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Ninety-eight children have been treated with clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) over a five-year period. Follow-up in 73 of these is presented herin. The complication rate encountered with the technique is low (7 per cent major complications). Only 21 per cent of the patients were able to maintain persistently sterile urine, although no new bouts of pyelonephritis were encountered in the group since our report of three years ago. Six of 44 (14 per cent) refluxing renal units stopped refluxing on CIC, but in two units reflux de novo developed while on treatment. Most patients (79 per cent) demonstrated stable upper tracts on CIC, while 14 per cent showed increased calicectasis with 7 per cent showing improvement. Thirty-one of the patients were less than three years of age when begun on clean intermittent catheterization. We recommend CIC as the treatment of choice in neurogenic vesical dysfunction where total bladder emptying is a problem and advise that it be started as early as possible.