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Incremental capacity analysis (ICA) is widely used in the battery decay mechanism analysis since the features of battery incremental capacity (IC) curves are closely related to battery aging and maximum available capacity. However, the traditional ICA method to estimate battery capacity mainly focuses on a single charging condition, and the influence of charging current on IC curves is ignored. In this paper, an adaptive capacity estimation method based on ICA considering the charging current is established. First, the charging experiments using different charging current rates under different battery aging statuses are designed and conducted. Then, the relationship between battery maximum available capacity, IC curve features, and charging current is investigated. Furthermore, the fitting method and data-driven method considering charging current are proposed and compared. Finally, the capacity estimation results prove the accuracy and adaptability of the proposed method.