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The often neglected Guy Stewart Callendar (a steam engineer, for whom climate science was a hobby) was the first to bring together measurements of carbon dioxide concentration with how much the world had warmed from the late-nineteenth century in two key papers in I QJRMS i (in 1938 and 1961). David gave a brief history of climate science and how this has impacted UK Government Policy over the period since the late 1980s. Joanna also noted those who were sceptical of the importance of carbon dioxide (Knut Angstrom who erroneously stated that the carbon dioxide absorption bands were swamped by water vapour, and later ideas in the 1950s that carbon dioxide was being taken out of the atmosphere by the oceans much more than in reality). [Extracted from the article]

Other processes that drive heatwaves include sea surface temperature patterns and soil moisture feedback. For the UK, the Met Office defines a heatwave over a location as when it records maximum temperatures greater than or equal to a temperature threshold for at least three consecutive days. [Extracted from the article]

North Atlantic storms present one of the major weather risks for North West (NW) Europe. This is indeed the case in summer, but the wintertime North Atlantic storm track does not follow this simple picture; instead, it is projected to extend more strongly eastward over NW Europe resulting in an I enhanced i storm risk in this region. [Extracted from the article]

In the most common practice of attribution, this involves making simulations with climate models in which different factors - both natural and human - are included so as to estimate the expected patterns and magnitudes of climate change (sometimes referred to as "fingerprints"). Detection of climate change The process of detecting climate change is one of determining whether observed changes in climate can be explained purely by natural internal variability. Attribution of climate change The process of attributing climate change is one of finding the combination of natural and human factors that best explains the observations. [Extracted from the article]