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Ejaculatory dysfunction may occur after many different disorders ranging from traumatic spinal cord injury to diabetes mellitus. With an understanding of the many facets and nuances of the ejaculatory apparatus, both anatomic and neurologic, the well-versed clinician can proceed along a safe, efficient, and appropriate treatment algorithm to help affected men and their partners achieve parenthood., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Evolving therapies have allowed the use of sperm from men with spermatogenic compromise, obstructive azoospermia, and sperm functional deficiency, enabling these men to procreate when unable to do so naturally. The genetic basis of only a portion of these conditions is known and research must be pursued into the genetic underpinnings of those that have not yet been delineated. Education and provision of information to patients is the responsibility of all involved in the care of men with reproductive failure. The author concentrates on some of the known causes of nonobstructive azoospermia and obstructive azoospermia with a well-established genetic cause such as congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens.

Adequate male development and spermatogenesis involve a complex array of events, all prescribed by numerous gene products in an orderly temporal and spatial sequence. A single defect in any portion of these myriad steps may lead to total failure of testicular development or simply subtle spermatogenic deficiency. As emphasis continues to be placed upon elucidation of the molecular and genetic basis underlying clinical and phenotypic human failings, knowledge will slowly accumulate to explain these failings and, it is hoped, to suggest treatment strategies for some.