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The writers present an analysis of the remote results of the combination therapy in 208 patients with cancer of the urinary bladder, depending on the histological form of the tumor. Radical surgery was performed in 193 patients, palliative--in 15. All types of surgical intervention were associated with radiotherapy in the pre- and postoperative period. The survival for 3 years and longer was noted in 153 patients, for 5 years and longer--in 69. Transitional-cell papilloma is characterized by the most favourable prognosis.

The results of histological and cytologic examination of the material obtained from 289 transrectal punction biopsies of the prostate carried out in 278 patients were compared. Smears were prepared from bioptates and stained haematoxylineosin after the method of Papenheim, Papanicolaou modified by A. V. Rudenko and L. K. Koonitsa. They were also treated with acridin orange (1:10,000). The histological examination established cancer in 66, nodose hyperplasia--97, chronic prostatitis--38, tuberculosis--4, fibrosis of prostatic stroma--9 and unaltered tissue in 48 cases. Cancer was suspected in 8 cases, while prostatic tissue was not identified in preparations in 8 cases. The cytological study detected cancer in 73 and chronic prostatitis in 42 cases. Cancer was suspected in 8 cases. No tumor or epithelial elements were identified in 148 and 7 cases, respectively. The cytological diagnosis was valid in 81% and cancer was erroneously diagnosed in 18 cases. Malignancy was not detected in 11 cancer patients. The cytological analysis failed to identify any difference between nodose hyperplasia and unaltered tissue of the prostate. It proved to be able to verify clear- and dark-celled adenocarcinoma as well as small cell and polymorphocellular carcinoma. However, it also failed to identify cribriform carcinoma and anaplastic adenocarcinoma.

The authors share their experience with cryosurgical treatment of 38 patients with prostatic cancer (stage T3--in 9 patients, T4--in 29). The technic of cryotherapy is described. The former was employed in patients with complete obstruction of the cervico-urethral segment being nonresponsive to the hormone- and radiotherapy, and also for a life cystostome. Three freezing sessions for 5--15 minutes were conducted with natural warming of the prostate between sessions during 10--12 minutes, and forced warming for 3--4 minutes after the third session. The optimum time of cryoeffect was 5--7 minutes. The postoperative period was smooth, uncomplicated. The process of rejection of the frozen tissues lasted for up to 4--6 weeks, after that a suprapubic drainage was withdrawn and uresis was restored. 32 patients were discharged from the clinic, the survival up to 3 months--in 2, up to 6 months--in 6, up to 1 year--in 4, up to 2 years--in 7, up to 3 years--in 7.

Out of 335 patients with testicular neoplasms, cryptorchidism was concomitant in 84 cases (25%). 28 patients underwent orchiopexy at the age of 5-52 years. Tumor was detected, on the average, 14,4 years after the operation. Orchiopexy contributes to carcinogenesis in the undescended testicle. The rate of incidence of non-seminomatous tumor is relatively higher in patients after orchiopexy than in untreated cases of cryptorchidism. Patients with undescended testicle should be referred to a group at high risk and be followed up.

A comparative analysis of morphological peculiarities and clinical course of seminoma makes the case for distinguishing three types of the tumor. Prognosis in cases of typical seminoma depends on the level of differentiation of tumor cell elements and stage of tumor. Alkylating drugs and radiotherapy should be a method of choice in treatment of patients with typical seminoma. High orchofuniculectomy may be sufficient at the initial stages of spermatocytic seminoma due to its favorable clinical course determined by a high level of specific differentiation of tumor cells. Electron microscopic analysis of anaplastic seminoma showed cells with signs of differentiation towards trophoblast (chorionepithelioma elements) and embryonal entoderm (yolk sac tumor) characterized by a relatively higher malignancy. These data account for the tendency of anaplastic seminoma to rapidly disseminate and suggest application of adjuvant chemotherapy and lymphadenectomy.