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BACKGROUND: Juvenile onset generalized demodicosis (JOGD) is thought to occur due to immunological abnormalities and is over‐represented in pit bull terrier‐type dogs. ANIMALS: Twelve pit bull terrier‐type dogs with JOGD and 12 age‐matched healthy pit bull terrier‐type dogs. OBJECTIVE: To investigate immunological differences between age‐matched healthy and JOGD pit bull terrier‐type dogs by flow cytometry, multiplex, molecular and serological assays. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Flow cytometry quantified B cells expressing MHCII or surface‐bound IgG, CD4+ T cells expressing MHCII, CD8 T cells expressing MHCII or CD11a, neutrophil and monocyte markers. Surface expression was quantified by calculating the geometric mean fluorescence index. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare median results for IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐13, IL‐18, FOXP3, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, GM‐CSF, KC, IgE, IgA, IgG, IgM, C‐reactive protein, lymphocyte, neutrophil and monocyte in the groups. IFN‐gamma, IP‐10, IL‐15, IL‐31 and TNF‐alpha also were measured; however, insufficient dogs (

— Three bull terrier pups from a litter of six developed exfoliative, crusty areas of alopecia, particularly affecting the feet and head, by the time they were seven weeks of age. Biopsies from two of the affected pups revealed parakeratotic hyperkeratosis consistent with zinc deficiency, but the dogs did not respond to oral zinc supplements. The breed, history and dermatopathology were considered consistent with lethal acrodermatitis of bull terriers, a condition that appears to be familial and autosomally recessive. Whereas similar acrodermatitic conditions in humans (acrodermatitis enteropathica) and cattle (lethal trait A46 of Black Pied Danish cattle) respond to oral zinc supplements, this condition in bull terriers may be due to an error in zinc metabolism at the cellular level. Attempts to treat one of the pups parenterally with zinc resulted in death after the fourth injection. Resume— 3 choits d'une portee de 6 Bull Terriers ont developpea l'âge de 7 semaines une dermite podale et faciale exfoliative, crouteuse et alopecique. Les biopsies cutanees pratiquees sur 2 chiots ont revele une hyperkeratose parakeratosique compatible avec une carence en zinc, mais les animaux n'ont pas repondu a une supplementation en zinc. La race, l'anamnese et l'aspect histologique, sont compatibles avec une acrondermatite lethale du Bull Terrier, maladie familiale, transmise sur un mode autosomal recessif. Des acrodermatites similaires chez l'homme (acrodermatitis enteropatica) et les bovins (anomalie lethale A46 de la Pie Noire Danoise) repondant a une supplementation en zinc, cette affection chez le Bull Terrier pourrait etro a une erreur dans le metabolisme du zinc au niveau cellulaire. Un essai de traitement d'un des chiots par vole parcuterale avec du zinc a abouti a sa mort apres la quatrieme injection. Zusammenfassung— Drei von sechs Bullterrierwelpen aus einem Wurf entwickelten im Alter von 7 Wochen exfoliative, krustige und haarlose Bezirke, besonders an Pfoten und Kopf. Biopsien von zwei der betroffenen Welpen zeigten eine Parakeratose, die bei Zinkmangel auftritt. Die Tiere sprachen jedoch nicht auf orale Zinksubstitution an. Rasse, Anamnese und Befunde der Hautuntersuchung stimmen mit der letalen Akrodermatitis der Bullterrier uberein, einem familiaren, autosomal rezessiv erblichen Leiden. Wahrend ahnliche akrodermatitische Erkrankungen beim Menschen (Akrodermatitis enteropathica) und beim Rind (Letalfaktor A46 beim schwarzgefleckten Danischen Rind) auf orale Zinkgaben ansprechen, ist diese Krankheit beim Bullterrier wahrscheinlich auf eine Storung im Zinkmetabolismus auf zellularer Ebene zuruckzufuhren. Der Versuch, einen der Welpen parenteral mit Zink zu behandeln, fuhrte zum Tod des Tieres nach der vierten Injektion. Resumen Tres cachorros de Bull Terrier de una camada de seis desarrollaron areas de alopecia exfoliativa, particularmente afectando a los pies y la cabeza, para el momento en que tenian siete semanas de edad. Biopsias de dos de los cachorros afectados revelaron hiperqueratosis paraqueratotica con deficiencia de zinc, pero los perros no respondian a los suplementos de zinc oral. La raza, historia y dermatopatologia se consideraron consistentes en acrodermatitis letal de Bull Terriers, una condicion que parece ser familial y autosomica recesiva. Mientras que condiciones de acrodermatitis similares en humanos (acrodermatitis enteropetica) y ganado (rasgo letal A46 del ganado Black Pied Danish) respondian a los suplementos de zinc oral, esta condicion en los Bull Terriers puede ser debida a un error en el metabolismo del zinc a nivel celular. Intentos de trater uno de los cachorros, por via parenteral con zinc resultaron con la muerte despues de la cuarta inyeccion.

Studies into the epidemiology of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) are in great demand. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence of CAD are commonly based on hospital studies where no reference population is defined. Such studies tend to overestimate the disease frequency due to referral bias and a higher proportion of complicated cases at secondary care centres than in the general population. The aim of this paper was to present better estimates of the incidence of CAD. The Swedish dog population offers unique opportunities to study the epidemiology of CAD due to several characteristics: a large proportion of dogs are purebred, fleas and flea allergies are rare, and a secondary database of disease records is available through an insurance company that covers approximately 30% of all Swedish dogs. By accessing insurance-claims records for the years 1995–2000, the true incidence rate of CAD was estimated as 10 cases per 10,000 dog years at risk. Univariate analysis showed that the incidence was the same across genders. Additionally, large differences in the risk of being diagnosed with CAD existed among breeds. In this study, breeds with the highest risk were the bull terrier (88 cases/10,000 dog years at risk), Staffordshire bull terrier (58/10,000), West Highland white terrier (51/10,000), Welsh terrier (50/10,000) and boxer (50/10,000). Decreased risk was observed among sighthounds; no cases were recorded among the Borzoi, Saluki and Whippet breeds. A proportional hazards (survival) model was developed in order to take sex, breed, age and geographical region into account in a multivariate analysis. Funding: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Foundation for Research.