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Background. Urinary capillariosis in dogs is caused by Capillaria plica (syn. Pearsonema plica), a ubiquitous parasitic nematode resembling a string which belongs to the family Capillariidae. It parasitizes the feline, canine and musteline urinary bladder, and has been found in ureters and renal pelvises as well. C. plica has an indirect life cycle, with earthworms (Lumbricina) as intermediate hosts and domestic and wild animals (dog, cat, fox and wolf) as primary hosts. Infection of primary hosts occurs via ingestion of earthworms that contain infective first stadium (L1) larvae. An alternative path of infection for primary hosts is assumed to be ingestion of soil contaminated by infectious larvae derived from decomposed earthworms. Infection is mostly asymptomatic, but the clinical picture presents with pollakiuria, dysuria, haematuria, polydipsia, incontinence and/or fever. Scope and Approach. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of urinary capillariosis in dogs. Since the health care of wild and domestic carnivores is extremely important, this review provides information about the morphology, biology and epizootiology of the C. plica nematode. Due to the importance of this disease for clinicians and increased disease prevalence during the last decade in many countries, this review presents the latest information on the pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this infection. Key Findings and Conclusions. Capillariosis is usually accidentally diagnosed due to the nonspecific clinical signs and there is no treatment of choice. Practitioners should consider latent urinary capillariosis infection as a possible cause while examining for urinary tract diseases. Uvod. Urinarnu kapilariozu pasa uzrokuje Capillaria plica (syn. Pearsonema plica), ubikvitarna nematoda končastog oblika iz familije Capillariidae. Uzročnik parazitira u mokraćnoj bešici kanida, felida i mustelida, a može da se ustanovi u ureterima i bubrežnoj karlici. Capillaria plica ima indirektan životni ciklus koji uključuje kišne gliste (Lumbricina) kao prelazne domaćine i domaće i divlje životinje (pas, mačka, lisica, vuk) kao prave domaćine. Infekcija pravog domaćina nastaje unošenjem kišnih glista koje sadrže infektivnu larvu prvog stadijuma (L1). Pretpostavlja se da alternativni put infekcije za životinje može da bude ingestija zemljišta kontaminiranog infektivnim larvama poreklom od kišnih glista koje su podlegle procesu dekompozicije. Infekcija je najčešće asimptomatska, a u slučaju ispoljavanja kliničke slike simptomi su polakiurija, disurija, hematurija, polidipsija, inkontinencija urina i groznica Cilj i pristup. Cilj rada je da pruži informacije o morfologiji, biologiji i epizootiologiji nematode Capilaria plica kao i da ukaže na mogućnost postojanja infekcije kod lovačkih i nevlasničkih pasa. Zbog značaja oboljenja za kliničare i povećanja prevalencije tokom poslednje decenije u zemljama u okruženju, u radu su iznete najnovije informacije o patogenezi, kliničkim simptomima, dijagnostici, lečenju i prevenciji ove nematodoze. Ključni nalazi i zaključak. Dijagnoza kapilarioze se najčešće postavlja slučajnim nalazom parazita zbog nespecifičnе kliničke slike. U slučaju sumnje na oboljenja urinarnog trakta, treba diferencijalno dijagnostički isključiti latentnu infekciju ovom nematodom.

Respiratory capillariasis is a disease of domestic and wild carnivores as well as of people, caused by nematode Eucoleus aerophilus syn. Capillaria aerophila, which lives as a parasite in mucosa of trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, rarely in nasal and frontal sinuses of the host. This parasite has either direct or indirect development cycle which includes optional transition hosts - earthworms. Clinical picture is manifested in the form of a very severe respiratory disease, which is accompanied by an increased bronchovesicular sound, sneezing, gasping and chronic dry cough. Despite the fact that this nematode is widespread in all the parts of the world, that it causes a disease followed by a severe clinical picture and has a zoonotic potential as well, it has been insufficiently investigated and moreover from clinical and parasitological aspect it has not been given enough attention so far. The reason for this is the fact that C. aerophila had been considered to be a strain of very low level of pathogenicity causing only sporadic respiratory infections in dogs and cats. The interest of scientific community for this parasitosis increased the moment when its causative agent spread outside the endemic areas. From the standpoint of monitoring and health protection of both carnivores and peorle, knowledge of basic epizootiological and epidemiological characteristics of these nematodes is of crucial importance, having in mind that its prevalence has significantly increased in dogs and cats in the last ten years, both in Europe and worldwide. Respiratorna kapilarioza je oboljenje domaćih, divljih mesojeda i ljudi, prouzrokovano nematodom Eucoleus aerophilus syn. Capillaria aerophila, koja parazitira u mukozi traheje, bronhija i bronhiola, retko u nazalnim i frontalnim sinusima domaćina. Parazit ima direktan ili indirektan razvojni ciklus, u koji su uključeni fakultativni prelazni domaćini - kišne gliste. Klinička slika se manifestuje u vidu vrlo teškog respiratornog oboljenja, koje je praćeno pojačanim bronho-vezikularnim šumom, kijanjem, hroptanjem i hroničnim suvim kašljem. I pored toga što je rasprostranjena u skoro svim delovima sveta, prouzrokuje oboljenje praćeno teškom kliničkom slikom i poseduje zoonozni potencijal, ova nematodoza nije dovoljno istražena, a sa kliničko-parazitološkog aspekta joj nije posvećeno dovoljno pažnje. Razlog za to je i činjenica, što se dugo smatralo da je C. aerophila vrsta niskog stepena patogenosti i da prouzrokuje respiratorne infekcije pasa i mačaka koje se javljaju sporadično. Interesovanje naučne javnosti za ovu parazitozu se povećalo od onog trenutka, kada se njen uzročnik proširio izvan endemskih područja. Sa stanovišta praćenja i zaštite zdravstvenog stanja mesojeda i ljudi, od izuzetnog je značaja poznavanje osnovnih epizootiološko-epidemioloških karakteristika ove nematodoze, čija se prevalencija značajno povećala u poslednjih deset godina, kod pasa i mačaka kako u Evropi, tako i širom sveta.

Populations of wildfowl have been categorised taxonomically into five families: Phasianidae, Tetraonidae, Scolopacidae, Otidae and Anatidae. They are of particular importance for agriculture, forestry and the game economy, and certain species also have an important role in the epizootiology of parasitic infections in domestic fowl and fish. That is why it is extremely important for the process of promoting the system of animal health protection to have knowledge regarding the etiology and epizootiology of parasitic infections in wildfowl. Diseases in wildfowl caused by protozoa are histomoniasis, trichomoniasis, malaria, coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis, sarcocystosis, toxoplasmosis, and giardiasis. The most represented helminthiases in wildfowl are singamosis, capillariasis, trichostrongyliasis, ascaridiosis, heteraciosis, nematodosis of the glandular stomach, cestodoses and trematodoses. The most significant ectoparasites in wildfowl are mites, ticks, and fleas. The reduction of populations of certain widlfowl species in nature could present a major problem, having in mind the important role of these birds in ecosystems and biocenosis. The incidence, maintaining and spreading of parasitic infections among widlfowl are just some of the factors that affect the numbers of their populations. Populacije divljih ptica su taksonomski kategorisane u pet familija - Phasianidae, Tetraonidae, Scolopacidae, Otidae i Anatidae. One su od posebnog značaja za poljoprivredu, šumarstvo i lovnu privredu, a pojedine vrste imaju važnu ulogu i u epizootiologiji parazitskih infekcija domaćih ptica i riba. Zato je poznavanje etiologije i epizootiologije parazitskih infekcija divljih ptica od izuzetnog značaja za proces unapređenja sistema zaštite zdravlja životinja. Oboljenja divljih ptica prouzrokovana protozoama su histomonoza, trihomonoza, malarija, kokcidioza, kriptosporidioza, sarkocistioza, toksoplazmoza i đardioza. Najzastupljenije helmintoze divljih ptica su singamoza, kapilarioza, trihostrongilidoza, askaridioza, heterakioza, nematodoze žlezdanog želuca, cestodoze i trematodoze. Najznačajniji ektoparaziti divljih ptica su šugarci, buve, pavaši, grinje i krpelji. Smanjenje populacija pojedinih vrsta divljih ptica u prirodi može predstavljati značajan problem, s obzirom na važnu ulogu ovih jedinki u ekosistemima i biocenozama. Pojava, održavanje i širenje parazitskih infekcija divljih ptica su samo neki od činilaca koji utiču na brojnost njihovih populacija.

The family of wild canids belongs to the order Carnivora and comprises 16 genuses that are distributed in most countries all over the world. The most important endoparasitic diseases of wild canids are toxocariasis, uncinariasis, capillariasis, trichinellosis, echinococcosis, cestodiasis, opisthorchiasis, and alariasis. Ectoparasites that most often exist as parasites in wild canids are mites, fleas, ticks and scabies.Wild canids have a large epizootiological-epidemiological significance since they are hosts to parasites that cause certain vector diseases, the most important of which are leishmaniasis, ehrilichiosis, babesiasis, borreliosis, dirofilariasis, bartonellosis, and hepatozoonosis. The increased frequency of interaction between domestic and wild canids steps up the risk of the appearance, spread, and maintaining of the disease in domestic dog populations. Observed from the aspect of the biological and ecological risk, that can be caused by zoonotic infections, the knowledge of the etiology and epizootiology of parasistic infections of wild canids is of particular importance for the region of the Republic of Serbia. Familija divljih kanida pripada redu Carnivora (mesojedi) i obuhvata 16 rodova, koji su rasprostranjeni u većini zemalja sveta. Najznač ajnije endoparazitoze divljih kanida su toksokaroza, uncinarioza, kapilarioza, trihineloza, ehinokokoza, cestodoze, opistorhoza i alarioza. Ektoparaziti koji najčešće parazitiraju kod divljih kanida su krpelji, buve, pavaši i šugarci. Divlje kanide imaju veliki epizootiološko-epidemiološ ki značaj, s obzirom na to da kod njih parazitiraju uzročnici izvesnih vektorskih bolesti, od kojih su najvažnije lajšmanioza, erlihioza, babezioza, borelioza, dirofilarioza, bartoneloza i hepatozoonoza. Poveć anje učestalosti interakcije između domaćih i divljih kanida, poveć ava i rizik za pojavu, širenje i održavanje bolesti kod populacije domaćih pasa. Posmatrano sa aspekta biološkog i ekološkog rizika, koji može biti prouzrokovan zoonoznim infekcijama, poznavanje etiologije i epizootiologije parazitskih infekcija divljih kanida, od posebnog je značaja za region države Srbije.

The paper describes different aspects of canine brucellosis caused by Brucella canis. The disease is present in a large number of countries all over the world, where it inflicts severe economic damages, in particular in the commercial breeding and major dog breeding facilities. The disease was discovered in 1966 in the United States of America, but there were no data about its presence or distribution in our country until 1999. It was established, following the initial investigations, that the prevalence of the disease is extremely high, and that it amounted to 4.27% among pet dogs in the territory of Belgrade. Investigations of stray dogs in the territory of Podgorica showed that the seroprevalence (an equal titer or higher than 1/200) was 9.37%, while the prevalence among stray dogs in the territory of Belgrade was 10.87%. Data for other parts of Serbia are mostly lacking, and the seroprevalence for stray dogs in the Municipality of Pozarevac amounted to over 15%, while not a single serologically positive case was found among pet dogs. In addition to the epizootiological specificities of the disease established in our country, isolates of B. canis from the territory of Serbia also indicate digressions in the test of resistance to colors with respect to the referent strain RM6/66. All isolates (SR1-SR-7) are resistant to base fuchsine, and it is probable that this characteristic could also be an important epizootiological marker. Even though the isolation of the cause is the most reliable diagnostic method, it is not possible to achieve this in most cases. That is why one of the most important tasks is to define the most ideal tests for the serological diagnostics of the disease, and the obligation of reporting the disease makes it imperative that wider-scale investigations are conducted and that measures are taken toward reducing the number of positive cases in our country. . U radu su opisani različiti aspekti bruceloze pasa izazvane sa Brucella canis. Bolest je prisutna u velikom broju zemalja sveta u kojima nanosi velike ekonomske gubitke, posebno u komercijalnom uzgoju i velikim odgajivačnicama pasa. Mada je otkrivena još 1966. godine u SAD, podaci o njenom prisustvu i rasprostranjenosti u našoj zemlji nisu postojali do 1999. godine. Nakon početnih ispitivanja ustanovljeno je da je prevalencija bolesti izuzetno visoka i da je kod kućnih pasa sa teritorije Beograda bila 4,27 posto. Ispitivanja pasa lutalica sa teritorije Podgorice ukazala su da je seroprevalencija (titar jednak ili veći od 1/200) 9,37 posto, dok je prevalencija kod pasa lutalica sa teritorije Beograda bila 10,87 posto. Podaci za druge delove Srbije uglavnom nedostaju, a seroprevalencija kod pasa lutalica u opštini Požarevac bila je veća od 15 posto, dok kod kućnih pasa nije ustanovljen ni jedan serološki pozitivan slučaj. Pored epizootioloških specifičnosti bolesti ustanovljenih u našoj zemlji, i izolati B. canis sa područja Srbije, ukazuju i na odstupanja u testu rezistencije na boje, u odnosu na referentni soj RM6/66. Svi izolati (SR1-SR-7) rezistentni su na bazni fuksin, a verovatno je da ova osobina može da bude i važan epizootiološki marker. Mada je izolacija uzročnika najpouzdanija dijagnostička metoda, ona u većini slučajeva nije moguća. Zato je definisanje najidealnijih testova za serološko dijagnostikovanje bolesti, jedan od najvažnih zadataka, a obaveza prijavljivanja bolesti, nalaže da se sprovedu šira ispitivanja i mere koje će da smanje broj pozitivnih slučajeva u našoj zemlji. .

Parasitic helminthoses in domestic animals are triggered by causes originating from the classes: Trematoda (fiatworms), Cestoda (tapeworms) and Nematoda (roundworms), which are in most cases endoparasites. The big presence of different parasitoses in our country are a result of the geographic position and the climatic conditions of certain areas, large agglomerations of cattle in certain localities, an unsatisfactory level of zoohygienic conditions in cattle facilities and on pastures, a diet that is inadequate both in quality and in quantity, a low hygiene level of the diet and watering, limited areas for grazing and their poor quality, extensive maintend diet of the animals, the presence of corresponding vectors or transitory hosts, s a low professional and cultural level of cattle farmers. The prevention of parasitic infections and the fight against their causes implies the severing of the chain of the parasite's biological cycle during one of the stages of its development. That is why it is necessary to destroy the most sensitive ones and the most available development forms of the parasite. Under the conditions when the epizootiological situation in the field is changing unexpectedly, it is necessary to apply the adequate therapeutic methods and prophylaxis in veterinary medicine, and to conduct an organized and planned fight against parasitic infections. Veliku zastupljenost različitih parazitoza u našoj zemlji uslovljavaju geografski položaj i klimatski uslovi pojedinih područja, velike aglomeracije stoke na nekim lokalitetima, nezadovoljavajući nivo zoohigijenskih uslova u objektima za stoku i na ispustima, kvalitativno i kvantitativno neodgovarajuća ishrana, nizak higijenski nivo ishrane i napajanja, ograničene pasne površine i njihov slab kvalitet, ekstenzivan način držanja i ishrane životinja, prisustvo odgovarajućih vektora ili prelaznih domaćin, kao i nizak stručni i kulturni nivo stočara. Preveniranje parazitskih infekcija i borba protiv njihovih uzročnika podrazumeva prekidanje lanca biološkog ciklusa parazita u nekom od stadijuma njihovog razvoja. Zato je neophodno da se uništavaju najosetijiviji i u momenta tretiranja, najdostupniji razvojni oblici parazita. U uslovima kada se dinamika epizootiološke situacije na terenu neočekivano menja, neophodno je da se adekvatnom primenom metoda terapije i profilakse u veterinarskoj medicini sprovodi organizovana i planska borba protiv parazitskih infekcija.

Although it has been known as a separate etiological entity for almost 150 years, brucellosis is, on a global scale, one of the most frequent diseases that is transferred from animals to humans. It is present as an endemic disease in almost all countries of the Mediterranean Sea, which indicates that a large number of aspects in connection with the control and epizootiology of this disease still remain unexplained. Three of the six types of brucella have been officially confirmed in our country as well. They are Brucella melitensis biotip 3, Brucella suis biotip 2 and Brucella canis. Brucellosis is endemically present in Kosovo and Metohija province and in southern Serbia proper; over the past few years, the spread of brucellosis in sheep and goats as primary hosts for B. melitensis to new territories, mostly in Vojvodina province, has shown that risk analysis is one of the main factors in selecting and implementing control programmes. A correctly selected set of diagnostic tests yields reliable data in most cases, but interpretations of results are prone to result in subjective assessments as well. A special problem in the serological diagnosis of brucellosis is the cross reactivity of brucellas and some other bacteria, often a weak immunological response of the animal, or that the type of brucella that causes the infection determines the sensitivity and specificity of the applied tests, most often screenings tests. Due to the big economic losses resulting from disease control and eradication, and the serious risk to human health, brucellosis still poses an epizootiological, and, in particular, a diagnostic challenge. Mada poznata kao izdvojen etiološki entitet već skoro sto pedeset godina, Bruceloza je u svetskim razmerama jedna od najčešćih bolesti koje se sa životinja prenose na ljude. Endemski je prisutna u skoro svim zemljama Mediterana, što pokazuje da je veliki broj aspekata vezanih za kontrolu i epizootiologiju ove bolesti ostao još uvek nerazjašnjen. Od šest vrsta brucela, nedavno su tri zvanično potvrđene i u našoj zemlji. To su Brucella melitensis biotip 3, Brucella suis biotip 2 i Brucella canis. Bruceloza je endemski prisutna na Kosovu i Metohiji i jugu Srbije. Poslednjih nekoliko godina je širenje bruceloze ovaca i koza kao primarnih domaćina za B. melitensis na nove teritorije, uglavnom u Vojvodini, pokazalo da je analiza rizika osnov u odabiru i sprovođenju kontrolnih programa. Pravilno izabran set dijagnostičkih testova u najvećem broju slučajeva daje pouzdane podatke, ali su tumačenja rezultata podložna i subjektivnoj proceni. Poseban problem u serološkoj dijagnostici bruceloze predstavlja unakrsna reaktivnost brucela i nekih drugih bakterija, često slab imunski odgovor inficirane životinje, kao i kvalitet upotrebljenih testova. Najnovija istraživanja ukazuju da od vrste životinje, odnosno vrste brucele koja izaziva infekciju zavisi osetljivosti specifičnost primenjenih, najčešće screening testova. Zbog velikih ekonomskih gubitaka u kontroli i eradikaciji bolesti i ozbiljnog rizika za zdravlje ljudi, bruceloza i dalje predstavlja epizootiološki, a posebno dijagnostički izazov.

Leptospirosis is a cause of great economic damages in cattle-breeding, and it is a great sanitary problem for human health. Therefore we tried to examine the situation in our area, through a period of 15 years, from the in year 1988. until year 2002.We gained insight into the spread of the sickness on our epizootic area, both for the animal population and for the human population.

For over 10 years infectious laringotracheitis has occurred rarely in Vojvodina. In such situations morbidity was 40% and mortality was 16%. Drop in egg production was over 30% and after 4 weeks egg production returned to normal. After the disappearance of clinical symptoms and after 30 days of quarantine and disinfection of eggs with formaldehyde and 5% hydrogen peroxide there was no appearance of the disease in hatched chickens. Clinical observation and pathohistology results are valuable proof for diagnosis of ILT. Diagnosis of ILT should be confirmed by virus isolation or applying serological tests such as ELISA on sera from diseased chickens.

Viral infections hold an important place among factors which can cause disorders in swine reproduction. Infections with the porcine parvovirus (PPV) are present in all herds. In the past four years, 70-77% seropositive animals have been registered in herds of the industrial type. There are increasing reports about disorders in swine reproduction, both from individual breeders and mini farmers, caused by parvoviral infections. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the latest knowledge on epizootiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and prophylaxis of this diseases.

In a 5 year period 48748 swine blood samples were examined, or 24.52% of the breeding stock. The samples were examined by the method of microscope agglutination, with "live" antigen of 8 leptospira serotypes: L. pomona, L. icterohaemorrhragiae, L. grippotyphosa, L. sejroe, L. tarassovi, L. australis, L. bataviae and L. canicola. During the investigation specific antibodies for leptospira were diagnosed in 280 (0.57%) samples of swine sera. The highest level of seroprevalence for leptospirosis in swine was in the year 1998 with 130 (1.27%) seropositive swines. The lowest seroprevalence level was detected in the years 1999 and 2000 with only 13 seropositive animals (0.13-0.14%). During this period the highest number of seropositive swines was found in the Becej area, 241 (0.92%). In this period 3 serotypes of leptospira were present: L. pomona, L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. grippotyphosa. Serotype L. icterohaemorrhagiae was most present on the investigated area (in 94.32% cases), followed by L. pomona (5.31%) while serotype L. grippotyphosa appeared only sporadically in only 0.35% cases. In this period a trend of slight decrease was noticed in swine prevalence for leptospirosis amounting to 0.048% annually. Based on these analyses, it may be expected with 95% certainty that the level of prevalence for leptospirosis in the coming period in this epizootiological area will range from 0.00% to 0.82% of the infected animals.

Wild ruminants and wild boar belong to the order Artiodactyla, the suborders Ruminantia and Nonruminantia and are classified as wild animals for big game hunting, whose breeding presents a very important branch of the hunting economy. Diseases caused by protozoa are rarely found in wild ruminants in nature. Causes of coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, sarcocystiosis, giardiasis, babesiosis, and theileriosis have been diagnosed in deer. The most significant helminthoses in wild ruminants are fasciosis, dicrocoeliasis, paramphistomosis, fascioloidosis, cysticercosis, anoplocephalidosis, coenurosis, echinococcosis, pulmonary strongyloidiasis, parasitic gastroenteritis, strongyloidiasis and trichuriasis, with certain differences in the extent of prevalence of infection with certain species. The most frequent ectoparasitoses in wild deer and doe are diseases caused by ticks, mites, scabies mites, and hypoderma. The most represented endoparasitoses in wild boar throughout the world are coccidiosis, balantidiasis, metastrongyloidiasis, verminous gastritis, ascariasis, macracanthorhynchosis, trichinelosis, trichuriasis, cystecercosis, echinococcosis, and less frequently, there are also fasciolosis and dicrocoeliasis. The predominant ectoparasitoses in wild boar are ticks and scabies mites. Knowledge of the etiology and epizootiology of parasitic infections in wild ruminants and wild boar is of extreme importance for the process of promoting the health protection system for animals and humans, in particular when taking into account the biological and ecological hazard posed by zoonotic infections. Divlji preživari i divlje svinje pripadaju redu Artiodactyla, podredovi Ruminantia i Nonruminantia i svrstani su u divljač visokog lova, a njihovo gajenje predstavlja veoma značajnu granu lovne privrede. Kod divljih preživara u prirodi retko se sreću bolesti izazvane protozoama. Kod jelena su dijagnostikovani uzročnici kokcidioze, kriptosporidioze, toksoplazmoze, sarkocistioze, đardioze, babezioze i tajlerioze. Najznač ajnije helmintoze divljih preživara su fascioloza, dikrocelioza, paramfistomoza, fascioloidoza, cisticerkoza, anoplocefalidoza, cenuroza, ehinokokoza, plućna strongilidoza, parazitski gastroenteritis, strongiloidoza i trihurioza, sa izvesnim razlikama u visini prevalencije infekcije pojedinim vrstama. Najčešće ektoparazitoze jelenske i srneće divljač i su oboljenja prouzrokovana vašima, krpeljima, šugarcima i hipodermama. Najzastupljenije endoparazitoze divljih svinja širom sveta su kokcidioza, balantidioza, metastrongilidoza, verminozni gastritis, askarioza, makrakantorinhoza, trihineloza, trihurioza, cisticerkoza, ehinokokoza, a ređe to mogu biti fascioloza i dikrocelioza. Od ektoparazitoza, kod divljih svinja dominiraju vašljivost i šuga. Poznavanje etiologije i epizootiologije parazitskih infekcija divljih preživara i divljih svinja, od izuzetnog je značaja za proces unapređenja sistema zaštite zdravlja životinja i ljudi, naročito ako se uzme u obzir biološki i ekološki rizik uslovljen zoonoznim infekcijama.