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The overlap of pain and urinary voiding symptoms is common for urologic patients. The etiology of these syndromes is frequently multifactorial and due to disorders of the bladder and/or prostate. The evaluation and treatment of these syndromes continues to evolve. Here we summarize the general approach to evaluation and treatment of these pain syndromes.

This article examines real-life case histories of men with routine and not so routine conditions underlying lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and demonstrates the utility of what has become our standard evaluation: repeated bladder diaries, urinary flow rate postvoid residual urine flow, cystoscopy, and videourodynamics, as well as the routinely used LUTS questionnaire. Each case history was sent to each of the other authors of this monograph who, on a case by case basis, answered queries and made relevant comments. The patient evaluations and case histories are discussed by top experts who have authored articles in this issue.