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To estimate the total energy needed to ablate 1mmWe selected 30 patients submitted to flexible ureteroscopy for renal stones whose volume was bigger than 500 mmMedian (IQR) stone volume and stone density were respectively 1599 (630-3502) mmIt is possible to perform laser lithotripsy using a low-power laser device with a virtually continuous laser activity. The estimation of the pre-operative parameters as well as the J/mm

This study aims to evaluate the impact of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (5ARI) for prostate cancer (PCa) primary prevention on specific and overall mortality (primary outcomes), the incidence of PCa diagnosis and disease aggressiveness (secondary outcomes). We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, ClinicalTrials and BVS through April 2018 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement to identify randomized clinical trials (RCT) and cohort studies (CS). We included articles with data on mortality or PCa incidence for men using 5ARI previously to PCa diagnosis. Regarding the included studies, nine had data on mortality, 16 on PCa incidence and 12 on Gleason scores (GS). We found that the use of 5ARI had no impact on overall mortality (RR 0.93 95% CI 0.78–1.11) and PCa-related mortality (RR 1.35 95% CI 0.50–3.94), nor on high-grade PCa diagnosis (RR 1.06 95% CI 0.72–1.56). We identified a relative risk reduction of 24% in moderate-grade PCa diagnosis (RR 0.76 95% CI 0.59–0.98) and low-grade PCa diagnosis (RR 0.76 95% CI 0.59–0.97) Also, a reduction of 26% in overall PCa diagnosis was observed in the RCT subgroup analysis (RR 0.74 95% CI 0.65–0.84). 5ARI significantly reduced the risk of being diagnosed with PCa, not increasing high-grade disease, overall or cancer-specific mortality. Due to the relatively short mean follow-up of most studies, the mortality analysis is limited.