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To study in vitro activity of antimicrobials against clinical isolates from patients with community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) in different regions of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan in 2017-2018.A total of 1260 isolates collectedin the Russian Federation, Belarus and Kazakhstanas a part of the international multicenter prospective epidemiological study of the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance of uropathogens causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in different subsets of patients ("DARMIS-2018") were included in the analysis. 1124 strains represented the Enterobacterales order. Uropathogenswere isolated from children and adults of both sexes of all age groups with acute (and recurrences of chronic) community-acquired UTIs including pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuriain 34 centers of 26 cities of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus in 2017-2018.Enterobacterales jointly comprised a total of 89,2% of all isolated bacterial pathogens (88,9% in the adult subset; 89,3% in the subset of pregnant women and 91,4% in the subset of children and adolescents under 18). The most prevalent species were Escherichia coli (69,4% in the adult subset; 73,6% in the subset of pregnant women and 77,1% in the subset of children and adolescents under 18) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11,5% in the subset of adults; 10,4% in the subset of pregnant women and 7,1% in the subset of children and adolescents under 18 years of age). The maximum activity against E. coli among oral drugs demonstrated fosfomycin (97,9% in the adult subset; 95,9% in the subset of pregnant women and 99,1% in the subset of children and adolescents under 18) and nitrofurantoin (97,9% in adult subset; 100% in the subset of pregnant women and 96,3% in the subset of children and adolescents under 18). Out of the parenteral drugs meropenem (out of carbapenems) and amikacin showed the highest activity (99,5% and 97,7% in the adult subset; 99,5% and 99,1% in the subset of pregnant women; 100% and 97,2% in the subset of children and adolescents under 18 years of age, respectively). Ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole demonstrated the lowest in vitro activity against Escherichia coli (less than 80% for everypatient subset). The susceptibility of E. colito ciprofloxacin was 60,4% in the adult subset; 80,0% in the subset of pregnant women and 80,6% in the subset of children and adolescents under 18. The rate of production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases among E. coli isolates based on the results of phenotypic tests was 21,9%.Results of this study indicate the increase of resistance of community-acquired isolates of Enterobacterales and in particular E. coli to the most of antimicrobials in Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan.

A rise in efficacy of the treatment of acute infection affecting the lower urinary tract (LUTI) and prolongation of recurrence-free interval in chronic LUTI can be achieved only by an optimal antibacterial treatment. The study was made of 987 community-acquired strains of uropathogens from the patients living in 20 cities of the Russian Federation, Belarus and Kazakhstan (of them, 903 strains were from Russia). Enterobacteriaceae comprised 83.5%. E. coli infection of LUTI was found in 63.5% patients. The incidence of this infection was about the same both in uncomplicated and complicated cases (64.6 and 62.1%, respectively). Most active oral drugs against E.coli were phosphomycin (98.4%), furasidin (95.7%), nitrofurantoin (94.1%) and oralcefalosporins of the third generation (ceftibuten and cefixim). As to Enterobacteriaceae, only phosphomycin had activity against these bacteria above 90%, i.e. 91.5%. Furasidin and nitrofurantoin activity was 86.3 and 76.8%, respectively. From parenteral drugs, most active against E. coli were carbapenems (ertapenem, meropenem, imipenem. Strains resistant to them were not isolated. High in vitro activity was demonstrated also by cefoperason/sulbactam (97.4%), piperacillin/tasobactam (95.7%), cefalosporins of the third/fourth generation and amikacin (98.9%). Carbapenems were also highly active against Enterobacteroaceae. Empiric treatment of uncomplicated urinary infection should be performed with medicines which are not used for other indications.

A total of 656 female patients from Russia aged between 18 to 65 years with uncomplicated cystitis entered the international ARESC trial, of them 647 were eligible for final analysis. Positive cultural urine tests (10(4) CFU/ml) were in 419 (64.7%) patients, 393 (93.8%) patients had monoinfection. The central laboratory of Genoa (to which the isolated samples were sent) has tested 416 uropathogens from 399 patients. The following pathogens were isolated: E. coli (72.6%), enterococcus (7.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.6%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (3.6%), Proteus mirabilis (2.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (1.7%). E. coli was most sensitive to phosphomycin (99.3%), mecillinam (97.3%), nitrofurantoin (94.7%), ciprofloxacin (87.4%). The lowest sensitivity was to ampicillin (42.1%) and cotrimoxasol (69.4%). As to the whole bacterial spectrum, the highest sensitivity was found to phosphomycin (96.5%), nitrofurantoin (85.6%) and citrofloxacin (82.8%), the less sensitivity--to ampicyllin (44.3%) and co-trimoxasol (70.1%). Phosphomycin, mecillinam (not registered in Russia) and nitrofurantoin showed activity in vitro and can be considered as drugs of choice for empiric therapy of cystitis. Because of high resistance of pathogens, co-trimoxasol (trimetoprim) and fluoroquinalones are not recommended as first-line treatment for uncomplicated cystitis in females.