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Despite regularly being criticized, the Impact Factor (IF) remains a widely used journal analysis metric. In the Water Resources category of the Web of Science, a thorough investigation of the reliability of this metric is lacking. This study analyzed the citation records of the top 10 journals from 2002 through 2021 for the last two decades. Important to note, there are inconsistencies in the Web of Science database. Contradictory to many fields, few papers are uncited. However, the Simpson paradox applies. More specifically, on the one hand, the correlation between citations to papers 7 years post publication and 1 or 2 years post publication (which determine the IF) has increased, which supports this metric. On the other hand, many of the most highly cited papers at the time of the IF calculation are lowly cited 5 years afterward. Additionally, most currently very highly cited papers were relatively uncited when they were used in the IF calculation. This raises doubt about the usefulness of this metric. For a limited number of journals, papers from individual nations strongly influence the IF. Also, for a few journals, the IFs are strongly influenced by review papers, but leaving these out of the IF does change the top 3 and 10 of the rankings. The general conclusion is that IFs do contain some valuable information about the journals' citation impact, but that using them to rank journals is questionable practice. Plain Language Summary: Impact Factors (IFs) continue to be very frequently used to evaluate researchers' publication records. They are calculated in a very simplistic manner, and are essentially an attempt to summarize a very complicated issue (publication quality) into one single metric. This paper shows that care must be taken when applying this practice. Not only does the data set contain errors, there are a number of other reasons why these IFs are not reliable indicators of a journal's quality. Key Points: In many cases the calculation of the Impact Factor (IF) by the Web of Science is contradictory with their own dataAnother number of issues have been identified which raise doubt on the IF as a measure of journal qualityA number of recommendations for a better use of the literature databases have been made [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liu et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026292) provide comments on two papers introducing the rescaled Complementary Relationship (CR) of evaporation. Four concerns regarding the rescaled CR were raised and are addressed herein. Specifically, it is shown here that (1) the rescaled CR is not simply an asymmetric advection-aridity model; (2) a discontinuity in the slope of the rescaled CR at the point where evaporation is zero is not problematic because that point represents a true minimum value; (3) a particular formulation of the rescaled CR presented in an earlier paper was not recommended by the present authors, but was simply intended to illustrate that a range of boundary conditions can be accommodated; and (4) while behavior of the model advocated by Liu et al. 2020) can be modified to match the lower limit introduced by the rescaled CR, there is little theoretical justification or practical utility for doing so. Inherent in several of the concerns seems to be a misconception held by the authors of the Comment regarding the nature of the lower limit in the rescaled CR. Once this misconception is addressed, none of the concerns represent a weakness in the rescaled CR concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crago et al. published two papers in Water Resources Research in 2016 and 2018, respectively, which discussed recent generalized complementary evaporation relationships; they recommended that the lower boundary condition of the Generalized Nonlinear Advection-Aridity (GNAA) model proposed by Brutsaert (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017720) should be modified to y = 0 at x = xmin, where xmin-[0,1]. First, it is shown herein that the rescaled complementary relationship (CR) y = X, proposed by Crago et al., does not advance the analysis forward, but that instead the rescaling is tantamount to a reversion to an earlier linear and more traditional asymmetric complementary model, in which the parameter b is a function of xmin. In fact, at xmin = 0, y = X the rescaled formulation becomes physically unrealistic. The second part of this comment deals with the extended quartic form of GNAA model. The nature of the adjustable parameter c in this extended formulation is further explored, and it is shown that while its lower limit is -1, calibration with actual data can result in values in excess of 2. Such calibration allows then the estimation of xmin as a function of c, that is, xmin = f (c). This way, in addition to satisfying the original four boundary conditions, the extended GNAA model also satisfies the boundary condition of y = 0 at x = xmin. The physical variables affecting the nature of the parameter c and its relationship with Epo/Epmax will require further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of a filter paper sampling system for monitoring solute transport in unsaturated soils and tuffs was evaluated using numerical simulations. The sampling system consisted of a collection borehole and a sampling assembly designed specifically for the easy removal and replacement of a filter paper pad used to collect solution samples at locations throughout the borehole. Simulations were conducted to approximate an experimental setup at Busted Butte, Nevada, for two hypothetical soil formations: a Calico Hills tuff and a loamy sand. The purpose of the simulations was to evaluate any significant effects the sampling system might have on the prevailing flow and transport processes. The simulation results revealed that the overall disturbance of the system is a superposition of three major components caused by the installation and operation of the sampling device. Two of these components delayed the observed solute breakthroughs and hence increased the mean and variance of solute travel times, whereas the third disturbed the system by increasing the mean solute velocity. The analytical solution of the one-dimensional convective-dispersive equation in the fluid coordinate frame was introduced to approximate the system response at different levels of disturbance for a better understanding of the system dynamics. The general difficulties in interpreting flow and transport properties using field-measured data are illustrated. To better interpret field data, it is important to understand the limitations a measuring device may impose on data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2015 marks the 50th anniversary of Water Resources Research (WRR), which was founded in 1965. More than 15,000 papers have been published in WRR since its inception, and these papers have been cited more than 430,000 times. The history of hydrology and the water sciences are also reflected in WRR, which has served as a premier publication outlet and instigator of scientific growth over the last 50 years. The legacy of WRR provides a strong scientific foundation for the hydrology community to rise to the challenges of sustainable water resources management in a future where dramatic environmental change and increasing human population are expected to stress the world's water resources from local to global scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantifies local improvements in environmental quality from controlling effluents in the pulp and paper industry. Although it is confined to a single industry, this study is the first effort to assess the actual net benefits of the Clean Water Act pollution control program. An assessment of water quality benefits requires linking regulatory policy, technical effects, and behavioral responses. Regulatory policies mandate specific controls that influence the quantity and nature of effluent discharges. We identify a subset of stream segments suitable for analysis, describe water quality simulations and control cost calculations under alternative regulatory scenarios, assign feasible water uses to each segment based on water quality, and determine probable upper bounds for the willingness of beneficiaries to pay. Because the act imposes uniform regulations that do not account for differences in compliance costs, existing stream quality, contributions of other effluent sources, and recreation potential, the relation between water quality benefits and costs varies widely across sites. This variation suggests that significant positive net benefits have probably been achieved in some cases, but we conclude that the costs of the Clean Water Act as a whole exceed likely benefits by a significant margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban drainage models (UDMs) are often used to manage urban flooding. However, these models generally involve many parameters to represent the underlying complex hydrodynamic processes. This results in significant challenges to achieving effective and robust model calibration especially with frequently limited observations, leading to unreliable model predictions. This paper makes the first attempt at UDM calibration using the Bayesian‐based Ensemble Smoother (ES) method. Three ES variants are considered, that is, the primary ES, the versions with multiple data assimilation (ES‐MDA) and iterative local update (ES‐ILU). Two synthetic cases and one real‐world application with up to 5,236 calibration parameters are tested. Results obtained show that: (a) both ES‐MDA and ES‐ILU can produce effective model calibration with ES‐ILU outperforming ES‐MDA in terms of both accuracy and uncertainty while ES exhibits limited performance; (b) for the real‐world case, both the ES‐MDA and ES‐ILU methods provide better calibration results than the best‐known solution manually obtained, (c) a minimum number of observations are required to enable an overall accurate model calibration (e.g., four and ten more monitoring sites are needed in the two synthetic cases); and (d) the model calibrated using an intense rainfall event is generally robust to make reliable predictions across different rainfall events while the model calibrated using less intense rainfall event does not perform well for more intense rainfall events. It was also found that ubiquitous parameter equifinality significantly hinders unique parameter identification even when overall accurate state estimates are obtained. This should be clearly understood in practical applications. Plain Language Summary: Urban floods have been a serious disaster worldwide. Urban drainage models (UDMs) have been widely used to facilitate flooding prevention and mitigation. However, a challenge associated with the UDMs is that a large number of parameters need to be specified and calibrated. While some optimization‐based or manual calibration methods are available, their efficiency or accuracy are often unsatisfactory. This can lead to unreliable predictions of the rainfall‐runoff process. To this end, this paper proposes the ensemble smoother (ES) methods to calibrate the UDMs. Benefits of these ES methods include the great efficiency, high accuracy and the identification of the uncertainty when calibrating model parameters. These conclusions are based on results of two synthetic cases and one real‐world UDM. Key Points: Ensemble smoothers are promisingly effective and robust methods to calibrate urban drainage modelsUbiquitous parameter equifinality hinders unique parameter identification, which is a concern for practical applicationsEnsemble smoothers are validated on a real‐world case, providing insights into how improved model performance can be achieved [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]