political institutions in the 19th century Serbia, the rule of the Obrenović dynasty, political parties and party leaders, political ideas and movements in Serbia and Yugoslavia, extreme political behavior and Serbian national character. Jovanović found the origins of Serbian political tradition in the epic poetry and the Kosovo myth, as well as in the poetry of Njegoš. This was a decisive factor in the formation of general ideas about the Serbs as a freedom-loving, heroic and justice-loving people. At the same time, this is where the origins of the idea of Serbs as a disunited nation can be found. Jovanović paid the greatest attention to issues concerning the content of Serbian political tradition, namely: constitutional system, political institutions, parliamentary life, inter-party struggles, political events, the role of the individual in politics and culture, authoritarianism and political violence. He pointed to the political ideas that were coming from the West and which were accepted with mistrust by the patriarchal Serbian society. He appreciated the role of political parties in the democratization of political life, but he also warned of the dangers that threatened national unity: party favouritism and intolerance. In the analyses of the Serbian national character, Jovanović was of the opinion that the Serbs are predominantly a 'Dinaric type' people, which is characterised by the highly developed sense of justice but not of legality, because it was difficult for them to get accustomed to the laws and could not rid themselves of the biasin favour of relatives and friends in their public life. Regarding Yugoslavism, Jovanovic was its critic, but he pointed out to the rational reasons for the unification of Serbs and Croats, which could be established on a compromise of Serbian and Croatian nationalism. He particularly devoted his attention to the Serbian cultural pattern and indicated that, in its absence, it often came to the corruption in public life, which was most noticeable in politics. That is why he advocated the formation of a humanistic cultural pattern, which would be directed to the development of people and would cover the whole of the spiritual life. The work of Slobodan Jovanović expressed a very critical approach to many issues of Serbian political tradition, but it also expressed very clear Enlightenment appeals for the necessity of humanistic education for the development of democratic political culture in Serbia.

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The relationship between culture and nationality and in that sense - national identity of a particular community - is a known thing for a long time. Nationality is usually strongly connected to culture. We will only mention few of their joint characteristics: language, religion, art, customs, tradition etc. In this article special attention will be paid to one of the features of national identity - language - and we will focus on the usage of Cyrillic alphabet of our target group (students of University of Priština, with temporary head office in Kosovska Mitrovica). The study consists of two smaller researches. In the first part we explored reactions of students at University of Priština and we assumed that they will have different reactions towards Cyrillic alphabet and Latin alphabet used as stimuli-words comparing to pupils of Belgrade and Zrenjanin high schools and students of University of Belgrade, Novi Sad and Niš presented in The associative dictionary of Serbian language (Asocjativni rečnik srpskog jezika, 2005). In the second part we tried to find out if our informants prefer the usage of Cyrillic or Latin alphabet, and which one they find better in the esthetic sense. We compared attitudes of students who enroll University of Priština to attitudes of students who enroll University of Belgrade and differences between their attitudes. With both researches we wanted to see if there are formed verbal stereotypes with positive or negative connotation, and what are the attitudes on using Cyrillic alphabet among students in the age of expansion of Latin alphabet. We concluded that Cyrillic alphabet is more used and valued at University of Priština than in the rest of Republic of Serbia and the reason for that might be the stronger sense of national identity among these students.

Ivan V. Lalić has entered the Serbian literature in a big way in the mid-fifties, concentrating on the most important issues of poetry and form, related to the role of tradition and culture in writing. In his poetics, he united the traditional and modern, 'a duality of visible and invisible', united the Catholic and the Orthodox notions of the Virgin Mary, unified the experience of centuries past, emphasizing the principle of measure and spiced up all that with a Mediterranean vibe, linking his poetry to the language and heritage of his people, thus delineating basic symbols of national culture, speaking from the depths of the collective memory. His horizons and fields of poetry were established on the heritage of Christianity and the Byzantine patrimony, and promote the synthesis of medieval and modern poetry. Here we study the reflexes of medieval literature in the collections Passionate measures, Acts of love or Byzantium, Letter, Four Canons, the modification of medieval motifs and forms that exist in the collections. The last collection called Four Canons, on which Lalić worked for over twenty years, is the culmination of his creativity, the pinnacle of his poetic artistry, since the canon, the most prestigious form of religious poetry, moves from clerical to artistic poetry.

After completion of the NATO aggression on Yugoslavia started much suffering of the Serbian and other minority communities in Kosovo and Metohija. Members of the Albanian paramilitary formations were escorted planning organized violence and terror, and for ethnic cleansing and destruction of the Serbian people in this region. The agreement that was signed between KFOR and the so-called KLA 'The agreement K + 90' enabled the KLA carried out violence and terror against minority populations. One of the crimes that have taken place after the so-called the demilitarization of the KLA was an attack with explosives on the Serbian market in the village Bresje 28 September 1999. The crime was ethnically motivated to intimidate, pressure and the like oppression and ethnic cleansing of the Serbian population in Kosovo and Metohija. On the Serbian market in the village Bresje, where there were several hundred civilians were fired two grenades. This crime has produced three deaths and several dozen persons were injured. KFOR soon arrived at the scene and the injured persons drove in the Russian hospital in Kosovo Polje. The attack is the intention of the Albanian paramilitaries to kill large numbers of civilians of Serbian nationality, which would produce feelings of fear, anxiety, insecurity and inequality, and led to the displacement of a large number of people. When it comes to Serbian victims in Kosovo and Metohija justice remains blind, and so for this crime no one has been prosecuted. For the investigation of the crime was in charge of UNMIK police, with the assistance of KFOR. Immediately after the shelling of the market, were arrested two ethnic Albanians who were suspected of a crime, but were soon freed from detention. It is interesting also that this crime had expected, because the earlier sent anonymous reports of a possible attack, but that KFOR and UNMIK have failed to prevent his execution. Fear that appeared among the Serbian population in Bresje led to barricades. After the attack, the Italian KFOR troops are responsible for security of the Serbian population in Kosovo Polje, because the Serbs no longer had confidence in British KFOR troops. One of the reasons for shelling the market place was also intended to prevent the creation of a large Serbian enclave in Kosovo Polje and the surrounding area and that the Serb population from such a region displace. Consequences of shelling the market place are numerous: loss of 3 lives, wounding about 40 people, to cancel the agreement on the integration of Serbian and Albanian municipal authorities in Kosovo Polje, a sense of fear, inequality, insecurity and anxiety among the Serbian population, but also better protection of the Serbian population in Kosovo Polje and the environment.

By the 10th century Serbian law recognized the following ways of dispute resolution: revenge and appeasement, and it may be indirectly proved that there was a system of compensation. As punishments, there was banishment into exile, blinding and a death sentence. Since revenge, appeasement and compensation system appear in the pre-state period, while the death penalty has its roots in the blood feud, that indicates they are all of local origin. A question remains about the origin of banishment and blinding a fallen ruler, that is, a rival to the throne. In the first half of the 9th century the Byzantine Empire managed to reinstate its power over the Adriatic Sea, to impose itself over the Serbian states, to Christianise them and to legalise ruling families in the Serbian lands. Suffice to say that in 869 the Serbian states fight wars on the Byzantine side. Origin of influences on the ways of the punishment we seek in Byzantium, or better still, in its legal practice. It has been found that Byzantium used to send their conquered rivals to the throne into exile, punishing them by blinding them, so we draw a conclusion that in the matter of punishment, i.e. in the customary law, it exercised its influence on Serbia.

After significant declarations: the Sorbonnne declaration (1988), Lisbon declaration (1997) and Bologna declaration (1999), there has emerged a need for fundamental changes in the educational systems of many European countries. These changes have also affected the Republic of Serbia. Globalization has introduced more radical changes in the educational process than those envisaged by the European declarations. The paper will theoretically consider the syllabus of the mother tongue in the Republic of Serbia and the consequences of the adaptation of our educational system to the European one. The paper analyses international and multicultural features of the Serbian language syllabus and their compliance with the contemporary processes of European integrations.

This paper will discuss genre-specific features of the short story in Serbian Realism. To establish genre-specific, primarily linguistic and stylistic features of the short story in Serbian Realism and prose in general, we will describe stylistic attributes that connect literary works written in the period of Realism as a movement and determine common stylistic features that link them. In addition, we will also examine the status of the prose text, the creative method of which was defined as realist in contemporary Serbian literature. Conclusions indicate that the structure of the auctorial short story is not subject to strict theoretical rules and that the term realist short story does not restrict the story to the period of the epoch of Realism, but allows it to apply to every literary period in which authors used the objective method to depict events and protagonists.

The paper discusses the contribution that family upbringing has on the development of ethnocentrism among adolescents. This study included 345 respondents from Kosovo and Metohija of Serbian nationality. The following instruments were used for data collection: a scale for assessing educational attitudes of parents (Kodžopeljić, 2009) and the Scale for the assessment of ethnocentrism (SRAM, 2010). The research results show that adolescents exhibiting the highest level of national homogenization, and that according to their procenidominantan educational attitude of their parents cold-limiting. Correlation analysis is utvrđena najveća association (r = is 0. 35) between the confining upbringing father and national superiority or bias and ethnic exclusion and prejudice. On the other hand, the highest correlation (r = is 0. 37) was found between mothers and cold upbringing national homogenization, as well as between confining education of mothers and ethnic exclusion and prejudice. Also, the correlation of medium intensity (r = is 0. 30 = r is 0. 49) exist between a cold upbringing mothers and ethnic exclusion and prejudice (r = is 0. 30); mothers and permissive upbringing national homogenization (r = is 0. 35); confining education of mothers and national superiority or bias (r = is 0. 35). In addition, regression analysis showed that parental attitudes mother significant predictors of all four aspects of ethnocentrism, while the educational attitude father a significant predictor only one aspect of ethnocentrism and national superiority or bias.

This paper deals with the toponymy of the Oslare village. Oslare is located just five kilometers south of Bujanovac. The settlement has been founded on the left bank of the Moravica River, that is, on the western side of the Belgrade - Skoplje highway and on the very border of Vranjsko Pomoravlje and Presevo Moravica. The village residents are of Serbian and Albanian origins. Some of the Serbs are locals and some migrated to Oslare from Kosovsko Pomoravlje as well as from the nearby villages. Albanians migrated to Oslare from Albania and other areas. Among Albanian residents are also Serbs who took Islam. Most of them took the name Taci but there are other families as well. The main concern of this paper is the recording of the Oslare toponymy. This is achieved through conversation with both Serbian and Albanian residents in both Serbian and Albanian languages. We have also analyzed semantics of the collected toponymes and their function in the everyday use. We tried to compare toponymes used by Serbs, who speak Serbian language (southmoravian dialect) and Albanians, both of those who are of Serbian origins and of those who migrated from Albania.

The subject of this paper is the stand taken by the European Union towards the complex and decades-long Kosovo issue viewed from an international ethical perspective. The author is trying to prove that the issue, such as it is, represents a continuity of an inconsistent attitude of most European states towards the Serbian state territorial issue, which attitude has been persisting for two decades. The stand taken by the author is that by acquiescing to the formation and stabilization of a newly-created state in the Serbian territory, the European Union has actually assumed the role of a medium of overseas attempts at attaining as painlessly as possible the goal of the secession of Kosovo, which territory has been proclaimed of special American national interest and hence, of a legitimate influence. During the process, it was also the unreserved choice of Serbia for a 'European future' after October 5, 2000 that was taken into account. In the conclusion of this paper, the author points to possible consequences that the method of resolving this important state territorial issue could have on the stability of the Western Balkans in near or remote future.

The study A passionate patriotism or European enslavement, from the eminent professor Petar Anđelković, represents another attempt by this author to analyze the Serbian society in the context of its development. This book is a logical continuation of his essay published in 2013, Serbian Society-without past, what is our present?, and represents a symbiosis of texts that the author has already published and in which he addresses the very relevant questions of Serbia's relations with the new world order and with the inevitable role of the European Union, as an existential challenge to the very existence of the Serbian society.

This paper deals with the lexicology of potters in Podujevo. Materials have been recorded from the interview with a Serbian resident from Podujevo. Revisions and supplementations of the recorded materials have been conducted in 2003rd, in Trstenik, where Nedeljko, a potter, lived with his family. After living Podujevo he retired and quitted making pottery. A list of pottery names have also been done, as well as the Dictionary of the examined lexemes. Each entry was defined, grammatical and accentually. Semantic and lexical analyses of pottery terms have also been done.

The Serbian army was forced to retreat towards Metohija and Albania eventually due to the armed aggression and attacks from the north and east in October 1915 by the united forces of the German and Austro-Hungarian units against the Kingdom of Serbia. Together with the army, the monarch, executive and legislative branch, intellectuals and civilians also retreated, not wanting to fall in the hands of the incoming army formations of the Central Powers. Following the retreat of the government and army bodies, the territory of the Kingdom of Serbia found itself under the control of the enemy forces, which started the 3-year period of occupation. The subject of this paper are the texts written by the newspaper called Leskovački glasnik (Leskovac Messenger) in the period between World War I and World War II, which dealt with the sufferings of the Serbian civilians in the Bulgarian occupied zone from 1915 to 1918. Special attention is paid to the Leskovački glasnik's reports about marking the anniversary of the Bulgarian terror and killings of Serbs, about opening and consecration of memorials, about the heroic deeds and the tragic destiny of the people in south Serbia.

The German philosopher Martin Heidegger and the Serbian poet Vladislav Petković Dis differ in culture, language, vocation and, finally, in the views they had about the overall human reasoning and creativity. In this paper, the author tries to demonstrate that the creative personality of the Serbian poet in the author's opinion, a poet not recognized at his true Value fits in the profile of poetry defined by Heidegger when he writes about 'poor times'. The poetic language of Dis is not always unified, however, his poetry is the closest to the purpose of every art: the revelation of the meaning of creation and existence. Heidegger, in his philosophy, Vladislav Petković, in his poetry, both show that reflection and writing are in harmony and even have the same purpose the discovery of the essential truth.

The youngest poet of Serbian neosymbolism, Branko Miljković, established his version of national poetic tradition according to the well known model of Eliot's principle and was also always ready to accept something new, modern, the most avant-garde. He argued for the perfection of form as one of important elements of the symbolist poetry within his own poetics as well as within texts related to poetry, while as a poet and translator he was oriented toward modern European poetry of the poet of symbolism with a special talent for patriotic poetry. Branko Miljković presents the poem itself as the subject of his poetry where the power of poetic word can be perceived. That structure considers the improvement of lines, the improvement of the expressive power of words as well as the improvement of language. The words are a powerful framework of world for Miljković. He strived for returning their depth and intensive meaning. Furthermore, he found creative energy of words, its resurrection in the revival of semantic, evocative and expressive effect. He looked for the value of poetic words primarily within their superiority. In Miljković's world of poetry the words invent, shape, they become the only confirmation of our world. He regarded his poetic opinion and the very act of poet's creation as a necessary condition of the real poetic creativity: the author identified himself with the very act of writing being completely left at the mercy of words. The art of dying for this world is the art of spiritual living. At the same time it is the effort that differentiates the place of death and the place of life: the poison and the cure. These tendencies provided the poet with intellectual dimension, confirmed not only the power of poetry but the power of poet as well.

This work is pointing out relations between poetry and prose in contemporary understanding of this problem, on one hand, and the comprehension of these relations in Serbian medieval literarary works, on the other hand. Literature, which was created in contemporary, modern period, is making clear difference in relations between poetry and prose, while in studies of Old Serbian literature there are tendencies for deleting lines between prosaic and poetic way of speaking, therefore even rhythmical poems are sometimes called prose. Only conditionally, some genres can be classified as prosaic, other as poetic, while a big group remains mixed, because, for some features it may be considered as poetic, and for some features it may be considered as prosaic. As well as in all cultural areas, Byzantine orientation had decisive influence on forming and developing of Serbian medieval literature. Byzantine literary tradition has become paradigm for establishing and determining of philosophy, aesthetics and poetic in period of the earliest Serbian literature, which had as a crucial mission to overmaster early Christian literary heritage, which was, basically, Byzantine, as well as to overmaster the other medieval literatures. Very important things for poetry in Old Serbian literature are its rhythm, melody and sound. These terms are wider than term linguistic values. Elements which are creating rhythm, melody and sound are elements of the language. However, they do not stand only as sounds but, also, have certain linguistic values. Aim of this work is to get closer apprehension of Old Serbian literature throughout intellection of old Serbian writer and poet, guiding by laws of medieval poetics and aesthetics, but seen through contemporary scholars of literature eyes.

In the work we examine the possibility of application of productive research tasks in working with gifted students in teaching Serbian language and literature. Using specific examples of interpretations of literary works we show that productive research assignments encourage students' creative and inventive expression, creativity, imagination and criticality and enable them to develop in accordance with their personality, individual preferences and abilities. In the examples of their use in problem solving, we determine how productive research tasks are conducive to gifted students who need to learn through problem solving and school work and to experience learning as a challenge. They present the basis for independent research, which allows gifted students to express their own creativity and the need to acquire new, challenging knowledge, and represent a powerful motivational tool that teachers can use in order to further develop their talent. Creative application of the productive research tasks in teaching Serbian language and literature is the possibility that the education of gifted students is not treated as elitist question, but to transform teaching process into development of giftedness and talent, where the role of the teacher in the teaching process rises to the role of the mentor.

This paper deals with the engagement of Serbian youth in social change placed in the context of critical historical events related to time before liberation of the area of Old Serbia in the Balkan Wars. Based on the testimony of some contemporaries and selected historiographical literature, article presents an analysis of the youth activities of the late 19th and especially at the beginning of the 20th century, which indicates its distinct and specific contribution to the cultural emancipation. A characteristic of the new era, with the idea of national liberation, it's a growing openness to European culture. In such a way, the primary military and political objective which is engaged Serbian youth naturally found in the same plane with the efforts of the Serbian government, an important task related and redirect these areas from lethargy of the archaic Ottoman Empire to modern European social and cultural sphere of influence. The ultimate self-sacrificing youth, guided by the most sincere convictions, was the element that is the fulfillment of the various activities of this national mission given particular impulse.

This paper presents a review of the oral tradition of the Serbian people. The author focuses upon the richness of the motives in the oral lyrics, epics and folk tales, pointing out the influences and conditions related to the development of this kind of literature. The results of all classifications referring to the oral literature are demonstrated, as well as the issues of the language, versification and style. The attention is also paid to some of the most beautiful scenes of spiritual life of our people in the past centuries. The content of all the chapters of the monograph entitled 'Serbian folk literature' by Vladimir Bovan is systematically presented as well.

The success of the Kingdom of Serbia in the Balkan Wars 1912-1913. Not brought political stability to the country. On the contrary, certain military circles, encouraged by the success of the war felt that the time had come to national political issue resolved without hesitation. This situation has caused the election crisis in Serbia early in 1914. The Austro-Hungarian Empire Serbs were subjected to ethnic discrimination, especially since in 1912. Their conservation identity amounted to a cultural activity. It was negligible way of presenting their national feelings. On the contrary. Shortly before his assassination in Sarajevo on 28 June, 1914. Was a meeting of many Serbian choral societies in Sombor. At this event, attended by over 1000 participants who sang folk and patriotic songs. About this event could be heard in all the places where he lived for the Serbian people.

The aim of the paper is to call attention to logical, axiological, psychological and historical foundations of the problem of economic neo-liberalism. The question is how to achieve psychological comprehension of the historical developpement of the idea of scientific reductionism, the idea of 'common law' and rational utilitarism (Hobbes, Locke, Smith, Bentham), of rationalism (Kant) and socialism (Rousseau). In the second part of this analysis the aim is to show that the theory of mechanical simplification in the comprehension of human society is logically wrong theory and that this logically wrong theory is the premise of the social totalitarianism. Finally, the goal of our analysis (specially relevant for the Serbian society trapped today) is to show that the world of actual financial reductionism and economic neo-liberalism does not understand at all the real human nature.

The phenomenon of Serbian participation in the political and military elites and leadership of the Independent State of Croatia was not enough or rather not at all scientifically analysed and researched. The purpose of this paper is to inspire the historians of our recent past to research and critically evaluate the problems. In the beginning of the war during the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia, the Serbs were not involved in the Home Guard units as regular armed forces of Independent State of Croatia. Along with the development of the Independent Ustaš State of Croatia, the necessity for Serbian participation in Home Guard units arose. The Serbs were mainly educated in Austro-Hungarian schools for officers. They also participated in the armed forces of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes i.e. the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The most prominent among them were: Dr Savo Besarović, general Teodor Dragojlov, general Đuro Dragičević, general Đuro Grujić, a knight, general Milan Desović, general Mihailo Lukić, general Dušan Palčić, general Miroslav Opačić (Fridrich), a church official Zvonimir Stimaković, general Miloš Obrknežević, Minister without portfolio Ljubomir Antić, general Lalislav Milić, general Milan Uzelac and others. Apart from being the most prominent ones in the Home Guard units, there were Serbs in the political elites of the Independent State of Croatia, as well as in the Presidency of the Parliament and in the positions of the Ministers in the Independent State of Croatia. This phenomenon should be an example for future generations, in a case of war, not to happen that one part of the people takes the enemy side because the greatest sin ever is to betray its own people and country.