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To evaluate the long-term outcomes and impact of surgical modifications on the need for secondary surgery of the Hemi-Kock continent catheterizable stoma, comprising a detubularized ileal segment with an attached stapled ileoileal intussusception of the catheterizable channel, in patients with complex lower urinary tract disorders. The technique may be used for augmentation in patients with reduced bladder capacity who require a continent catheterizable channel. Compared to the flap and ileocecal valve procedures, the hemi-Kock technique has not been widely adopted.This is a retrospective case series including all patients who underwent a hemi-Kock catheterizable channel with cystoplasty from a single institution. Surgical technique and modifications in valve construction and tapering of the catheterizable limb are described.A total of 109 patients, with a median age of 38 years (range 18-72), underwent the procedure. At a mean of 10.4 years, 98 patients (90%) reported that they were managing with clean intermittent catheterization ± pads; 11 (10%) were failures. A total of 70 (64.2%) patients underwent secondary interventions with60% performed endoscopically or under local anesthesia, mainly for bladder stones. Fourteen patients (12.8%) required valve revisions. However, the rate decreased from 18.2% (8/44) to 9.3% (6/65) following incorporation of the surgical modifications.We present the largest cohort to date of patients managed with a Hemi-Kock catheterizable channel and cystoplasty. Valve revision rate improved with surgical modifications. We demonstrate long-term durability and maintenance of stomal catheterization in the vast majority of patients.

Objective To characterize afferent nipple valve obstruction in Kock diversions presenting with hydronephrosis and discuss appropriate work-up and management. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 7 cases of afferent nipple valve obstruction. Results The median time from diversion creation to afferent nipple valve intervention was 17-years. Presentations included febrile-UTIs, worsening renal function and hydronephrosis. All patients underwent upper tract imaging confirming bilateral hydronephrosis or hydronephrosis of a solitary kidney followed by nephrostomy tube insertion to drain the obstructed kidney(s). On nephrostogram assessment afferent nipple valve obstruction was confirmed by a lack of contrast passing through the valve. In 4 of these patients the afferent valve could not be cannulated while in one patient endoscopic retrograde balloon dilation was performed but failed after 12-months. One patient had successful antegrade balloon dilation (four-years follow-up). In five patients and the one patient who failed retrograde balloon dilation open surgical repair of the afferent nipple valve was successful (median follow-up time 5-years). Conclusion It is essential to consider afferent nipple valve obstruction in a patient with a Kock diversion presenting with bilateral hydronephrosis/hydronephrosis of a solitary kidney, even after many years following the original diversion. Appropriate work-up consists of upper tract imaging, endoscopy and retrograde studies or nephrostomy insertion with nephrostogram. Management options include endoscopic retrograde or antegrade balloon dilation or valve incision. Failing that, surgical repair may be successful with long-term upper tract preservation.

Objective To assess postoperative outcomes from the Adjustable TransObturator Male System (ATOMS) and identify factors influencing failure to achieve continence. Patients and Methods A multicentered analysis was performed on all patients treated for postprostatectomy incontinence using the third-generation ATOMS at 9 Canadian tertiary referral centers. The primary outcome was continence (defined as requiring ≤1 pad postoperatively for patients requiring ≥2 pads preoperatively and 0 pads for those requiring 1 pad preoperatively). Secondary outcomes included improvement (>50% change in pad use), patient satisfaction, explantation, and postoperative complications. Results Two hundred and eighty nine patients with a mean age of 68.9 years were analyzed. Pre-operatively mean pad per day use was 4.2 (1-12), 31.5% of patients reported severe incontinence (≥5 pads/day), 33.9% had concurrent radiotherapy and 19.4% had failed previous incontinence surgery. Overall continence rate was 73.3% (n = 212) at a mean follow-up of 19.6 months. More than eighty nine percent (89.3%) (n = 258) of patients experienced >50% improvement, 84.4% (n = 244) of patients were satisfied with the results of surgery. More than seven percent (7.9%) (n = 23) required device explantation. On multivariate Cox regression analysis, concurrent radiotherapy (hazard ratio [H.R.] 2.3, P Conclusion ATOMS is a safe and efficacious for treatment of postprostatectomy incontinence. However, patients with prior radiation, increased pre-operative pad use, or diabetes are less likely to achieve continence.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the safety of mirabegron add-on therapy in men with overactive bladder symptoms concurrently receiving tamsulosin for lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. METHODS The Phase 4 PLUS study comprised a 4-week run-in period (tamsulosin [0.4 mg]) and a 12-week randomized treatment period (add-on treatment: mirabegron [25 mg] or placebo). Doses were increased to mirabegron 50 mg or matched placebo after 4 weeks. Safety assessments: treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), vital signs, 12-lead electrocardiograms, and changes in postvoid residual volume and maximum urinary flow (Qmax). RESULTS The safety analysis set included 352 tamsulosin plus mirabegron (TAM + MIRA) and 354 tamsulosin plus placebo (TAM + PL) patients. The frequency of overall TEAEs was higher with TAM + PL, although a higher incidence of drug-related TEAEs was observed with TAM + MIRA. Most TEAEs were mild or moderate in severity. Drug-related serious TEAEs were reported for 3 patients (2 TAM + MIRA patients: acute myocardial infarction with cerebral infarction and angina pectoris, 1 TAM + PL patient: lacunar stroke). Hypertension, headache, and nasopharyngitis were the most common TEAEs. Special interest TEAEs were infrequently reported. The most common was urinary retention and 2 TAM + MIRA patients required catheterization (neither led to discontinuation). No major changes in blood pressure or pulse rate were noted and similar electrocardiogram parameters were observed for both groups. Changes in mean postvoid residual volume and Qmax were not clinically meaningful. CONCLUSION No unexpected safety concerns were noted in men receiving tamsulosin for lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia who subsequently received mirabegron add-on therapy.

Objective To compare the long-term outcomes of initial management of pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) in a large cohort of trauma patients undergoing urethral reconstruction. Materials and Methods 119 patients underwent urethral reconstruction by a single surgeon for PFUI at our centre between 1998-2018. We compared initial PFUI management - primary re-alignment versus suprapubic tube (SPT) insertion alone. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to assess the association between primary intervention and the risk of having a complication. Results PFUI was initially managed with primary realignment (57%) or SPT alone (43%). Ultimately, all patients underwent a primary perineal urethral anastomosis after a median of 7 months (IQR: 5-14). Overall, 27 patients (23%) had one or more long-term complications after a median 25 months (IQR:7-66), including urethral stricture, de novo erectile dysfunction, and urinary incontinence. On multivariable analysis, initial PFUI management did not predict for complications. Conclusions No difference was found in long-term outcomes after urethral reconstruction when comparing initial PFUI management of primary re-alignment versus SPT insertion.

Objective\ud \ud To assess the hypothesis that patients receiving placebo in overactive bladder (OAB) trials who experience less benefit from “treatment” continue with behavioral modifications such as fluid restriction, whereas those on active treatment adopt more normal drinking patterns. This may manifest itself as a reduction in micturition frequency (MF).\ud \ud Materials and Methods\ud \ud We interrogated a large integrated database containing pooled patient data from 4 randomized, placebo-controlled phase III OAB solifenacin studies. A statistical correction was applied to MF to remove the influence of fluid intake.\ud \ud Results\ud \ud Pooled analysis using patient-level data from 3011 patients and accounting for the studies within the models showed that all patients voided progressively less total urine per 24 hours during treatment than at baseline. However, reduction in total urine volume voided per 24 hours was larger in patients receiving placebo vs those on solifenacin; with a substantial decrease in 24-hour urine output in the placebo group from baseline to week 4, which was not the case in active groups. After correcting MF for volume voided for each patient using the statistical correction and averaging the corrected MF per treatment arm, the placebo effect almost disappeared. Patients on solifenacin voided less often, with a statistically significant increase in volume voided each time they voided, vs placebo.\ud \ud Conclusion\ud \ud Assuming volume voided is a good surrogate measure for fluid intake, this analysis shows that fluid restriction almost completely explains the reduction in MF in the placebo group. In contrast, patients receiving active treatment adopt more normal drinking patterns once they start to perceive improvement in their OAB symptoms.

To examine the impact of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and primary treatment modality on cardiovascular and skeletal-related events and to investigate potential effect modification in a contemporary cohort of patients treated for clinically localized prostate cancer.We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked databases for men aged 65-79 years who underwent radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy for cT1 or cT2 prostate cancer from 2000 to 2008. We categorized treatment according to primary therapy and receipt of ADT. We described the cumulative incidence of cardiovascular and skeletal-related events.Among 60,156 men, 14,403 underwent surgery and 45,753 underwent radiotherapy. Median follow-up was 6.0 years. After adjusting for baseline differences, treatments with radiotherapy (adjusted hazard ratios [aHR] 1.16-1.28, P .0001-.04) and ADT (aHR 1.18-1.32, P .0001-.008) were each independently associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, sudden cardiac death, fracture, and fracture requiring hospitalization. Radiotherapy was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction (aHR 1.20, P = .02), whereas ADT was not (P = .5). We did not identify a significant statistical interaction between primary and hormonal treatment.Care for cardiovascular and skeletal-related events is an important part of the survivorship phase for a significant proportion of patients with localized prostate cancer. Increasing use of ADT for patients with localized disease undergoing radiotherapy and the observed higher prevalence of these events in these patients should be considered when discussing the risks and benefits of treatment for localized prostate cancer and when formulating a survivorship plan.

Objective To assess rates of treatment-related complications after radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy monotherapy, using propensity score matching to account for baseline differences between these patient populations. Methods On the basis of a population-based study of men undergoing surgery or radiotherapy for prostate cancer in Ontario between 2002 and 2009, we undertook a propensity score–matched analysis including age, comorbidity, and year of treatment to assess treatment-related complication end points. These included hospital admission; urologic, rectal, or anal procedures; open surgeries; and secondary malignancies. Results From the original cohort of 32,465 patients, 15,870 (48.9%) had surgery and 16,595 (51.1%) had radiation. Propensity score matching produced 8797 pairs (17,594 patients). Among these, when compared with patients treated with surgery, those treated with radiation experienced fewer admissions to hospital (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-0.92) and urologic procedures (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.46-0.53) at year 1 but higher rates at year 3 (HR, 5.65; 95% CI, 4.61-6.91 and HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.62-2.13, respectively) and year 5. Although there was no significant difference in open surgeries at year 1, patients undergoing radiotherapy were at higher risk by year 3 (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.23-3.47) and this rose by year 5. Over the study period, patients undergoing radiotherapy experienced more rectal-anal procedures (HR, 2.64; 95% CI, 2.37-2.95) and were diagnosed with more secondary malignancies (HR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.16-5.14). Direct matching produced similar results. Conclusion From a propensity score–matched analysis, we found that patients undergoing radiation therapy for prostate cancer had higher rates of long-term complications in all 5 categories studied than patients undergoing surgery.

Objective To assess the association between local treatment modality, surgery or radiotherapy, and non–prostate cancer and cardiovascular mortality in patients treated for nonmetastatic prostate cancer, given the high competing risk of mortality in this population. Methods We performed a population-based, retrospective cohort study of men treated for nonmetastatic prostate cancer in Ontario, Canada, from 2002 to 2009. Patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy were matched on demographics, comorbidity, and cardiovascular risk factors. The primary outcome was non–prostate cancer mortality. Outcomes were compared using the Fine and Gray subdistribution method with generalized estimating equations. We used a previously published technique to quantify the prevalence and strength of residual confounding necessary to account for observed results. Results We examined 5393 pairs of matched men. The 10-year cumulative incidence of non–prostate cancer mortality was higher among patients who underwent radiotherapy (12%) than surgery (8%; adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [HR] 1.57, 95% confidence interval 1.35-1.83). Patients treated with radiotherapy also had an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (adjusted HR 1.74, 95% confidence interval 1.27-2.37). Hypothetical residual confounders would have to be both strongly associated with non–prostate cancer mortality (HRs > 2.5) and have highly differential prevalence to nullify the observed effect. Conclusion Among patients carefully matched on cardiovascular risk factors, those treated with radiotherapy had an increased risk of non–prostate cancer mortality and cardiovascular disease. Because of the observational nature of the data, the potential for confounding remains. The magnitude and prevalence of potential residual confounders required to account for differences in treatment effects for prostate cancer was quantified.

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OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron 25 mg and 50 mg once-daily vs placebo in patients with overactive bladder (OAB). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients >= 18 years with OAB symptoms were recruited to a 2-week, single-blind, placebo run-in. Those with >= 8 micturitions per 24 hours and >= 3 urgency episodes were randomized 1: 1: 1 to once-daily mirabegron 25 mg or 50 mg, or placebo for 12 weeks. Primary endpoints were changes to final visit in mean number of incontinence episodes and micturitions per 24 hours. Key secondary endpoints were changes to final visit in mean volume voided or micturition, change to week 4 in mean number of incontinence episodes and micturitions per 24 hours, changes to final visit in mean level of urgency, number of urgency incontinence episodes, and urgency (grade 3 or 4) episodes per 24 hours. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed using the OAB-questionnaire, Patient Perception of Bladder Condition, and Treatment-Satisfaction-Visual Analog Scale. RESULTS Both mirabegron groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements in coprimary endpoints vs placebo. Mirabegron 50 mg demonstrated significantly greater improvements vs placebo in the following: change to final visit in mean volume voided per micturition and change to week 4 in mean number of incontinence episodes per 24 hours. Statistically significant improvements vs placebo were demonstrated by mirabegron 50 mg in all patient-reported outcome scales with no increase in the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events vs placebo. CONCLUSION Mirabegron 25 mg and 50 mg were associated with significant improvements in efficacy measures of incontinence episodes and micturition frequency. Mirabegron was well tolerated vs placebo. UROLOGY 82: 313-320, 2013.

To assess rates of treatment-related hospitalizations following surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer, given the importance of hospitalizations in healthcare resource utilization.We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of patients aged 65-79 years receiving radical prostatectomy (open or minimally invasive) or radiotherapy (brachytherapy or external beam) from 2001 to 2008 in the Surveillance, EpidemiologyEnd Results-Medicare linked databases. We assessed treatment-related hospitalizations. We analyzed the role of primary treatment on the number of complications per patient in each category using negative binomial regression.Among 60,476 men, 14,492 underwent primary surgery and 45,984 underwent primary radiotherapy. Over a median follow-up of 5.6 years, the surgery group had significantly lower rates of hospital admissions (8.9 vs 20.3/1000 person-years) than the radiation group. For both groups, admissions peaked within 2 years of treatment, but continued at a steady rate for 10 years. After adjustment for confounders, patients treated with radiation had higher incidence of hospital admissions (relative rate [RR] = 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8-1.9, P .0001), compared to those having surgery. Stratified analysis showed an increased rate of hospitalizations of 1 day and 2 or more days (RR 3.1, 95% CI: 2.7-3.7 and RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.8, respectively) for patients treated with radiotherapy. The use of adjuvant/salvage therapies significantly increased rates of hospitalization. The results were robust to analysis using propensity-score matching.Treatment-related hospitalizations are more common following radiotherapy than surgery in the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. Limitations include a lack of treatment detail and residual confounding due to observational study design.

OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of fesoterodine 4 and 8 mg in men with overactive bladder. METHODS This was a subanalysis of pooled data from 358 men enrolled in 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trials. Subjects with frequency and urgency or urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) were randomized to fesoterodine 4 mg, fesoterodine 8 mg, or placebo for 12 weeks. Efficacy endpoints included bladder diary variables and subject-reported treatment response. RESULTS By week 12, men treated with fesoterodine 4 or 8 mg had significantly greater median percentage improvements in micturition frequency, urgency episodes, and UUI episodes versus placebo and significantly greater percentages reported a treatment response versus placebo. Significant increases in mean voided volume (MVV) per micturition versus placebo occurred with fesoterodine 8 mg only. At week 12, fesoterodine 8 mg was significantly more efficacious than fesoterodine 4 mg in improving UUI episodes and MVV per micturition. The most commonly reported adverse events with fesoterodine 4 and 8 mg were dry mouth (12.5% and 37.7% vs 5.6% with placebo) and constipation (2.5% and 8.8% vs 0.8% with placebo). Symptoms suggestive of urinary retention were reported in 0.8%, 0.8%, and 5.3% of men in the placebo, fesoterodine 4 mg, and fesoterodine 8 mg groups, respectively; only 1 subject, in the fesoterodine 8 mg group, was catheterized. CONCLUSIONS Fesoterodine 4 and 8 mg are generally safe, efficacious, and well tolerated for the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms in men. The 8 mg dose provides additional benefit and allows for treatment individualization.

Objective To successfully perform male sling surgery, and the surgery must achieve proximal urethral relocation and/or bulbar urethral compression. The Virtue quadratic sling is a novel device that incorporates both mechanisms of action. We report the 1-year results of the Virtue sling with fixation and compare it with the results of the initial “unfixed” sling trial. Methods A prospective trial was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of the Virtue sling. Objective success was predefined as >50% decrease in 24-hour pad weight and subjective success as a score of “much” or “very much” better on the Patient Global Impression of Improvement. Subgroups were analyzed by baseline incontinence: mild ( 400 g). After analysis of the 1-year data, a second clinical trial incorporating a novel “fixation” technique was performed, with similar outcome measures. Results In the initial cohort, subjective and objective successes were achieved in 41.9% at 12 months. Median pad weight reduction was 51.1% at 12 months and varied with the degree of baseline leakage. In the fixation cohort, subjective and objective successes were 70.9% and 79.2%, median pad weight reduction was 88.3% at 12 months, and efficacy was similar regardless of baseline incontinence. There were no cases of prolonged retention and no severe adverse events. Conclusion The Virtue sling with fixation is a safe and efficacious treatment for postprostatectomy incontinence. Superior 12-month results compared with the unfixed device demonstrate that fixation prevents early sling loosening.

Male urethral stricture dilatation is done with sounds, filiforms and followers, balloons, or coaxial dilators inserted over a guidewire. To facilitate stricture dilatation and minimize trauma a new S-shaped coaxial urethral dilator was designed. Prototypes were tested, and the final design was devised with a technique for successful insertion.

Objective To determine clinical and demographic characteristics associated with antimuscarinic treatment response using a regression model. Methods Adults with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms for >3 months and ≥1 urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) episode and ≥8 micturitions per 24 hours at baseline were randomized to fesoterodine (8 mg), tolterodine extended-release (4 mg), or placebo in two 12-week, double-blind, head-to-head studies. Fesoterodine-treated patients received 4 mg/d during the first week and 8 mg/d thereafter. Patients completed 3-day bladder diaries and the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire at baseline and week 12. Pooled data for changes from baseline to week 12 in winsorized UUI episodes, micturitions, and urgency episodes per 24 hours and Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Symptom Bother and health-related quality of life scores were analyzed posthoc using a regression model that selects outcome predictors from baseline values and patient characteristics while retaining baseline values and treatment, with stepwise inclusion of significant covariates and assessment of treatment interactions. Logistic regression was used for analysis of diary-dry rates. Results Younger age, lack of previous antimuscarinic treatment, shorter duration of OAB diagnosis, and female gender were common predictors of larger changes in outcomes from baseline to week 12. Baseline measures often interacted with treatment, such that poorer baseline outcomes were predictive of larger treatment differences. Longer duration since OAB diagnosis predicted greater treatment differences for UUI episodes and in diary-dry rate, and increased age predicted greater treatment differences for micturitions. Conclusion Symptom severity and duration, age, gender, and previous antimuscarinic pharmacotherapy impact the response to antimuscarinic treatment.

Posterior urethral stenosis can result from radical prostatectomy in approximately 5%-10% of patients (range 1.4%-29%). Similarly, 4%-9% of men after brachytherapy and 1%-13% after external beam radiotherapy will develop stenosis. The rate will be greater after combination therapy and can exceed 40% after salvage radical prostatectomy. Although postradical prostatectomy stenoses mostly develop within 2 years, postradiotherapy stenoses take longer to appear. Many result in storage and voiding symptoms and can be associated with incontinence. The evaluation consists of a workup similar to that for lower urinary tract symptoms, with additional testing to rule out recurrent or persistent prostate cancer. Treatment is usually initiated with an endoscopic approach commonly involving dilation, visual urethrotomy with or without laser treatment, and, possibly, UroLume stent placement. Open surgical urethroplasty has been reported, as well as urinary diversion for recalcitrant stenosis. A proposed algorithm illustrating a graded approach has been provided.

To assess the efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron 25 mg and 50 mg once-daily vs placebo in patients with overactive bladder (OAB).Patients ≥18 years with OAB symptoms were recruited to a 2-week, single-blind, placebo run-in. Those with ≥8 micturitions per 24 hours and ≥3 urgency episodes were randomized 1:1:1 to once-daily mirabegron 25 mg or 50 mg, or placebo for 12 weeks. Primary endpoints were changes to final visit in mean number of incontinence episodes and micturitions per 24 hours. Key secondary endpoints were changes to final visit in mean volume voided or micturition, change to week 4 in mean number of incontinence episodes and micturitions per 24 hours, changes to final visit in mean level of urgency, number of urgency incontinence episodes, and urgency (grade 3 or 4) episodes per 24 hours. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed using the OAB-questionnaire, Patient Perception of Bladder Condition, and Treatment-Satisfaction-Visual Analog Scale.Both mirabegron groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements in coprimary endpoints vs placebo. Mirabegron 50 mg demonstrated significantly greater improvements vs placebo in the following: change to final visit in mean volume voided per micturition and change to week 4 in mean number of incontinence episodes per 24 hours. Statistically significant improvements vs placebo were demonstrated by mirabegron 50 mg in all patient-reported outcome scales with no increase in the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events vs placebo.Mirabegron 25 mg and 50 mg were associated with significant improvements in efficacy measures of incontinence episodes and micturition frequency. Mirabegron was well tolerated vs placebo.

Objectives To compare, in a multicenter, randomized clinical trial, collagen injections versus surgery with regard to efficacy, quality of life, satisfaction, and complications. Methods Of 133 women with stress urinary incontinence, 66 were randomized to collagen injection and 67 to surgery (6 needle bladder neck suspensions, 19 Burch, and 29 slings). After randomization, 15 women refused their allocated treatment. "Intent-to-treat" and "per protocol" analyses were applied. Women assigned to collagen injection could receive up to three injections before it was considered a failure. A "top-up" injection was allowed within 3 months after cure. Success as the primary outcome at 12 months was defined as a dry 24-hour pad test (2.5 g or less of urine) after having received only the allocated intervention. Results The per protocol analysis showed that the success rate 12 months after collagen injections (53.1%) was much lower than that after surgery (72.2%). The difference was 19.1% (95% confidence interval −36.2% to −2%). The general and disease-specific quality-of-life scores measured by the Rand Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Health Survey and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire were similar in the two groups ( P = 0.306). Women treated by surgery were, on average, more satisfied (79.6%) than those treated by collagen injection (67.2%), but the difference was not significant ( P = 0.228). Finally, complications were less frequent and severe with collagen injection: 36 events in 23 subjects for collagen injection versus 84 events in 34 subjects for surgery ( P = 0.03). Conclusions One year after intervention, the success rate of collagen injection as a treatment for stress urinary incontinence was about 19% lower than that after surgery. This has to be tempered by the similar changes in quality of life and satisfaction in both groups and that the number and severity of complications were much greater after surgery than after collagen injection. The results of this study indicate that collagen injections might be a worthwhile alternative to surgery for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence.

Objectives To present our multi-institutional experience with retubularized bowel conduits. Some patients with augmentation cystoplasty, augmented rectal bladder, or continent urinary reservoirs require conversion to an ileal conduit for various reasons. This is generally accomplished by construction of a de novo ileal conduit. We retubularized the bowel segment used in the augmented bladder or the urinary reservoir to form the intestinal urinary conduit. Methods A total of 29 patients (mean age 42 years) underwent conduit formation using the augmentation patch of enterocystoplasty, the segment of cutaneous urinary diversion reservoir or orthotopic neobladder, or the augmentation patch of an augmented rectal bladder. Patients were followed up with history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Results The follow-up ranged from 12 to 130 months (mean 42). One patient developed small bowel obstruction requiring laparotomy with lysis of adhesions. None of the other patients had bowel complications. Two patients developed ureteral obstruction with hydronephrosis. One had pyocystitis requiring simple cystectomy. One patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusions Retubularization of previously used bowel segments to construct a urinary conduit is feasible and has several advantages. It is possible to perform this procedure after several types of reconstructive procedures in which bowel was incorporated into the urinary tract.

Objectives. Although the urologic outcomes of augmentation cystoplasty for neurogenic bladder dysfunction are well known, additional information about the patient perspective is needed. The aim of this study was to assess patient perspective using a standardized questionnaire. Methods. Fifty-nine patients, who had undergone augmentation enterocystoplasty as part of reconstruction mainly to correct hyperactive bladders and incontinence, were subjected to a questionnaire after a median of 76.1 postoperative months. The questionnaire addressed medications, catheterization, incontinence, bowel dysfunction, and satisfaction with urinary tract management. The urologic outcomes regarding upper and lower tract changes, complications, and reinterventions were documented as well. Results. The patients experienced a significant increase in bladder capacity and decrease in pressure at capacity (P < 0.0001). Normal upper tracts remained normal and there was either improvement or stabilization of hydronephrosis. Twenty-four patients (40.6%) had one or more complications, with 21 requiring reinterventions. Twenty-five percent of patients required the reintervention within the first 25 months, and the median time to reintervention was almost 10 years. Thirty-five patients took medications such as anticholinergics, antidiarrheals, or antibiotics. Fifty-six patients were treated with clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) at a mean interval of 4.6 hours. Seven patients had some difficulty with CIC. Thirty-nine patients (67%) were dry, and 17 had mild and 3 severe incontinence. Eleven patients (18.6%) reported bowel dysfunction, although 7 had it preoperatively. Almost all patients were very satisfied with their urologic management. Conclusions. The high degree of patient satisfaction attests to the value of the procedure. The complication and reintervention rates underscore the importance of long-term follow-up.

A woman presented with recurrent urinary tract infection and hematuria. Physical examination revealed an anterior vaginal wall mass, and urine cytology was positive for malignant cells. Urethroscopy revealed a diverticulum arising from the posterolateral urethral wall and containing a polypoid mass. This was confirmed by transvaginal ultrasound (Fig. 1), and magnetic resonance imaging showed enhancement of the mass (Figs. 2, 3). Biopsy confirmed an adenocarcinoma. The diverticulum was excised through a combined transvaginal and suprapubic approach, and the patient received radiotherapy for 6 months. Follow-up at 18 months showed no evidence of tumor recurrence.

A case of pyogenic psoas abscess is reported. It was found many years after lumbar spine operation, although the patient had confusing symptoms during the whole period. The last presenting symptoms were fever, chills, back pain, and hematuria. Ultrasonography provided conclusive information about the abscess.