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The article discusses the sea monsters in the Latin manuscript "Geography," by Ptolemy, which was written in Florence, Italy in about 1455-1460 and named Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional, manuscript (MS) Res. 255. It states that the maps in the manuscript are designed with a remarkable variety and number of sea monsters, which constitute an unknown part in the history of latter medieval marine zoological picture. It says that the monsters are also noteworthy as no sea monsters are illustrated in the 53 existing manuscripts of his "Geography." It adds that the sea monsters in the manuscript are not encyclopedic or systematic, but they bear similarity with known painted ones, such as that in the Book 6 of the manuscript "De natura rerum," by Thomas of Cantimpré.

The article discusses the 180 millimeter map and geographical text found in an English religious miscellany. It states that the map represents the sublunar world as connoted by the presence four traditional elements and that it is being used for spiritual pilgrimage as shown by the tripartition of the world, legends, toponyms, and illustrations. It also gives emphasis on a text that provides description on both the Noachian tripartition of the world and its cartographic illustration. Moreover, the map is revealed to be the most elaborate in association with the text as manifested by a Sallust based-map-derived geography and color and images of both trees and cities.

The article provides information on the sixth-century Byzantine gospelbook at Rossano which represents the scenes from the life of Christ and incorporates dialogue in the ninth-century miniatures of Paris. It is stated that the miniatures were viewed as distinct forms from the text proper which is subdivided between texts and images. The words in the manuscript are investigated and the narrative sequences from the early centuries of Byzantium are analyzed. Christianity and Orthodox beliefs are mentioned to add details.

The article provides information on Constantine's problems and the making of the Heavenly Ladder of Saint John Climacus, Vatican gr. 394 contained in the middle-Byzantine illuminated manuscripts. The article investigates the figural compositions of the manuscript which focuses on John Climacus and Constantine. It aims to illustrate that Constantine, who identified himself as the scribe, is responsible for the whole manuscript. Texts, illustrations, page layout, and iconography are investigated and discussed in the article.