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The article presents the views of 15 chief executive officers on how they managed their firms during a recent economic recession, and what they expect for 2010. Jim Owens of Caterpillar Inc., Carol Bartz of Yahoo Inc., and Richard Adkerson of Freeport McMoran Copper & Gold are among those offering their thoughts.

The article discusses the implications of the decline in Chinese and global stock markets in August 2015 on the possibility that the U.S. central bank the Federal Reserve (Fed) would raise interest rates later in the year, in addition to the potential impact of the Chinese economy on the U.S. economy, particularly the rate of U.S. inflation, and the U.S. banking system. It also examines how the Fed might respond to a recession.

The article discusses how the ruble, Russia's currency, dropped in value due to a decrease in oil prices and global concern over when the U.S. Federal Reserve will raise interest rates. Topics include how the Russian Central Bank attempted to reverse the ruble's value drop by increasing the country's interest rates, whether this could cause a recession in Russia, and the impact on Russia's oil industry.

The article discusses the decreased value of the Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar, focusing on how the decrease has impacted the value of currencies in other Asian countries including Korea, Singapore, and Thailand. Other topics include Japan's efforts to boost their economy out of recession, the economic relationship between Japan and other Asian countries, and how the weak yen is dissuading companies from investing in foreign countries.

The article discuses concern that Japan's economy, after reporting losses in the second quarter, may be in a recession. Topics include how Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is working on implementing economic stimulus policies, how Abe's political opponents, including Yukio Edano of the Democratic Party of Japan, have reacted to this news, and efforts to reduce the government debt.

The article discusses "scoop and toss" restructuring initiatives that have been used by local governments in regions such as Puerto Rico and California to replace maturing bonds with long-term debt, focusing on criticisms of the practice as of December 2013. Topics include government finance during economic recessions and bankruptcy proceedings involving the city of Detroit, Michigan.

The article discusses ongoing recessionary conditions in the euro zone stemming from a sovereign debt crisis that emerged there in 2009. Gross domestic product in the region fell for the sixth consecutive quarter during the first three months of 2013, and business surveys suggest further decline during the next three months. High borrowing costs for businesses in southern European countries such as Spain and Italy are hindering economic growth.

The article reports on economic conditions in Great Britain five years after the government bailed out Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) Group PLC in 2008. Topics include a discussion of RBS's stock prices since the bailout, the possibility that the British Treasury will consider breaking up RBS in 2013, and why the British bailout was not as successful as the American bailout in 2008.

The article looks at participation in the U.S. Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program, as of 2013. It reports the the number of SSDI recipients rose significantly during and after the late-2000s U.S. recession and discusses the fiscal and economic implications. Topics include assessments of disability and obstacles to SSDI recipients returning to work.

The article discusses increased investor interest in stocks as of March 2013. Topics include comparison between investor interests in stocks and bonds, the impact of the U.S. economic recession beginning in December 2007 on stock markets, and the performance of equity mutual funds.

The article discusses declining sales in the chewing gum industry. It highlights the various flavor choices in chewing gum offered by the gum maker Wrigley, notes their efforts to market gum to children and teenage consumers, and comments on their efforts to expand sales through placements in sandwich shops along with grocery and convenience stores. The impact of the economic recession on U.S. gum sales is also considered.

The author offers advice to U.S. investors in 2013, and mentions the economic aspects of financial portfolio diversification and the effects of inflation, recession, and economic expansion on stock prices. Research conducted by executive Mark Kritzman from investment firm Windham Capital Management is discussed, as well as financial planning based on historical correlations in the stock market.

This article discusses the influence of the U.S. economy on investing clubs. The author examines the difficulty in adhering to a long-term investment strategy, especially in the first years of the 21st century during the economic recession, which has negatively affected club membership. He also attributes a general lack of consumer confidence and interest in investment in the stock market, particularly for younger people due to these economic concerns.

The article reports on an attempt by the Italian government to help small businesses access capital markets in order to raise capital without seeking a bank loan. Topics include how an economic recession in Italy has depleted the availability of bank loans, the importance of small and medium businesses to the Italian economy, and the Italian Industry Ministry's estimates regarding the growth of the corporate bond market in 2013-2014.

The article discusses comments from U.S. President Barack Obama concerning the political debate over increasing the U.S. borrowing limit. According to Obama, the U.S. Congress does not have a viable alternative to increasing the limit and continuing the debate would harm U.S. economic conditions and possibly lead to a recession. Other topics covered include government spending reductions, reaction from House Speaker John Boehner, and policies of Congressional Republicans.

The article examines how U.S. politicians are working as of December 2012 to prevent the tax increases and spending cuts scheduled to take effect in January 2013. Topics include the likelihood that U.S. President Barack Obama and U.S. Congress will only reach a partial agreement to prevent "fiscal cliff," how the lack of compromise would affect small businesses, and charts documenting how a compromise would affect U.S. economic forecasts between 2012 and 2020.

The article examines how the value of the U.S. dollar has been impacted by Congressional debates over the fiscal cliff, a set of tax increases and spending reductions scheduled for 2013 that could result in a recession. It states that the dollar increased in value after a resolution to the fiscal cliff was denied due to investors that view the dollar as an asset that strengthens when its future is uncertain. Information is also provided on the dollar's value in the global currency market.

The article discusses online animated and live action series that address the recession in Spain. It examines how the series have provided comic relief to those young Spaniards suffering from unemployment and difficult economic conditions. Particular attention is given to series such as "Freaklances," "Malviviendo," and "Parados." The Internet as a platform for young people to express anger about the economy is also explored.

The article reports that British grocery and retail chain Tesco PLC is planning to close its U.S. operations. According to Chief Executive Philip Clarke, the company will close its Fresh and Easy brand of grocery stores that originally opened in 2007. Information is provided on discontent among Tesco's investors, the negative impact of the U.S. sub-prime mortgage crisis and recession on Fresh and Easy's profits, and Tesco's U.S. business strategy.

The article discusses a report by economists from the U.S. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) on the economic impact of government spending cuts and tax increases scheduled for January 1, 2013. According to the report, the U.S. could suffer another recession if the so-called "fiscal cliff" is not resolved by Republican lawmakers and the administration of U.S. President Barack Obama. Information is provided on Obama's plan to maintain middle class tax cuts while increasing rates for the wealthy.

The article looks at how the conclusion of the 2012 U.S. presidential and congressional elections will impact financial markets. Particular attention is given to investors' interest in the 2012 expiration of over $600 billion in tax cuts and spending, known as the "fiscal cliff," that could possibly result in a recession and how the election winners will address the issue. The financial market impact of a victory by either President Barack Obama or Republican nominee Mitt Romney is also covered.

The article examines forecasts from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for global economic conditions starting in 2012. It states that economic growth is expected to slow in almost every major nation as political uncertainties delay recoveries in the U.S. and the euro-zone, leading to a greater risk of recession. Financial advice from the IMF includes cutting national budgets, installing economic overhauls, and targeting higher inflation rates to increase competitiveness among euro-zone countries.

The article examines how declining global trade impacts the economic conditions in the United States. Factors contributing to the lack of growth include a recession in Europe, the slowing Chinese economy, and poor U.S. economic growth. Direct effects on the U.S. include decreased exports to Europe and China, downgraded global growth estimates by U.S. companies, and potential revisions to U.S. President Barack Obama's plans to double U.S. exports to increase manufacturing jobs.

The article reports on the U.S. economy during the second quarter of 2012, noting a government report which shows that growth in gross domestic product (GDP) slowed, and examines the possibility that tax increases or the European sovereign debt crisis could lead to a U.S. recession. The article says that the report could lead the U.S. Federal Reserve to take steps to spur economic growth. The article also examines the report's findings on consumer spending, unemployment, and exports.

The article discusses rising wages in China, arguing that higher wages and structural shortages in the labor market could help the country adjust to its economic slowdown. The article also examines China's transition to a higher-wage economy, demographic changes in China, and the country's unemployment rate.

The article discusses second-quarter corporate earnings for 2012, looking at the effects that disappointing earnings could have on securities markets. The article examines stock prices and notes that low earnings have been caused by slowing economies, the value of the U.S. dollar, and high fuel costs.. The article says that companies including the automobile company Ford Motor Co., Texas Instruments Inc., and the consumer goods company Procter & Gamble have issued warnings about earnings.

The article looks at research on the job market in the U.S. as of July 2012. It is noted that jobs that involve assisting or caring for other people have remained in demand before, during, and after the recession following the 2008 global financial crisis. In comparison, demand for skilled workers has remained strong but middle-skill, middle-wage jobs have been replaced by technology and automation.

The article reports that Spain became the seventh European Union (EU) country of the euro area monetary union to enter recession. The weak economic conditions within the euro area are considered in terms of their political impact on EU countries due to rising voter dissatisfaction with the austerity policies created in response to the European sovereign debt crisis.

The article discusses financial reports from several large European banks for the first economic quarter of 2012 including Barclays PLC, Deutsche Bank AG, and Banco Santander SA. According to the article, the financial reports demonstrated that European banks were capable of turning large profits during financial crises. The article also discusses the possibility of European economies slipping into recessions during the remainder of 2012.

The article examines economic conditions in Ireland. Efforts by the country to retrain unemployed persons for different jobs are considered in terms of its unemployment rate of 14.6 percent and an ongoing recession. An increase in emigration in 2011 is discussed. It is noted that since Ireland is a member of the euro area monetary union, it cannot devalue its currency to promote exports.

The article discusses several finalists for the publication's "Small Business, Big Innovation" competition. The winner was Quadlogic Controls Corp., a maker of energy-tracking products for residential buildings. Details are presented on how Quadlogic and other finalists including gourmet-mushroom producer Back to the Roots LLC and kitchen-designer Henrybuilt Corp. kept themselves in business amid a severe economic recession in the U.S.

The article looks at October 2011 improvements in the U.S. stock markets. Causes noted for the updraft include indications that the U.S. will avoid a double-dip recession, the united stance taken by European leaders in battling the euro zone's debt crisis, and the maintained strength of corporate earnings. Other topics discussed include signs that investors are becoming more willing to invest in riskier ventures including junk bonds and emerging-market debt.

The article reports that stock markets around the globe declined amid investor concerns that the global economy could relapse into recession. Stock indexes in Japan and China both slipped close to 2%, while the Stoxx Europe 600 index of European companies fell over 4%. A report on weak job growth in the U.S. reinforced doubts about the health of the global economy.

The article looks at small business enterprises in the U.S., focusing on how they are struggling to recover from recession. The influence of inflation and economic uncertainty on the hiring and capital expenditure decisions of small business owners is discussed. Small business enterprises discussed include Tribute Inc., Bleachsafe Towel Co., and Phoenix Products Inc.

The article reports that state and local tax receipts in the U.S. during 2010 were nearly equal to those collected during 2008, before an economic recession substantially reduced revenues. Contributing factors included a reviving U.S. economy and tax hikes imposed amid the recession. Government-worker pensions and other factors continue to pose a challenge to state finances, though.

The article focuses on increased sales of folk magic hoodoo products. It states that Internet sales of hoodoo supplies and the 2008 U.S. recession have resulted in increased practice of hoodoo. Richard Miller, owner of hoodoo and homeopathic remedy shop Miller's Rexall in Atlanta, Georgia, said that business is good and that his website accounts for the bulk of his sales. It mentions some blacks are criticizing the commercialization of hoodoo and perceived corruption of their spiritual beliefs.

The article reports on the bonuses paid by U.S. law firms in 2010. The central focus of the article is on the fact that bonus payments at law firms are not expected to rise much over 2009 levels. A number of factors contribute to this development including the lack of improvement in business over the year owing to the impact of the recession, the need to hold down legal costs, and regulations at law firms.

The article reports on the U.S. recreational vehicle (RV) industry in late 2010. It is noted that RV sales have been depressed owing to the global financial crisis of 2008-09 and the subsequent recession. In an attempt to improve sales, the RV industry is adopting a number of changes including the marketing of more fuel efficient vehicles, increased advertising stressing the economical nature of RV travel, and the introduction of sleeker designs.

The article focuses on the Canadian lumber industry in 2010. It states that increased demand from the Chinese construction industry has negated a lack of demand by the U.S. housing market and a global recession. It mentions that Canadian mills Canfor Forest Products Inc. and Western Forest Products Inc. have rehired employees they laid off during the recession and are exporting pine and hemlock to China.

The article discusses the impact of an 18-month economic recession in the U.S. that the National Bureau of Economic Research declared ended in June, 2009. Over 7 million jobs were lost, and about one-fifth of households' net worth was destroyed. Gross domestic product fell by more than 4%. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development does not expect the U.S. to regain all jobs that were lost before 2013.

The article reports that relatively few U.S. companies have restored their matching contributions to employees' 401(K) plans that were either reduced or eliminated amid an economic recession. Parcel-delivery firm FedEx said it would take about two years for it to fully re-establish its 401(K) contributions, while rival company United Parcel Service Inc. has yet to announce plans for restoring payments it halted in 2009.

The article discusses factors contributing to a decline in financial markets on June 29, 2010, including a 2.6% drop in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Research group The Conference Board reported that consumer confidence in the U.S. fell in June, 2010. The Board also lowered a leading indicator it maintains of economic growth in China. A faltering housing market and weak job growth in the U.S. have revived concerns that the economy could lapse back into recession.

The article discusses productivity growth in the U.S. Productivity rose throughout most of a recent recession, and during the fourth quarter of 2009 it jumped 5.8%. Contributing factors include motivated workers eager to retain their jobs, new equipment, and better processes. In the short term, a drop in productivity growth could lead to more hiring and lower unemployment.

The article discusses the market for private-equity buyouts in the U.S. In the aftermath of an economic recession, credit conditions have improved enough to make buyouts more feasible. Some in the financial industry speculate there could be at least one $10 billion deal in the offing, the first of that magnitude since October, 2007.

The article discusses the harmful consequences of widespread layoffs to combat a recession. Research by Professor Wayne Mascio found that firms implementing the largest staff cuts underperformed their industry peers for several years after the economy rebounded. Honeywell chief executive David Cote has acknowledged it was a mistake to dismiss 25% of his firm's work force after sales fell 11% several years ago.

The article discusses how an economic downturn in the U.S. has diminished the ability of parents to provide financial assistance to their children. Without help from their parents, some people may be forced to postpone attending college or purchasing a home. Specifics for several affected families are discussed including that of Maurice Johnson, who was laid off from GE Capital in 2009.

This article reports on how some cross country truck drivers are coping with the free time that has resulted from the poor economy. Delivery loads for such truckers dropped by 15 percent in 2009, the largest drop in modern history. One trucker fills his spare time by sewing quilts in his truck cab. Dave White sews the quilts while waiting at truck stops for his next load to pick up.

The article reports that some companies have begun to reinstate pay cuts imposed during an economic recession. Seagate Technology restored a 10% reduction for nonexecutive personnel, while EMC Corp. has completely reversed earlier cuts. Amid uncertain business conditions, though, firms continue to be cautious about payroll costs.

The article discusses continued parsimony on the part of U.S. consumers in the wake of a severe economic recession. Amid high unemployment and a struggling housing market, consumer spending remains subdued. Several retailers including Target Corp. and Macy's Inc. expect sales to be sluggish through at least the first half of 2010.

The article discusses the impact on nonprofit groups in the U.S. of a weak economy. Amid falling levels of government support and private donations, nonprofits have had to resort to various measures including budget cuts, mergers with other organizations, and cessation of operations. Some believe economic prosperity that preceded a recession led to the creation of too many noprofit organizations.