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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of unilateral topical application of rocuronium bromide in scops owls. ANIMALS STUDIED Ten healthy adult scops owls. PROCEDURES Birds weighting between 82-111 g were enrolled. Complete physical and ophthalmic examinations were performed. Each animal received a single dose of 0.15 mg of rocuronium bromide (30 µL) in a randomly selected eye. Static pupillometric evaluations were performed before and after drug instillation at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, in a room with fixed light intensity. Physical and ophthalmic examinations were carried out to evaluate possible adverse effects. RESULTS Median pupil (95% CI) size at t0 was 7.10 mm (5.51-7.41) for placebo eyes and 7.22 mm (6.93-7.48) for treated eyes, showing no statistical differences (P > .05). When compared to the placebo eye, significant mydriasis was achieved at t30 [8.18 mm (7.22-9.00)] (P = .014) and lasting until t90 [7.35 mm (6.20-9.52)] (P = .004). Maximal mydriasis was obtained at t60 [8.63 mm (7.72-9.81)] (P = .001). During this period, the treated eye no longer responded to direct light stimulation. Complete mydriasis was observed in 5/10 birds (mean weight 97.4 g). Pupil size at t90 and t120 did not differ from baseline (P > .05) in treated eyes. No adverse effects were seen during the study period. CONCLUSION Single-dose topical rocuronium bromide (0.15 mg) is a safe and effective medium duration mydriatic agent in scops owls. Further studies are needed to evaluate bilateral topical application and standardize the mydriatic protocol.

Objective To describe and evaluate the use of corneoconjunctival transposition (CTT) as a surgical treatment for canine deep stromal ulcers, descemetoceles, and full-thickness corneal defects and to determine its efficacy in preserving corneal graft transparency and vision. Animals studied One hundred client-owned dogs with deep stromal ulcers, descemetoceles, or full-thickness corneal defects. Methods Medical records of canine patients that underwent CCT, from 2012 to 2018, were reviewed. Only, patients with preoperative positive consensual pupillary light and dazzle reflexes were included. Results There were 59 males and 41 females, from 0.3 to 17 years. Brachycephalic breeds were overrepresented (65%). All patients were unilaterally affected, with 16 deep stromal ulcers, 33 descemetoceles, and 51 corneal perforations, of a median (range) size of 4 (2-8) mm. The central cornea was affected in the majority of cases (57%), and euryblepharon and keratoconjunctivitis sicca were the most common concurrent ocular diseases (42% and 40%, respectively). The graft was most frequently harvested from dorsal (67%), and 9/0 absorbable suture material was used. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were seen in 7 and 21 cases, respectively. Mean follow-up time was 107.8 days. Vision was preserved in 96% patients, with 62% showing faint to mild opacification. Among the statistically analyzed variables, euryblepharon and pigmentary keratitis were found to be significantly associated with greater corneal graft opacification (P = .040 and P = .028, respectively). Conclusions Corneoconjunctival transposition is an effective surgical treatment for deep stromal, descemetocele, and full-thickness corneal defects in dogs, achieving a highly satisfactory degree of corneal graft transparency and preserving vision.

Objective To evaluate microbiological, histological, and ultrastructural characteristics of short-term cryopreserved (STC) equine corneoscleral tissue ( 7 years). Animals studied Thirty-four healthy equine globes. Procedure After a decontamination protocol, globes were enucleated and stored at -20°C in broad-spectrum antibiotics. Corneoscleral tissue was evaluated at different storage periods: 1 month-1 year (20 eyes) and 7-9 years (12 eyes). Two eyes were used as controls. Microbiologic study included direct (blood, McConkey, and Sabouraud agars) and enrichment (brain-heart infusion broth) cultures. Cryopreservation artifacts were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin. Corneoscleral collagen organization and number of normal and dead keratocytes were established by transmission electron microscopy. Results All microbiologic direct cultures were negative. Enrichment cultures were positive in 12.5% of corneal and 59.4% of scleral tissues (pcornea = 0.136; psclera = 1.000). Cryopreservation artifacts were most commonly observed in LTC tissues (P = 0.002). Normal keratocytes were predominant in STC corneas (STC 60% and LTC 0%) and apoptotic ones in LTC (STC 40% and LTC 90%), whereas necrotic keratocytes were only seen in LTC (LTC 10%) (P = 0.001). No structural differences were detected in collagen organization between STC and LTC (pcornea = 1.000; psclera = 0.703). Conclusions Cryopreservation of equine corneoscleral tissue did not yield direct bacterial contamination. Apoptosis is the main cause of death of cryopreserved equine keratocytes. Based on the lack of significant structural differences between STC and LTC samples, these cryopreserved tissues could potentially be used for tectonic support for at least 9 years without structural or microbiological impediment.

OBJECTIVE To describe the surgical technique and outcome of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) for treatment of complicated corneal ulcers in dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED One hundred and eleven dogs. PROCEDURE Medical records (2010-2017) were reviewed to identify canine patients that underwent AMT for the treatment of complicated corneal ulcers. Quantitative and ordinal variables were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's Exact test. RESULTS Brachycephalic breeds were overrepresented (74/111; 66.6%). Three dogs were bilaterally affected. Fifty-one had melting ulcers (51/114; 44.7%), 33 stromal ulcers (33/63; 52.4%), 17 descemetoceles (17/63; 27%), and 13 perforations (13/63;20.6%). Mean defect size was 6.2 mm (2-18 mm). Human (32/114; 28.1%) or bovine (82/114; 71.9%) (AmnioVet(R)) cryopreserved amniotic membranes were used. Monolayer (31/114; 27.2%), bilayer (44/114; 38.6%) or multilayer technique (39/114; 34.2%) was performed, being anchored to the limbus (52/114; 45.6%), to the defect (48/114; 42.1%) or both (14/114; 12.3%). Mean epithelial healing and follow-up times were 25.6 days (15-45) and 98.7 days (21-400), respectively. Most common postsurgical complications included pigmentation (10/114; 8.8%) and graft failure (5/114; 4.4%). Depth and size of corneal lesions, human amniotic membrane (AM) and concurrent ocular diseases were associated with more complications (P

OBJECTIVE To determine endothelial cell density (ECD) and morphology and morphometry of corneal endothelial cells in the tawny owl (Strix aluco), as well as to report the effects of aging on these parameters. ANIMAL STUDY AND PROCEDURES Twenty tawny owls were included in the study and classified into 2 groups according to their age: fledglings ( 1 year old). Central corneal endothelium was studied by means of noncontact specular microscopy (Specular Microscope SP-2000P; Topcon, Tokyo, Japan), and results for ECD (cells/mm2 ), mean cell area ((MCA (μm2 )), polymegathism (CV), and pleomorphism (% hexagonal cells) were obtained. Results are described by median, interquartile range (25th, 75th percentiles), and absolute range for ECD, MCA, pleomorphism, and polymegathism. In addition, inferential analyses by Mann-Whitney U test were also performed. A two-tailed Type I error of 5% was established. RESULTS Results in fledglings were as follows: ECD = 2864 cells/mm2 , MCA = 348 μm2 , % hexagonal cells = 72.75%, and CV = 21. Results in adults were as follows: ECD = 2602 cells/mm2 , MCA = 384 μm2 , % hexagonal cells = 78.83%, and CV = 16. No significant differences in ECD and MCA were seen between the groups (P > .05), although there were significant differences in % hexagonal cells and CV (P

Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of topical 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride (CH) on tear production (TP), pupil size (PS), and intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs. Animal studied Fifteen healthy beagle dogs from the UAB research-teaching colony. Procedure Dogs without ocular diseases were included. Each animal received one drop of 1% CH ophthalmic solution in a randomly selected eye. TP, PS, and IOP were evaluated by means of STT-1, static pupillometry, and rebound tonometry, respectively. Evaluations were performed before drug instillation and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, 72, 84, and 96 h postinstillation. Examinations took place in a room with fixed light intensity (40–55 lux). Statistical analysis was performed by means of generalized estimating equations for the effect on STT-1, pupil size, and IOP over time. Results After unilateral application of 1% CH, significant pupillary dilation started at 30 min, reached its maximum at 12 h, and returned to pre-instillation size after 72 h. No significant effects were found on TP or IOP, at any time. No effects were observed in the untreated eye on any of the parameters evaluated. Conclusion Cyclopentolate hydrochloride could be considered a therapeutic alternative when use of a cycloplegic drug is needed and effects on tear production and IOP are unwanted.

Objective The purpose of the study was to determine corneal thickness (CT), endothelial cell density (ECD), morphology, and morphometry in ovine eyes, and to report the effects of age and breed on these parameters. Animals studied and procedures Forty-eight healthy ovine eyes were classified into six groups (eight eyes per group) according to animals' age (lambs and adults) and breed (Manchega, Ripollesa, and Rasa Aragonesa). Endothelial cell density (cells/mm2) and CT (μm) were calculated in the central cornea and four peripheral quadrants by means of specular microscopy. Mean cell area (MCA (μm2)), pleomorphism (% hexagonal cells), and polymegethism (CV) were evaluated in the central cornea. Statistics consisted of an ANOVA model and a LSD test for the post hoc analysis. Results Results in lambs were as follows: ECD = 3532 ± 259, CT = 699 ± 56, MCA = 283 ± 22, % hexagonal cells = 75.64 ± 3.09, and CV = 18 ± 8.4; and in adults: ECD = 2204 ± 261, CT = 804 ± 87, MCA = 473 ± 53, % hexagonal cells = 69.9 ± 3.42, and CV = 18.1 ± 5.2. There were differences (P

To evaluate microbiological, histological, and ultrastructural characteristics of short-term cryopreserved (STC) canine corneoscleral tissue (1 year) and to compare it with long-term cryopreserved (LTC) tissue (6 years).Thirty-six healthy canine globes.After a decontamination protocol, globes were enucleated and stored at -20 °C. Corneoscleral tissue was evaluated at different periods:1 year (20 eyes) and6 years (12 eyes). Four eyes were used as controls. Microbiologic study included direct (blood, McConkey and Sabouraud agars) and enrichment (brain-heart infusion broth) cultures. Cryopreservation artifacts were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin. Corneoscleral collagen organization and number of normal and dead keratocytes were established by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was also used for keratocyte characterization.Corneal microbial growth was observed in 25% of the direct STC cultures, and in 47.4% and 16.7% of the enriched STC and LTC cultures, respectively. Scleral STC direct cultures were 30% positive, while enrichment cultures were positive in 66.7% and 16.7% of the STC and LTC, respectively (P = 0.011). Cryopreservation artifacts were higher in LTC tissues (P 0.001). Apoptotic keratocytes were predominant by TEM and TUNEL, in both STC and LTC. Minimal structural differences were detected in collagen organization between STC and LTC.Cryopreservation of canine corneoscleral tissue seems to reduce bacterial contamination over time. Apoptosis is the main way of death of cryopreserved canine keratocytes. Based on the lack of significant structural differences between STC and LTC samples, these cryopreserved tissues could potentially be used for tectonic support for at least 8 years without structural or microbiological impediment.

Purpose To describe the outcome of modified brow suspension technique for the treatment of upper eyelid pseudoptosis in canine patients with redundant frontal skin folds. Methods Medical records from 1999 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Only dogs that underwent modified brow suspension for treating bilateral pseudoptosis were included in the study. Recorded data included breed, age, gender, main ophthalmic complaint, ocular findings, suture material used for brow suspension, number of slings placed, postoperative treatment, complications, follow-up time, and outcome. Results Twenty-five adult dogs of different gender and breed fulfilled the inclusion criteria, with the Shar-Pei being overrepresented (19/25;76%). The main complaint at first presentation was mucopurulent discharge (10/25;40%) and blepharospasm (10/25;40%). Concurrent corneal disease was diagnosed in 47 eyes (47/50;94%). Monofilament polyamide was the most frequently used suture material (46/50;92%). Number of slings placed varied, with one in two eyes (4%), two in 28 eyes (56%), three in 17 eyes (34%), and four in three eyes (6%). Complications were seen in three eyes (6%): suture rupture (one eye; 2%) and skin abscess (two eyes; 4%). Mean follow-up time was 17.6 months (1-84 months), with no cases of fold dermatitis or dermatologic disease observed within this period. Good esthetic and functional outcomes were obtained in 47 eyes at first intervention (97%) and in all patients after re-intervention. Conclusions The modified brow suspension technique described offers a surgical alternative for dogs with pseudoptosis secondary to redundant frontal skin folds that potentially reduces anesthetic time and facial changes.

Objective To describe corneal grafting for the treatment of full-thickness corneal defects in dogs and to determine its effectiveness in preserving vision. Methods A review of the medical records of dogs that underwent corneal grafting following corneal perforations (≥3 mm) at the VTH-UAB from 2002 to 2012 was carried out. Results Fifty dogs of different breed, age and gender were included. Brachycephalic breeds were overrepresented (37/50;74%). All cases were unilateral, with euryblepharon being the most common concurrent ocular abnormality (20/50;40%). Full-thickness penetrating keratoplasties (FTPK) were performed in 21/50 eyes (42%) and lamellar keratoplasties (LK) in 29/50 eyes (58%). Frozen grafts (FroG) were used in 43/50 eyes (86%) and fresh homologous grafts (FreHoG) in 7/50 (14%). Of the former group, 26 were homologous (FroHoG:60%) and 17 heterologous (FroHeG:40%). A combination of topical medication (antibiotics, corticosteroids, cycloplegics, and 0.2% cyclosporine A) and systemic mycophenolate mofetil was administered. Median follow-up time was 200 days. Postsurgical complications included wound dehiscence (6/50;12%) and glaucoma (4/50;8%). Clinical signs of graft rejection were diagnosed as follows: FroHoG (13/26;50%), FroHeG (11/17;65%), FreHoG (4/7;57%), FTPK (12/21;57%), and LK (16/29;55%). Medical treatment successfully controlled graft rejection in 11/28 eyes (39%). Good anatomical outcome was achieved in 86% (43/50), of which 95% (41/43) were visual at last examination, with moderate opacification to complete transparency of the graft present in 48.2%. Conclusions Corneal grafting is an effective surgical treatment for full-thickness corneal defects in dogs. If graft rejection is present, additional medical or surgical therapy may be necessary, achieving a highly satisfactory visual outcome.

Objective To investigate fibrinolytic activity in aqueous humor (AH) of healthy and sick dogs, with and without cataracts. Procedure Prospective observational clinical study. A total of 45 dogs were included in the study. Physical and ophthalmic examinations, complete blood cell count (CBC) and serum biochemistry panel were performed in all animals. According to the ocular and systemic diagnoses, animals were classified into three groups: sick dogs without cataracts (20 dogs; 40 eyes), diabetic dogs with cataracts (11 dogs; 22 eyes), and healthy dogs with cataracts (14 dogs; 25 eyes). Bilateral AH and blood samples were collected during intraocular surgery (25 dogs; 47 eyes), or immediately after euthanasia (20 dogs; 40 eyes). Citrated samples were centrifuged and stored at −81 °C until analysis. Plasma and AH D-dimer concentration were determined using a quantitative immunoturbidimetric latex agglutination assay. Results A total of 108 canine samples (45 plasma and 87 AH samples) were obtained. D-dimer concentration in log-scale, in AH of eyes with diabetic cataract was significantly higher than AH of eyes with nondiabetic cataract, with a difference of 0.9 ng/mL 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.2; 1.6) P = 0.0116 and higher than that of sick animals with healthy eyes, with a estimated difference of −0.89 ng/mL 95% CI (−1.52; −0.25) P = 0.0061. Plasma D-dimer concentration was significantly higher in the group of animals with systemic disease [median 606 ng/mL, Interquartil Range (IQR) 145–1956 ng/mL] than in healthy dogs (median 47.5 ng/mL, IQR 4–250 ng/mL) (P = 0.002) and diabetic dogs (median 60.5 ng/mL, IQR 0–147.5 ng/mL) (P

Case description: An 11-year-old Arabian mare was presented for investigation of a visible, pale-colored intraocular mass in the right eye. Clinical findings: An intraocular mass was detected clinically and ultrasonographically as originating from the superior temporal quadrant of the ciliary body and iris and causing secondary glaucoma. The echodense mass was occupying the majority of the vitreous chamber and extended into the anterior chamber. The left eye appeared normal. Treatment and Outcome: Enucleation was recommended for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. No adjuvant treatment was given. Histopathological examination demonstrated a benign intraocular teratoid medulloepithelioma located at the ciliary body. Immunohistochemical studies showed that neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and nestin and negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Electron microscopy revealed abundant cellular matrix and blood vessels surrounding tumor cells, which had indented, round to oval nuclei. There were also apoptotic bodies and cells containing melanosomes of variable shape and size. Eight years later, the horse has had no recurrence and maintains normal vision in the left eye. Clinical relevance: This is the first report of a benign teratoid intraocular medulloepithelioma in an adult horse and the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characterization of a teratoid medulloepithelioma in this species.

Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy, outcome, and complications following penetrating sclerokeratoplasty and frozen homologous corneoscleral grafting for the management of extensive canine epibulbar melanocytomas. Methods Medical records of canine patients treated at three different veterinary hospitals between 1999 and 2010 were reviewed. Signalment, location and extent of melanocytomas, recurrence rate, and early and late complications were reported. Patients were re-examined postoperatively to provide follow-up information. Results Patients included one intact male, three castrated males, six intact females, and one spayed female, with a median age of 5 years (range, 3–9). German Shepherds were overrepresented. Tumors extended from 2 to 4 clock hours at the limbus and up to 17 mm from clear cornea to globe equator. One case showed iridocorneal angle invasion; corneal involvement was present in all cases, and lipid keratopathy was present in four cases. In two cases, there was incomplete resection owing to tumor extent. Follow-up time ranged from 3 to 72 months (median, 17 months), with one case of intraocular tumor progression. Early complications included anterior uveitis (11/11), intracameral fibrin (5/11), hyphema (4/11), corneal edema (4/11), exuberant corneal granulation tissue (2/11), focal retinal edema (1/11), dyscoria (1/11), and partial suture dehiscence (1/11). Late complications included corneal fibrosis and/or pigmentation (11/11), faint anterior cortical cataracts (3/11), and lipid keratopathy (1/11). Vision was retained in all cases. Conclusions This technique offers a surgically challenging but effective treatment for extensive epibulbar melanocytomas. In this case series, complications were mild and transient, with preservation of ocular anatomy and function.

Purpose Canine lymphoma (CL) is one of the most common forms of spontaneous canine neoplasia. Improved understanding of the genetic and environmental factors associated with CL may provide benefits for the study of non-Hodgkin’s and Hodgkin’s lymphoma in humans. Uveodermatologic lymphoma is reported in a single household of Portuguese water dog, and the etiology is discussed. Methods A 1-year-old female intact Portuguese water dog was referred to the Ophthalmology Service of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Autonomous University of Barcelona because of acute blepharospasm of the right eye in association with a multinodular dermatosis. Physical and ophthalmological examination and a complete diagnostic work-up, including skin and ocular histopathology and immunohistochemistry, were performed. Three months prior, in Galicia (Spain), 1200 km away from Barcelona, a male dog of the same litter showed very similar oculodermatological clinical signs and skin histopathology, and immunohistochemistry were obtained. Results The clinical diagnoses were anterior exudative uveitis, iridal masses, and secondary glaucoma. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry revealed a nonepitheliotropic lymphoma rich in B cell in dog 1 and rich in T cell in dog 2. Conclusion It is proposed that an underlying genetic predisposition could have played a role in the development of lymphoma in these two young related dogs.

Objective To determine the type, prevalence, and prognosis of ocular and periocular lesions in free-living little owls (LO) and scops owls (SO), injured by blunt trauma. Procedures Medical records from LO and SO with ocular or periocular lesions secondary to blunt trauma were reviewed. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed in all birds. Short protocol electroretinography (ERG) and ocular ultrasound were performed as dictated by the case. Results During the study period, a total of 158 LO and 99 SO with blunt trauma were admitted. Among these, 43 LO (27.8%) and 27 SO (27.3%) had ocular or periocular lesions. Bilateral injuries (72.1% LO and 81.5% SO) were more common than unilateral. Common findings in both species were: corneal erosions/superficial ulcers, anterior and posterior uveitis, cataracts, hyphema, posterior synechia, vitreal hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Electroretinography was performed in 32 LO and eight SO, which had posterior segment lesions or opacity of the transparent media. Normal to nonrecordable b-wave amplitudes were observed. Follow-up was available in 13 LO and 11 SO. Among these, nine LO (14 eyes) and 10 SO (17 eyes) had resolution of the clinical signs following medical treatment. Conclusions Ocular lesions are common in LO and SO injured by blunt trauma. Electroretinography is a valuable diagnostic tool to assess the severity of retinal dysfunction secondary to blunt trauma and to determine the response to medical treatment. A complete ophthalmic examination is a determining factor in the early management of trauma in these species.

Bilateral exudative chorioretinitis was diagnosed in an 18-month-old male neutered ferret (Mustela putorius furo) with a generalized Cryptococcus gattii infection confirmed by PCR. The animal was referred to the Ophthalmology Service of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (VTH-UAB) for acute onset blindness. Complete ophthalmic examination revealed absent menace response and dazzle reflex in both eyes (OU), as well as subretinal edema located in the tapetal fundus. At that time, the clinical ophthalmologic diagnosis was bilateral exudative chorioretinitis. Treatment with prednisone (0.5 mg/kg PO q24 h) was instituted in addition to the ongoing treatment with fluconazole (10 mg/kg PO q24 h). The following rechecks revealed secondary cataracts with subsequent lens subluxation and panretinal degeneration OU. Despite being blind and the poor prognosis of disseminate cryptococcosis, the patient remained active and in good body condition during 6 months after the initial diagnosis. At that time, the ferret showed ataxia, incontinence, and generalized pain. A magnetic resonance imaging study revealed a mass affecting the spine. The owners declined further investigations and the ferret was humanely euthanized. The postmortem histopathology confirmed the initial diagnosis of cryptococcosis and the presence of intraretinal Cryptococcus spp. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of Cryptococcus spp. induced exudative chorioretinitis in a ferret.

A 10 year-old, spayed female Domestic Short-Haired (DSH) cat was diagnosed with a large primary uveal melanoma and exenteration was recommended. Thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasonography, and complete blood count and serum biochemistry panel did not reveal any abnormality compatible with metastatic disease and surgery was performed. Histopathologic study of the eye confirmed a diffuse iris melanoma. Five months later, the cat presented with a lameness of the right anterior extremity. On physical exam the right elbow was swollen and painful. Radiographs showed a severe osteolysis of the radial head and proximal diaphysis. Fine needle aspiration of the radius head identified a round cell neoplasm with scattered cells containing intracytoplasmatic pigmented granules, compatible with metastatic melanoma. The owners decided not to treat the patient with chemotherapy and declined a biopsy. Two months later, the cat died and necropsy was performed confirming bone metastasis of the uveal melanoma. A diagnosis of generalized metastasis from primary diffuse iris melanoma was made. This report describes, for the first time, long bone metastasis from an uveal melanoma in a cat.

Objective To describe the ophthalmologic, neurologic, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of seven animals with acute postretinal blindness as sole neurologic deficit. Methods Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs and cats with postretinal blindness of acute presentation, that had a cranial MRI performed as part of the diagnostic workup. Only animals lacking other neurologic signs at presentation were included. Complete physical, ophthalmic, and neurologic examinations, routine laboratory evaluations, thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, electroretinography, and brain MRI were performed in all animals. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and postmortem histopathologic results were recorded when available. Results Four dogs and three cats met the inclusion criteria. Lesions affecting the visual pathways were observed on magnetic resonance (MR) images in six cases. Location, extension, and MRI features were described. Neuroanatomic localization included: olfactory region with involvement of the optic chiasm (n = 4), pituitary fossa with involvement of the optic chiasm and optic tracts (n = 1), and optic nerves (n = 1). Of all lesions detected, five were consistent with intracranial tumors (two meningiomas, one pituitary tumor, two nasal tumors with intracranial extension), and one with bilateral optic neuritis that was confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Histologic diagnosis was obtained in four cases and included one meningioma, one pituitary carcinoma, one nasal osteosarcoma, and one nasal carcinoma. Conclusions Central nervous system (CNS) disease should be considered in dogs and cats with acute blindness, even when other neurologic deficits are absent. This study emphasizes the relevance of MRI as a diagnostic tool for detection and characterization of CNS lesions affecting the visual pathways.

Objective Canine leishmaniosis is a disease characterized by the wide distribution of the parasite throughout the tissues of the host. The purpose of this study was to describe the presence of Leishmania spp. and associated inflammation in ocular-associated muscles of dogs with patent leishmaniosis. Procedures Smooth muscles (iris dilator muscle, iris sphincter muscle, ciliary muscle, Muller muscle, smooth muscle of the periorbita and smooth muscle of the nictitating membrane) and striated muscles (orbicularis oculi muscle, obliquus dorsalis muscle and dorsal rectus muscle) were evaluated. Routine staining with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry to detect Leishmania spp. were performed on tissue sections. Results Granulomatous inflammation was seen surrounding muscular fibers and was composed mainly of macrophages with scattered lymphocytes and plasma cells. This infiltrate could be seen in 52/473 (10.99%) samples of smooth muscle and 36/142 (25.35%) samples of striated muscle. Parasites were detected in 43/473 (9.09%) samples of smooth muscle and in 28/142 (19.71%) samples of striated muscle. Conclusions To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report assessing the presence of Leishmania spp. and associated infiltrate in intraocular, extraocular and adnexal smooth and striated muscles. The inflammation present in those muscles could contribute to clinical signs already described, such as blepharitis, uveitis, and orbital cellulitis.

Objective To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained by recently introduced rebound tonometer (ICare®) and the well-known applanation tonometer Tonopen XL® in normal canine eyes. Methods In a prospective, randomized, single-center study, IOP measurements by ICare® and Tonopen XL® tonometers were compared in 160 nonpathologic canine eyes (80 dogs). Complete slit-lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy were performed on each dog. Rebound tonometry was performed first and immediately after topical anesthetic drops were instilled in both eyes. One minute after the application of the topical anesthetic, applanation tonometry was performed in both eyes. The intraocular pressures obtained by use of both techniques were compared by statistical analysis. Results The mean IOP readings were 9.158 mmHg (SD 3.471 mmHg) for the ICare® tonometer (x) and 11.053 mmHg (SD 3.451 mmHg) for the Tonopen XL® readings (y). The mean difference in intraocular pressures (−1.905 mmHg) was within clinically acceptable limits. The correlation coefficient (r2) of the relationship within both tonometers was r2 = 0.7477. The corresponding linear regression between the tonometers readings was y = 0.6662x + 4.942. Conclusions Intraocular pressures obtained with the ICare® rebound tonometer were concordant with the IOP readings obtained by applanation Tonopen XL®, but ICare® values were significantly (P

Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is a tick-borne disease caused by the rickettsia Ehrlichia canis. Ocular lesions are a common feature of the disease and can be present in all stages. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence, type and response to treatment of ocular lesions associated with monocytic ehrlichiosis in 46 affected dogs presented to the Autonomous University of Barcelona-Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UAB-VTH) from January 2000 to December 2002. Dogs were included in the study only if they had a positive serologic test for E. canis and information about the clinical outcome was available. Eighteen breeds were represented, with the German Shepherd dog (n = 6) being the most common. There were 25 intact and three castrated males, and 16 intact and two neutered females. Twenty dogs (43.4%) were between 5 and 10 years old. Seventeen dogs (37% of all cases of monocytic ehrlichiosis diagnosed during the study period) had ocular signs, and 11 dogs (64.7% of the ocular cases) had only ocular lesions without apparent systemic signs. Exudative retinal detachment was the most common ocular manifestation; other prevalent findings included anterior exudative uveitis and optic neuritis. Five of the 17 cases with ocular lesions (29.4%) had ocular bleeding disorders (hyphema or retinal hemorrhages). All the dogs with ocular disease presented with bilateral signs. Dogs with posterior segment disease had titers against E. canis that were > or = 1 : 320, while lower titers were noted in dogs with anterior exudative uveitis. Two dogs presented with chronic autoimmune panuveitis after ehrlichiosis treatment. Canine ehrlichiosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of exudative retinal detachment and anterior uveal inflammatory lesions.

Objective To determine the clinical outcome of corneal grafting for the treatment of feline corneal sequestrum (FCS). Animal studied Domestic cats. Procedures A review of the medical records of cats that underwent keratoplasty as a treatment of FCS at the VTH-UAB, from 2002 to 2012, was carried out. Results Thirteen cats (18 eyes) of different breed, age, and gender were included. Persian cats were overrepresented (12/13;92%). There were nine males and four females, of a mean age of 3.4 years (0.7–7.1). Ipsilateral chronic corneal ulceration was reported as the most common concurrent ocular disease (6/18;33%). Keratoplasty was performed bilaterally in 5 cats (5/13;38%) and unilaterally in 8 (8/13;62%). Lamellar keratoplasty was performed in 17 eyes (17/18;95%) and full-thickness keratoplasty in 1 (1/18;5%). Mean graft size was 8.3 mm (4–11.5). Fresh homologous graft was performed in 2 eyes (2/18;11%) and frozen graft in 16 (16/18;89%). Of the latter group, homologous graft was performed in 6 eyes (6/16;37.5%) and heterologous in 10 (10/16;62.5%). In all the cats, postoperative treatment included topical antibiotics, corticosteroids, cycloplegics, and 0.2% cyclosporine A. Median follow-up time was 18.2 months, and main postoperative complications were diffuse mild epithelial pigment formation (2/18;11%), graft malacia (1/18;5%), and sequestrum recurrence (1/18;5%). Mean epithelial healing time was 19.2 days. Good visual outcome was achieved in all the eyes (100%), the majority of them having faint or mild corneal opacity (15/18;83%). Conclusions Keratoplasty is an effective surgical treatment for FCS. The donor tissue provides excellent tectonic support to the affected corneas, with good visual and cosmetic outcome.

Objective To determine and compare the corneal sensitivity in healthy wild diurnal and nocturnal birds of prey (BP) indigenous to Catalonia (Spain), and to establish if age is a determining factor in corneal sensitivity in those species. Methods Ophthalmic examination was performed in 105 BP. Only birds with no ocular abnormalities were included in the study (n = 81): 21 diurnal BP (Falco tinnunculus: 16 fledglings, 5 adults) and 60 nocturnal BP (20 Athene noctua [9 fledglings, 11 adults], 20 Strix aluco [15 fledglings, 5 adults], and 20 Otus scops [6 fledglings and 14 adults]). Corneal touch threshold (CTT) was determined for each eye in five different corneal regions. Five attempts to cause a blink reflex were made in each region, and when three or more reflexes were positive, the pressure was deemed the CTT. Statistical analysis was performed using a Student's t-test for independent data or an anova model. The results between species and age groups were compared using the Generalized Estimated Equations model. Results There were no significant differences between any of the corneal regions (P = 0.25), or between the right (CTT = 4.9 ± 1.7 cm) and left (CTT = 4.8 ± 1.7 cm) eye in any of the species (P = 0.692). No difference was found between diurnal and nocturnal species (P = 0.913). Considering all the species, a significant difference was found between the mean CTT of fledglings (5.4 ± 1.2 cm) and adults (4.1 ± 2 cm), P

An 11-year-old Arabian mare was presented for investigation of a visible, pale-colored intraocular mass in the right eye.An intraocular mass was detected clinically and ultrasonographically as originating from the superior temporal quadrant of the ciliary body and iris and causing secondary glaucoma. The echodense mass was occupying the majority of the vitreous chamber and extended into the anterior chamber. The left eye appeared normal.Enucleation was recommended for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. No adjuvant treatment was given. Histopathological examination demonstrated a benign intraocular teratoid medulloepithelioma located at the ciliary body. Immunohistochemical studies showed that neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and nestin and negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Electron microscopy revealed abundant cellular matrix and blood vessels surrounding tumor cells, which had indented, round to oval nuclei. There were also apoptotic bodies and cells containing melanosomes of variable shape and size. Eight years later, the horse has had no recurrence and maintains normal vision in the left eye.This is the first report of a benign teratoid intraocular medulloepithelioma in an adult horse and the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characterization of a teratoid medulloepithelioma in this species.

Canine lymphoma (CL) is one of the most common forms of spontaneous canine neoplasia. Improved understanding of the genetic and environmental factors associated with CL may provide benefits for the study of non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphoma in humans. Uveodermatologic lymphoma is reported in a single household of Portuguese water dog, and the etiology is discussed.A 1-year-old female intact Portuguese water dog was referred to the Ophthalmology Service of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Autonomous University of Barcelona because of acute blepharospasm of the right eye in association with a multinodular dermatosis. Physical and ophthalmological examination and a complete diagnostic work-up, including skin and ocular histopathology and immunohistochemistry, were performed. Three months prior, in Galicia (Spain), 1200 km away from Barcelona, a male dog of the same litter showed very similar oculodermatological clinical signs and skin histopathology, and immunohistochemistry were obtained.The clinical diagnoses were anterior exudative uveitis, iridal masses, and secondary glaucoma. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry revealed a nonepitheliotropic lymphoma rich in B cell in dog 1 and rich in T cell in dog 2.It is proposed that an underlying genetic predisposition could have played a role in the development of lymphoma in these two young related dogs.

To determine the type, prevalence, and prognosis of ocular and periocular lesions in free-living little owls (LO) and scops owls (SO), injured by blunt trauma. Medical records from LO and SO with ocular or periocular lesions secondary to blunt trauma were reviewed. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed in all birds. Short protocol electroretinography (ERG) and ocular ultrasound were performed as dictated by the case. During the study period, a total of 158 LO and 99 SO with blunt trauma were admitted. Among these, 43 LO (27.8%) and 27 SO (27.3%) had ocular or periocular lesions. Bilateral injuries (72.1% LO and 81.5% SO) were more common than unilateral. Common findings in both species were: corneal erosions/superficial ulcers, anterior and posterior uveitis, cataracts, hyphema, posterior synechia, vitreal hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Electroretinography was performed in 32 LO and eight SO, which had posterior segment lesions or opacity of the transparent media. Normal to nonrecordable b-wave amplitudes were observed. Follow-up was available in 13 LO and 11 SO. Among these, nine LO (14 eyes) and 10 SO (17 eyes) had resolution of the clinical signs following medical treatment. Ocular lesions are common in LO and SO injured by blunt trauma. Electroretinography is a valuable diagnostic tool to assess the severity of retinal dysfunction secondary to blunt trauma and to determine the response to medical treatment. A complete ophthalmic examination is a determining factor in the early management of trauma in these species.

Bilateral exudative chorioretinitis was diagnosed in an 18-month-old male neutered ferret (Mustela putorius furo) with a generalized Cryptococcus gattii infection confirmed by PCR. The animal was referred to the Ophthalmology Service of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (VTH-UAB) for acute onset blindness. Complete ophthalmic examination revealed absent menace response and dazzle reflex in both eyes (OU), as well as subretinal edema located in the tapetal fundus. At that time, the clinical ophthalmologic diagnosis was bilateral exudative chorioretinitis. Treatment with prednisone (0.5 mg/kg PO q24 h) was instituted in addition to the ongoing treatment with fluconazole (10 mg/kg PO q24 h). The following rechecks revealed secondary cataracts with subsequent lens subluxation and panretinal degeneration OU. Despite being blind and the poor prognosis of disseminate cryptococcosis, the patient remained active and in good body condition during 6 months after the initial diagnosis. At that time, the ferret showed ataxia, incontinence, and generalized pain. A magnetic resonance imaging study revealed a mass affecting the spine. The owners declined further investigations and the ferret was humanely euthanized. The postmortem histopathology confirmed the initial diagnosis of cryptococcosis and the presence of intraretinal Cryptococcus spp. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of Cryptococcus spp. induced exudative chorioretinitis in a ferret.

A 10 year-old, spayed female Domestic Short-Haired (DSH) cat was diagnosed with a large primary uveal melanoma and exenteration was recommended. Thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasonography, and complete blood count and serum biochemistry panel did not reveal any abnormality compatible with metastatic disease and surgery was performed. Histopathologic study of the eye confirmed a diffuse iris melanoma. Five months later, the cat presented with a lameness of the right anterior extremity. On physical exam the right elbow was swollen and painful. Radiographs showed a severe osteolysis of the radial head and proximal diaphysis. Fine needle aspiration of the radius head identified a round cell neoplasm with scattered cells containing intracytoplasmatic pigmented granules, compatible with metastatic melanoma. The owners decided not to treat the patient with chemotherapy and declined a biopsy. Two months later, the cat died and necropsy was performed confirming bone metastasis of the uveal melanoma. A diagnosis of generalized metastasis from primary diffuse iris melanoma was made. This report describes, for the first time, long bone metastasis from an uveal melanoma in a cat.

To describe the ophthalmologic, neurologic, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of seven animals with acute postretinal blindness as sole neurologic deficit.Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs and cats with postretinal blindness of acute presentation, that had a cranial MRI performed as part of the diagnostic workup. Only animals lacking other neurologic signs at presentation were included. Complete physical, ophthalmic, and neurologic examinations, routine laboratory evaluations, thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, electroretinography, and brain MRI were performed in all animals. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and postmortem histopathologic results were recorded when available.Four dogs and three cats met the inclusion criteria. Lesions affecting the visual pathways were observed on magnetic resonance (MR) images in six cases. Location, extension, and MRI features were described. Neuroanatomic localization included: olfactory region with involvement of the optic chiasm (n = 4), pituitary fossa with involvement of the optic chiasm and optic tracts (n = 1), and optic nerves (n = 1). Of all lesions detected, five were consistent with intracranial tumors (two meningiomas, one pituitary tumor, two nasal tumors with intracranial extension), and one with bilateral optic neuritis that was confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Histologic diagnosis was obtained in four cases and included one meningioma, one pituitary carcinoma, one nasal osteosarcoma, and one nasal carcinoma.Central nervous system (CNS) disease should be considered in dogs and cats with acute blindness, even when other neurologic deficits are absent. This study emphasizes the relevance of MRI as a diagnostic tool for detection and characterization of CNS lesions affecting the visual pathways.

Canine leishmaniosis is a disease characterized by the wide distribution of the parasite throughout the tissues of the host. The purpose of this study was to describe the presence of Leishmania spp. and associated inflammation in ocular-associated muscles of dogs with patent leishmaniosis.Smooth muscles (iris dilator muscle, iris sphincter muscle, ciliary muscle, Müller muscle, smooth muscle of the periorbita and smooth muscle of the nictitating membrane) and striated muscles (orbicularis oculi muscle, obliquus dorsalis muscle and dorsal rectus muscle) were evaluated. Routine staining with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry to detect Leishmania spp. were performed on tissue sections.Granulomatous inflammation was seen surrounding muscular fibers and was composed mainly of macrophages with scattered lymphocytes and plasma cells. This infiltrate could be seen in 52/473 (10.99%) samples of smooth muscle and 36/142 (25.35%) samples of striated muscle. Parasites were detected in 43/473 (9.09%) samples of smooth muscle and in 28/142 (19.71%) samples of striated muscle.To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report assessing the presence of Leishmania spp. and associated infiltrate in intraocular, extraocular and adnexal smooth and striated muscles. The inflammation present in those muscles could contribute to clinical signs already described, such as blepharitis, uveitis, and orbital cellulitis.

A 1-year-old-female Yorkshire Terrier was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (VTH-UAB) (Spain) with a 6-month history of unilateral chronic proliferative conjunctivitis and intermittent vomiting and cough. Several medical and surgical treatment efforts to manage conjunctival lesions had resulted in no improvement of the clinical signs. Complete general and ophthalmic examinations revealed several proliferative 'wood-like' masses in the conjunctiva, oral cavity and an interscapular subcutaneous nodule. Conjunctival and buccal biopsies were performed as diagnostic procedures. A diagnosis of ligneous conjunctivitis was made on the basis of histopathology findings and clinical presentation. The only biochemical abnormalities found were severe proteinuria and low plasminogen activity in plasma. No other analytical abnormalities were observed. Topical treatment with heparin and anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs have controlled the ophthalmological clinical signs. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a dog with plasminogen deficiency and ligneous conjunctivitis with a long survival period and 2-year follow-up.

A 4-year-old Andalusian horse was presented for examination following a 3-month history of exophthalmos of the right eye and a soft swelling of the right supraorbital fossa noted after blunt head trauma. Ultrasonographic examination of the swelling showed an anecogenic mass of 5 cm in diameter involving the retrobulbar space. Centesis of the mass through the supraorbital fossa was performed and yielded a serous fluid with 7.2 g/dL of total protein and density of 1040. No cells were seen in the sample. A tentative diagnosis of cyst was made. The cyst was surgically removed and the definitive histologic diagnosis was retrobulbar dermoid cyst. No recurrence has developed 18 months following the complete removal of the cyst capsule. To the authors' knowledge, there are no previous reports of retrobulbar dermoid cysts in horses. Localization, causes and success of surgical treatment of dermoid cysts are discussed.