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Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the general status of last-year residents in Turkey by filling in the questionnaire ‘Evaluation of Residencies in Europe’. Subjects and Methods: The questionnaire ‘Evaluation of Residencies in Europe’, designed by the European Society of Residents in Urology (ESRU), was applied to 91 last-year urology residents. It consisted of 7 sections; ‘Introduction’, ‘Membership’, ‘Residency’, ‘Life and Financial Conditions’, ‘Future Practice’, ‘Training’ and ‘Research Activities and Contribution to Scientific Literature’. The results were determined and reviewed as well. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis Test. Results: More than 40 parameters were evaluated. The level of English was average or good for 86%. Half of the residents were aware of ESRU activities, 91% knew national ESRU representatives. Fifty-seven percent of the residents wanted to subspecialize in urology, nephrectomy or andrology, and general urology procedures had a high rate being performed by a first surgeon. Transurethral prostate resection, transurethral resection of bladder and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy were well known, with a rate of 76%. Conclusions: Although the Turkish resident number is one of the most excessive in Europe, we have a well-trained homogenous resident group especially in the field of endourology; most of those in the last year of their training period were satisfied with their general condition. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]