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Veterinarsku djelatnost ili točnije rečeno pomoć bolesnim životinjama u srednjem vijeku obavljaju neprofesionalne osobe, bez obzira jesu li one iz vjerskih zajednica ili su to kovači, pastiri, vračevi i sl. U srednjem vijeku konj se uglavnom koristi kao radna, ali još više ratna životinja, zbog čega je bilo potrebno poznavanje ne samo bolesti kopita i potkivanje, nego i bolesti konja. Tako se pojavljuju hipijatri, stručnjaci za konje koje će kasnije naslijediti mareškalki, odnosno vidari-kuršmidi, (njihovi pomoćnici). Pojam medicina veterinaria zamjenjuje se pojmom mareschalia, koji je označavao liječenje i potkivanje konja, ali i općenita znanja o konjima. Zarazne bolesti domaćih životinja ugrožavale su stočni fond, a time i ljudski opstanak pa su se zbog njihovih pojava odgađala osvajanja i gubili ratovi., In the Middle Ages, the veterinary profes- sion, precisely defined as providing assistance to sick animals, was performed by non-profes- sional persons from religious communities or blacksmiths, shepherds, medicine men, etc. In the Middle Age horses were mostly used as working animals, and even more so as a war animal. Therefore, it was necessary to under- stand not only hoof diseases and shoeing, but also horse diseases. Hypiatrists soon appeared, as professionals for horses, which later were replaced by mareschalki, or healers-kuršmids, (and their assistants). The term medicina veteri- naria was been substituted by the term mare- schalia, which denoted the curing and shoeing of horses, but also included general knowledge about horses. Infectious diseases of domestic animals jeopardized the livestock fund, also af- fecting the survival of humans and resulting in delays in military battles and loss of wars.

Ovaj rad objavljuje zakonodavno pravnu regulaciju transporta domaćih životinja kroz razdoblje od 50 godina (1855.-1906.) kao i zabrane mučenja životinja pri transportu. Oz- biljna pravna regulativa ovog veterinarskog posla počinje od 1888. g., to jest od donošenja Zakona o uređenju veterinarstva koji ovom području posvećuje 18 članaka, a koji je i puno više ako bi nadodali pravnu regulaciju dezinfekcije prijevoznih sredstava. Kasnije će se ove zakonske odredbe zbog brže i jed- nostavnije organizacije transporta životinja nadopuniti s provođenja 37 podzakonskih akata bilo naredbi, naputaka ili okružnica. Ovi akti donošeni su po jedan 1889. g., 1891., 1892.,1894.,1895.,1897. i 1899. g. dok su po dva 1893. g i 1903. godine. Četiri pravna akta done- sena su 1901. g.,1904. g., i 1905. g. dok je 5 akata doneseno 1902. g. i sedam akata 1900. godine. Iz navedenoga je vidljivo da je životinje u transportu prije i poslije utovara pregledavao veterinar ovlašten za taj pregled. Utovar, odnosno istovar marve, otprema ili doprema marve, morala se obaviti u prisutnosti veterinara, a stranka koja marvu tovari pravodobno je trebala prijaviti utovar (prije 24 sata) za to određenom veterinaru, a kod tovarenja trebao je glavar postaje obavijestiti stručnjaka, i to ako ne prije, odmah čim otprema pristigne na postaju. U radu je nadalje prikazana nagrada veterinara za navedene preglede te slučajevi kada isti pojedine životinje nije trebao pregle- davati pri istovaru u domaćim transportima., This article discusses the legal regulation of the transport of domestic animal over a 50- year period (1855-1906) due to the prohibition of torture of animals during transport. Serious legislation of these veterinary activities began in 1888 with the adoption of the Veterinary Orga- nization Act, which devoted 18 articles to animal transport and many more concerning the disin- fection of transport vehicles. Later, these legal provisions would be complemented by 37 by- laws (orders, instructions or circulars) address- ing the faster and simpler organization of animal transport. These acts were adopted one per year in 1889, 1891, 1892, 1894, 1895, 1897 and 1899 and two per year in 1893 and 1903. Four legal acts were adopted in 1901, 1904 and 1905, while five were adopted in 1902 and seven in 1900. From the above, it is evident that the animal was examined by an authorized veterinarian during transport, and before and after loading. Loading and unloading of livestock, shipping or delivery of livestock had to be carried out in the presence of a veterinarian. The person who loaded live- stock was required to reported the shipment to the veterinarian (24 hours in advance) and the head of station in turn reported this to the ex- perts and, if this was not possible in advance, reporting was performed as soon as the consign- ment arrived at the station. Furthermore the ar- ticle lists the rewards given to veterinarians for these examinations and situations in which vet- erinarians did not have to examine animals after unloading in domestic shipping.

Tuberkuloza je imala velik utjecaj na povijest čovječanstva pa tako i na umjetnost. Što bi umjetnički geniji iz svijeta književnosti, glazbe i slikarstva stvorili da nisu umrli vrlo mladi? U radu je prikazan utjecaj tuberkuloze na stvaranje umjetnika koji su bolovali od tuberkuloze. Tijekom romantizma pojavilo se mišljenje da tuberkuloza u oboljelih povećava kreativne sposobnosti. Među piscima koji su oboljeli od tuberkuloze bili su poznati njemački pisci: Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller i Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg. Tuberkulozan je bio i pisao o tubekulozi Lord Gordon Byron, a i Edgar Allan Poe je još kao dijete ostao bez roditelja oboljenih od tubekuloze, a i sam je umro od te bolesti. John Keats, engleski pjesnik, a i cijela njegova obitelj umrli su od tuberkuloze; od tuberkuloze je umro i ruski književnik Anton Pavlovič Čehov. Obitelj Brontë jedna je od najtragičnijih, ali isto tako i najtalentiranijih književnih obitelji. Svi su kao vrlo mladi umrli od tuberkuloze. Antun Branko Šimić, jedan od najvećih hrvatskih pjesnika, umro je od tuberkuloze u 27. godini života. Iako nije dugo živio, A. B. Šimić ostavio je iznimno bogati knjiženi opus. Mnogobrojna obitelj, otac i braća Ive Andrića književnika i dobitnika Nobelove nagrade za kniževnost umrli su od tuberkuloze, a i sam Ivo Andrić je dugo bolovao od te bolesti. U operama “La Traviata” Giuseppea Verdija i “La bohème” Giacoma Puccinija tematizirana je bolest toga vremena. tuberkuloza. Frederic Chopin, utjelovljenje je romantičarskog umjetnika, ne samo zbog pripadnosti stilskom razdoblju romantizma, već i zbog svog života ispunjenog događajima, osobnih i društvenih patnji. Umro je u 39. godini od tuberkuloze i uz velike je počasti pokopan na groblju Père Lachasie u Parizu, a njegovo je srce, potajno, prenijeto u Varšavu, gdje je uzidano u jedan stup crkve Svetoga Križa. Tuberkuloza je bila zastupljena i u likovnoj umjetnosti. Talijanski slikar Amadeo Modigliani, u početku svog umjetničkog rada želio je postati kipar, ali tjelesni napor prilikom klesanja, prašina i kašalj odvratili su ga od klesanja i vratili slikarstvu. Umro je od tuberkuloze u 36. godini života. Ferdinandu Hodleru, švicarskom slikaru, otac, majka, braća i sestre umrli su od tuberkuloze. Ovo teško iskustvo bolesti i smrti odrazilo se na njegovo slikarstvo. Edvard Munch, samouki norveški slikar bio je duboko pogođen smrću voljenih članova obitelji. Mračna raspoloženja tjeskobe i očaja ogledavaju se na njegovim platnima. Opisani su i mnogi hrvatski slikari oboljeli ili umrli od tuberkuloze: (Slava Raškaj umrla je u 29. godini života, Miroslav Kraljević u 28., Milan Steiner u 25., Tomislav Kolombar u 21. godina života). Usprkos njihovim kratkim životima, svaki je od njih ostvario izniman, cjelovit i znatan umjetnički opus., Tuberculosis has had an immeasurable impact on the history of mankind, including art. What would an artistic genius have brought into the world of books, music or painting had they not died very young? The influence of tuberculosis on artistic activity and artists suffering from it are presented. During the period of Romanticism, there was the myth that tuberculosis increased creative abilities among the afflicted. Writers suffering from tuberculosis included the renowned German writers Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller and Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg. Lord Gordon Byron wrote about tuberculosis, while Edgar Allan Poe lost his parents to tuberculosis as a child, and later himself died of it. The English poet John Keats perished from the disease, together with his entire family, as did Russian writer Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. The Brontë family is one of the most tragic but also the most talented literary families, with all its members dying of tuberculosis at a very young age. Antun Branko Simic, one of Croatia’s greatest poets, died of tuberculosis at the age of 27. Despite his short life, he left an extraordinary literary legacy. Ivo Andric, writer and Nobel Prize laureate for literature suffered from the disease for a long time, while his father and brothers died of it. The operas La Traviata by Giuseppe Verdi and La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini were met with a great problem at the time, tuberculosis. Frederic Chopin is the incarnation of a Romantic artist, not only because he belongs to the stylistic period of Romanticism, but also because of his life marked with personal and social suffering. He died at the age of 39 from tuberculosis and was interred with great honours at the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris, while his heart was secretly transferred to Warsaw, where it was built into a column in the Church of the Holy Cross. Tuberculosis is widely represented in the fine arts. An example is Italian painter Amadeo Modigliani, who initially wanted to become a sculptor. However, the physical effort involved in stonemasonry, dust and cough eventually distracted him from sculpting and brought him back to painting. He died of tuberculosis at the age of 36. Ferdinand Hodler, a Swiss painter, lost his parents and all of his siblings to tuberculosis. This great experience of illness and death in his youth was reflected in his painting. Edvard Munch, a self-taught Norwegian painter, was deeply affected by the death of loved family members, reflected by the dark moods of anxiety and despair in his paintings. Many Croatian painters also suffered from the disease, and some died, such as Slava Raškaj, who died at the age of 29, then Miroslav Kraljevic, at the age of 28, Milan Steiner at the age of 25, or Tomislav Kolombar, at the age of 20. Despite their short life spans, each of these artists achieved an exceptional, complete and significant opus.

Tuberkuloza je drevna bolest i oduvijek je bila neizostavni dio životne zajednice ljudi. Tijekom povijesti ostavila je duboki pečat ne samo u medicini već je bila širi društveno-socijalni fenomen. Deskriptivna paleopatologija početkom XX. stoljeća počela je opisivati promjene koje su prouzročene tuberkulozom na kostima, a napredak molekularne biologije presudno je doprinio dijagnozi tuberkuloze na drevnim uzorcima. Suvremenim tehnikama molekularne genetike i sekvencioniranjem genoma omogućena je preciznija procjena vremena nastanka mikobakterija. Sadašnje spoznaje govore da uzročnik tuberkuloze vrlo star, stariji od uzročnika kuge, tifusa ili malarije. Najstariji dokaz prisutnosti tuberkuloze u čovjeka pronađen je na kosturima u Izraelu (lokalitet Atlit Yam) (oko 9000 g. pr. Kr.). Postoje mnogi dokazi tuberkuloze na kostima mumija u starom Egiptu (2500 g. pr. Kr.). U klasičnoj Grčkoj postoje opis bolesti koju su nazivali phthisis (ftiza). Ftiza (sušica) je sinonim za kroničnu tuberkulozu pluća, kada se bolesnik u terminalnom stadiju „sasušio“ i izgledao kao „kost i koža“. U srednjem vijeku pojavio se opis skrofule (tuberkulozni adenitis vrata), poznata kao King’s Evil i dugo se vjerovalo da je može izliječiti kraljev dodir. U Hrvatskoj su u groba u Ivankovu nedaleko Vinkovaca okvirno datiranog u XVI. stoljeće otkrivene morfološke promjene s koštanom tuberkulozom - kifotična deformacija. Za nove spoznaje o tuberkulozi svako je zaslužan Teophile Laënnec, francuski liječnik koji je izumio stetoskop i slušanjem tjelesnih zvukova detaljno je opisao različite stadije tuberkuloze temeljene na auskultaciji. Francuski vojni kirurg Jean Antoine Villemin, pokusima je dokazao da je tuberkuloza prenosiva bolest i bio je među pionirima koji su pridonijeli razumijevanju bolesti. Povijest tuberkuloze najsnažnije je obilježio Robert Koch koji je 1882. godine otkrio uzročnika tuberkuloze, a 1905., dobio Nobelovu nagradu za fiziologiju i medicinu za istraživanje i otkriće uzročnika tuberkuloze. Umro je 1910. godine u Baden Badenu, Njemačka., Tuberculosis is an ancient disease and has always been an essential part of the human community. Throughout history, it has left a deep mark not only in medicine, but also as a social phenomenon. Descriptive palaeopathology in the early 17th century began to describe changes caused by bone tuberculosis, and advancements in molecular biology decisively have contributed to the diagnosis of tuberculosis on ancient samples. Modern techniques of molecular genetics and genome sequencing enable a more precise estimate of the time of formation of mycobacteria. Current findings suggest that the tuberculosis agent is very old, older than the agents of the plague, typhoid or malaria. The oldest evidence of tuberculosis in humans was found on skeletons in Israel (Atlit Yam site; about 9000 BC). There is wide evidence of tuberculosis on mummy bones in ancient Egypt (2500 BC). In ancient Greece, there was a description of a disease called phthisis. Phthisis is synonymous with chronic lung tuberculosis, when the patient “dried up” in the terminal stages and resembled “skin and bones”. In the Middle Ages, a description of scrofula (tuberculosis adenitis of the neck), known as King’s evil, appeared to have long been believed to be cured by the king’s touch. In Croatia, morphological changes with bone tuberculosis - a kyphotic deformation - were discovered in graves in Ivankovo near Vinkovci, dating back almost to the 16th century. Teophile Laënnec, the French doctor who invented the stethoscope, gave detailed descriptions of the different stages of ausculation-based tuberculosis. French military surgeon Jean Antoine Villemin conducted a series of experiments to prove that tuberculosis is a contagious disease, and he was among the pioneers who contributed to understanding the disease. The history of tuberculosis was strongly characterized by Robert Koch, who discovered the cause of tuberculosis in 1882, receiving the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine in 1905 for his research and detection of the causes of tuberculosis. He died in 1910 in Baden Baden, Germany.