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The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different priming treatments on seed quality and initial growth and development of garden pea. For this purpose, three garden pea cultivars, developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable crops, Novi Sad were examined. The laboratory experiment was conducted under optimal conditions. Seeds were primed in water (hydropriming), 0.5% KNO3 solution, and -0.49 MPa PEG solution for 24 hours; non-primed seeds were controls. The results showed that the percentage of germination, shoot and root length, and mean germination rate significantly increased after the tested priming treatments, while the percentage of abnormal seedlings and mean germination time were significantly decreased after the priming treatments compared to the control. The increase of fresh and dry seedling biomass was significant only in cv.1 and cv.2. Despite the genetic diversity of pea cultivars, the results indicated that the examined seed priming treatments enhanced seed quality and vigour of garden pea cultivars., Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispitaju efekti različitih tretmana prajminga na kvalitet semena i početni rast i razvoj povrtarskog graška. U tu svrhu ispitane su tri sorte povrtarskog graška stvorene u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu. Laboratorijski ogled je izveden u optimalnim uslovima. Seme je potapano u vodu (hidroprajming), 0,5% rastvor KNO3 i -0,49 MPa rastvor PEG tokom 24 sata; netretirano seme je bilo kontrola. Rezultati su pokazali da su se procenat klijanja, dužina nadzemnog dela i korena izdanaka, kao i srednja stopa klijanja značajno povećali u ispitivanim tretmanima prajminga, dok su se procenat atipičnih izdanaka i srednje vreme klijanja značajno smanjili u tretmanima prajminga u poređenju sa kontrolom. Povećanje sveže i suve biomase izdanaka bilo je značajno samo kod sorti cv.1 i cv.2. Uprkos genetskoj raznolikosti sorti graška, ovi rezultati su pokazali da su ispitivani tretmani prajminga semena efikasne metode u smislu povećanja kvaliteta i vigora semena sorti povrtarskog graška.

Germination and seedling growth of seven genotypes of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) were studied in PEG-6000 solution having osmotic potentials -0.1 and -0.2 MPa. A study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of different osmotic potentials (MPa) on seed germination percentage (GP) and mean germination time (MGT). Results show that the percentage of germination decreased with a decrease in osmotic potential, while mean germination time increased. Variety Javor is much more sensitive than the other varieties at all levels of osmotic stress. By contrast, the lowest sensitivity of germination and MGT was found in varieties Mraz and Trezor. Seed germination tests at -0.1 to -0.2 MPa have the potential to be used as tests in field pea. Osmotic stress exposure and its duration significantly affected the growth of seedlings (shoot and root) and the accumulation of biomass, while its effect was more prominent on the growth of the shoot than on root growth, which was also confirmed by the root tolerance index., U radu je proučavano klijanje i porast ponika sedam genotipova stočnog graška (Pisum sativum L.) u rastvoru PEG-6000 sa vrednostima osmotskih potencijala od -0,1 i -0,2 MPa. Ispitivanje je izvršeno kako bi se utvrdio uticaj različitih osmotskih potencijala (MPa) na procenat klijavosti semena (GP) i prosečno vreme klijanja (MGT). Rezultati pokazuju da se procenat klijavosti smanjivao uporedo sa smanjenjem osmotskog potencijala, dok se prosečno vreme klijanja povećavalo. Sorta „Javor” mnogo je osetljivija od ostalih sorti pri svim nivoima osmotskog stresa. Suprotno tome, najmanji uticaj na klijanje i MGT utvrđen je kod sorti „Mraz” i „Trezor”. Određivanje klijavosti semena u rastvorima PEG od -0,1 do -0,2 MPa može se koristiti za testiranje stočnog graška. Izloženost osmotskom stresu i njegovo trajanje značajno su uticali na rast ponika (izdanak i koren) i akumulaciju biomase, pri čemu je njegov uticaj bio izraženiji na rast izdanka nego na rast korena, što je potvrdio i indeks tolerantnosti korena.

Symptoms of cloves rot of A. ampeloprasum were noticed during 2018 in storage conditions. 16 isolates were obtained (AMP1-AMP16) and according to morphological and cultural characteristics they belong to F. proliferatum (sex. stage Gibberella intermedia), species of Gibberella fujikuroi complex. To confirm morphological identification, total genomic DNA was extracted from mycelium of the 16 isolates by amplification of TEF-1a gene, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that was performed with the primer pair EF1 and EF2. Results presented in this article clearly indicated that the new host of Fusarium proliferatum as the causal agent of cloves rot is "elephant garlic" Allium ampeloprasum. Pathogenicity test was confirmed on Allium ampeloprasum cloves. Pathogenicity assays revealed that all isolates caused symptoms on tested Allium spp., like naturally infected cloves., Simptomi truleži uskladištenih čenova belog luka na vrsti poznatoj kao "elephant garlic" (A. ampeloprasum) zapaženi su tokom 2018. godine. Prikupljen je veliki broj zaraženih uzoraka i nakon izolacije odabrano je 16 izolata (AMP1-AMP16) za dalja istraživanja. Na osnovu morfoloških i odgajivačkih karakteristika je ustanovljeno da je prouzrokovač truleži čenova gljiva F. proliferatum (telemorf Gibberella intermedia), koja pripada kompleksu Gibberella fujikuroi. Proučavanjem patogenosti svi izolati su prouzrokovali simptome truleži na različitim vrstama roda Allium spp. koji su identični prirodnoj infekciji. U cilju potvrde morfoloških odlika izvršena je molekularna identifikacija metodom lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR) korišćenjem para prajmera EF1 i EF2 koji amplifikuju TEF-1a gen, sekvencioniranje DNK i filogenetska analiza dobijenih sekvenci. Dobijeni rezultati potvrdili su da je Fusarium proliferatum prouzrokovač truleži na vrsti A. ampeloprasum kao novom domaćinu.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is considered to be one of the oldest crops in the world. During 2016, infected garlic bulbs occurred in storages on several localities of the Province of Vojvodina. Symptomatic cloves showed typical rot symptoms such as softened and spongy areas covered with white fungal growth with deep lesions formed on the cloves which became dry over time. A total of 36 isolates of Fusarium species were obtained from diseased cloves of garlic. Colony morphology and microscopic properties of isolated Fusarium species were recorded from the cultures grown on PDA and CLA, respectively. Identification of two chosen isolates was performed by sequencing the EF-1α gene. The TEF sequence of isolate JBL12 showed 100% similarity with several F. tricinctum sequences and sequence of JBL539 showed 99% identity with several F. acuminatum sequences and they were deposited in the NCBI GenBank. Based on the results of the morphological and molecular identification, isolates JBL12 and JBL539 were identified as F. tricinctum and F. acuminatum, respectively, as new causal agents of garlic bulbs rot in Serbia. Specific primers were designed for the PCR identification of the F. tricinctum., Beli luk (Allium sativum L.) smatra se jednom od najstarijih biljnih vrsta na svetu. Tokom 2016. godine, zapažena je pojava truleži belog luka u skladištima i magacinima na nekoliko lokaliteta u Vojvodini. Simptomi su se ispoljavali u vidu lezija, truleži belog luka kao i pojavom micelije na inficiranim čenovima. Cilj rada bio je izolacija i identifikacija Fusarium spp. na osnovu morfoloških i molekularnih karakteristika patogena. Izolacijom je dobijeno 36 izolata Fusarium spp. Detekcija i identifikacija odabranih izolata potvrđena je metodom PCR korišćenjem prajmera EF1 i EF2 koji amplifikuju proizvode veličine 700bp. U svim proučavanim izolatima formirani su amplikoni veličine 700bp. Izolacija DNK dva odabrana izolata izvršena je direktno iz micelije gljive (~100 mg), korišćenjem DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Identifikacija izolata JBL539 i JBL12 izvršena je sekvenciranjem EF-1α gena , koji su deponovani u NCBI bazu podataka pod brojem KX611146 (F. tricinctum) i KX752419 (F. acuminatum). Kreirani su specifični prajmeri za PCR identifikaciju vrste F. tricinctum.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops in Serbia, where it is grown on an approximate surface of 20,000 ha. During the routine quality control analysis of onion seed in 2014, fungal infection was observed in an average of 28% of the seed. The objective of this paper was to isolate, determine, and identify Fusarium sp. based on the pathogen's morphological and molecular characteristics. Onion seed samples were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina. To obtain a DNA sequence-based identification, a total DNA of the 25 isolates was extracted directly from the mycelium (100 mg wet weight), with a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Following DNA extraction, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha region was amplified by PCR with the primer pair EF1 and EF2. An amplicon of 700 bp was amplified in 25 tested isolates. Identification of one isolate was performed by sequencing the translation elongation factor EF-1α gene, which was deposited in the NCBI GenBank database under accession number KP658211 (Fusarium sp. FIESC3)., Crni luk (Allium cepa L.) spada u najznačajnije povrtarske biljne vrste u Srbiji. Gaji se na površini od oko 20.000 hektara. Tokom rutinske kontrole kvaliteta semena crnog luka u 2014. godini, primećena je pojava Fusarium sp. u visokom procentu - od 28%. Cilj rada bio je izolacija i identifikacija Fusarium sp. na osnovu morfoloških i molekularnih karakteristika patogena. Uzorci semena luka sakupljeni su s različitih lokaliteta i iz velikog broja skladišta u Vojvodini. Nakon izolacije patogena odabrano je i morfološki okarakterisano 25 izolata Fusarium sp. Izolacija DNK izvršena je direktno iz micelija gljive (100 mg), korišćenjem Dneasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Amplifikacija DNK ciljanog gena (translation elongation factor EF-1α gene) obavljena je pomoću PCR korišćenjem para prajmera EF1 i EF2. U svim proučavanim izolatima formirani su amplikoni veličine 700 bp. Identifikacija jednog odabranog izolata izvršena je sekvenciranjem translacionog faktora EF-1α gena, koji je deponovan u NCBI bazu podataka pod brojem KP658211 (Fusarium sp. FIESC 3).

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains on the basis of molecular characteristics. From root nodules of different soybean cultivars were obtained 56 isolates, characterized according to morphological, cultural, and biochemical properties. Among these isolates, 33 isolates showing resemblance with Bradyrhizobium sp. were further subjected to molecular identification. Following DNA extraction, a partial 16S rDNA gene sequence from the isolates was amplified by PCR using universal primers fD1 (27F) and rP3 (1492R). Purification and sequencing of the amplified fragments were done in the biotechnology company Macrogen, Seoul, South Korea. Sequences were analyzed using the program FinchTV and BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) and compared to sequences in GenBank and the Bradyrhizobium ID-database for identification. Comparison of the sequences with the Bradyrhizobium ID- database showed that all tested isolates were identified as Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Each isolate was deposited in the NCBI GenBank database under a unique accession number. Identification of Bradyrhizobium species from root nodules of soybean is of great importance because the symbiosis between rhizobia and legumes are a cheaper and usually more effective agronomic practice for ensuring an adequate supply of nitrogen for legumes, while preserving and improving fertility and productivity of soils., Cilj ovog rada je izolacija i molekularna identifikacija sojeva Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Na osnovu morfološke i biohemijske karakterizacije, od 56 izolata iz korenskih kvržica različitih sorti soje, 33 izolata za koje je utvrđena sličnost s Bradyrhizobium sp. bili su predmet dalje identifikacije. Nakon ekstrakcije DNK, parcijalna 16S rDNA genska sekvenca iz izolata je umnožena PCR metodom upotrebom univerzalnih prajmera fD1 (27F) i rP3 (1492R). Prečišćavanje i sekvencioniranje umnoženih fragmenata urađeno je u kompaniji Macrogen Ltd. (Seul , Južna Koreja). Pomoću programa FinchTV i BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) analize, izvršeno je višestruko poređenje dobijenih sekvenci s GenBank bazom podataka. Poređenjem dobijenih sekvenci s Bradyrhizobium ID-bazom podataka svi ispitivani izolati identifikovani su kao Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Sekvence su deponovane u svetsku NCBI bazu uz dobijanje pristupnog broja (NCBI Acc. number). Identifikacija vrsta Bradyrhizobium-a poreklom iz korenskih kvržica soje od velikog je značaja jer je simbioza između rizobiuma i leguminoza isplativiji i obično efikasniji način snabdevanja biljaka azotom, a važno je i zbog očuvanja i unapređenja plodnosti i produktivnosti zemljišta.

Biocontrol using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) represents an alternative approach to disease management, since PGPR are known to promote growth and reduce diseases in various crops. Among the different PGPR, members of the genus Bacillus are prefered for most biotechnological uses due to their capability to form extremely resistant spores and produce a wide variety of metabolites with antimicrobial activity. The objective of this research was to identify antagonistic bacteria for management of the plant diseases. Eleven isolates of Bacillus spp. were obtained from the soil samples collected from different localities in the Province of Vojvodina. The antifungal activity of bacterial isolates against five fungal species was examined using a dual plate assay. Bacillus isolates exhibited the highest antifungal activity against Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae and Alternaria padwickii, while they had the least antagonistic effect on Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum. Molecular identification showed that effective bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus safensis (B2), Bacillus pumilus (B3, B11), Bacillus subtilis (B5, B7) and Bacillus megaterium (B8, B9). The highest antagonistic activity was exhibited by isolates B5 (from 39% to 62% reduction in fungal growth) and B7 (from 40% to 71% reduction in fungal growth). These isolates of B. subtilis could be used as potential biocontrol agents of plant diseases., Biokontrola fitopatogena predstavlja alternativu primeni pesticida, s obzirom da bakterije označene terminom PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) stimulišu biljni rast i štite biljke od bolesti. Zahvaljujući sposobnosti da formiraju veoma rezistentne endospore i produkuju širok spektar antimikrobnih supstanci, vrste roda Bacillus su veoma zastupljene u zemljištu i pogodne za primenu u biotehnologiji. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi antifungalna aktivnost jedanaest Bacillus spp. izolata iz zemljišta s različitih lokaliteta u Vojvodini. Sposobnost bakterijskih izolata da inhibiraju rast pet izolata gljiva ispitana je metodom dvojne kultivacije. Izolati Bacillus spp. ispoljili su najveću antifungalnu aktivnost prema Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, i Alternaria padwickii, dok je najmanji antagonistički efekat utvrđen prema Fusarium verticillioides i Fusarium graminearum. Efektivni izolati identifikovani su kao Bacillus safensis (B2), Bacillus pumilus (B3, B11), Bacillus subtilis (B5, B7) i Bacillus megaterium (B8, B9). Najveću antifungalnu aktivnost ispoljili su izolati B. subtilis B5 (39-62%) i B7 (40-71%). Ovi izolati mogu se koristiti kao potencijalni agensi za biološku kontrolu biljnih bolesti.

The biochemical marker phaseolin and isozymes were used in this work to display the variation of common bean germ plasma. Fifteen bean genotypes of different origin i. e. selections were studied. From 8 analyzed enzymic systems, enzymes MDH, SKDH, ME and IDH were polymorphic, while there were no differences in zymograms for enzymes PGM, PHI, PGD, and ADH. Analysis of phaseolin revealed two types: S and T. The S type of phaseolin was found in most of analyzed genotypes (9). Phaseolin type T was found in varieties of Novi Sad selection: Zlatko, Sremac and Aster, domestic population Žuto-zeleni Stepanovićevo and Jovandeka, Croatian variety Slavonski žuto-zeleni. Those varieties were developed from domestic populations from north-west region of Balkan, Slavonia, and Vojvodina., U radu je proučeno 15 sorti pasulja različitog porekla i selekcija, iz banke gena Zavoda za povrtarstvo Naučnog instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad. Analizirano je 8 enzimskih sistema i rezervni protein fazeolin. Različite alelne varijante nađene su za enzime: MDH, ME, SKDH i IDH. Većina analiziranih genotipova (9) ima S tip fazeolina. Sorte novosadske selekcije: Zlatko, Sremac i Aster, domaće populacije Žuto zeleni Stepanovićevo i Jovandeka, hrvatska sorta Slavonski žuto-zeleni imaju T tip fazeolina. Novosadske sorte su nastale izborom iz domaćih populacija iz severozapadnog područja Balkana, Slavonije i Vojvodine. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata zaključeno je da se u procesu stvaranja novih sorti u klimatskim uslovima naše zemlje i regiona koristila germplazme iz Srednje i iz Južne Amerike. Po prvi put su izvršene analize i karakterizacije sorti Zavoda za povrtarstvo Naučnog instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, na proteinskom nivou. Rezultati polimorfizma fazeolina i izoenzima predstavljaju dobru polaznu osnovu za dalja istraživanja banke gena pasulja i primenu molekularnih markera.

Isozymes can serve as genetic markers and their number should be large enough in order to make the coverage of genomes as complete as possible and in order to use these methods for gene marking for required agronomic traits. These markers are the products of 21 mapped genes, which is relatively reliable number for their application in mapping for certain agronomic traits. Genetic variability and diversity are significant for populations and for selfpolinated lines as basic material in breeding and creation of new corn hybrids. For that reason, several groups of corn populations of different origin were analyzed. Two groups of Yugoslav populations, Italian, Portuguese and French collections were assessed on the basis of detected alleles of 21 loci and standard genetic distances between genotypes. Yugoslav corn collections had shown high heterozygosity, on the basis of isozymes as gene markers. Genetic diversity of Italian populations was pronounced on the basis of some loci, and the Portuguese populations had more polymorphic and more heterozygous loci than French populations Inter-genetic variability between populations and their geographical location are very important in breeding crops for creation of heterosis., Izoenzimi se koriste kao genetski markeri, a njihov broj treba da bude dovoljno velik da bi pokrivenost genoma bila što veća i kao takvi su markeri gena za tražena agronomska svojstva. Upotrebljeni markeri su proizvodi 21 mapiranog gena, što predstavlja relativno pouzdan broj za tumačenje genetske osnove određenih osobina genotipa. Genetska varijabilnost i divergentnost su značajne za populacije i samooplodne linije, kao osnovni materijal u selekciji i stvaranju novih hibrida kukuruza. Iz tog razloga analizirano je nekoliko grupa populacija kukuruza različitog porekla. Dve grupe jugoslovenskih populacija, italijanska, portugalska i francuska kolekcija bile su ocenjene na osnovu alelne varijabilnosti za 21 lokus i standardne genetske udaljenosti unutar svake populacije. Jugoslovenske kolekcije kukuruza su pokazale visoku heterogenost na bazi izoenzima kao gen. markera Genetska divergentnost italijanske kolekcije je naglašena na bazi nekih lokusa, a portugalska je imala više polimorfnih i heterozigotnih lokusa od francuske kolekcije, što znači veći potencijal genetske varijabilnosti Inter-genetska varijabilnost između populacija i njihove geografske lokacije veoma su značajan uslov u selekciji biljnih vrsta i njihov heterozis.

Different genetic markers are used for estimation of breeding material, its characteristics and potential for ultimate aim - heterosis of hybrids. They also point out to the qualitative seed traits at the level of linkage with genes responsible for desirable agronomic traits. This program encompasses testing methodologies for the new seed technology. Genetic analysis of breeding material during certain phases is comprised of isozymic gene expression and degrees of their variability, but it is continued (in order to be evaluated) until determination of presence or absence of some genes existing or introduced for certain traits. Using combination of different molecular methods such as PCR, RAPD and AFLP based on polymorphism of DNA fragments, the definite aim - identification of newly created products of improvement is achieved. Testing of traits of breeding material, its genetic variability and diversity is the first stage in analysis of the maize genome. It is also the condition for determination of presence of certain genes, used for obtaining the ultimate aim - attest of identity of the genotype., Različiti genetski markeri se koriste za tumačenje selekcionog materijala njegovih osobina i osnove za krajnji cilj - heterozis hibrida. Oni su takođe pokazatelji kvaliteta semena na nivou vezanih gena za određena, tražena agronomska svojstva. Ovaj program uključuje nove metodologije za testiranje selekcionog i semenskog materijala. Genetske analize biljaka u fazama oplemenjivanja obuhvataju izoenzimsku ekspresiju gena i stepen njihove varijabilnosti, koja se nastavlja do determinacije prisustva ili odsustva gena, odgovornih za određena svojstva. Primenjuje se kombinacija različitih genetsko-molekularnih metoda, kao što su izoenzimi PCR, RAPD, AFLP, RFLP bazirani na polimorfizmu proteina i sekvenci DNK, čiji je krajnji cilj identifikacija novostvorenih genotipova i njihovo unapređenje. Utvrđivanje osobina selekcionog materijala, njegove genetske varijabilnosti i divergentnosti je prva faza u spoznaji genoma kukuruza. To je takođe uslov za determinaciju prisustva određenih gena, potrebnu za postizanje završne faze, potvrde o identitetu genotipa.