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Herein, a novel Zinc Ferrite nanocubes (ZnFe2O4 NCs) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite have been designed through a sonochemical method. After then, as-synthesized ZnFe2O4 NCs/rGO was characterized by XPS, XRD, HRTEM and EIS. Furthermore, the ZnFe2O4 NCs/rGO nanocomposite modified GCE (glassy carbon electrode) shows excellent electrochemical sensing performance towards biomarker of 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4-NQ) with fast detection. 4-NQ is one of the important cancer biomarker. Moreover, the fabricated sensor showed a wide linear window for 4-NQ between 0.025 and 534.12 µM and nanomolar detection limit (8.27 nM). Further, the as-prepared ZnFe2O4 NCs/rGO/GCE has been applied to the determination of 4-NQ in human blood and urine samples with excellent recovery results.

4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide (4-NQO) is an important tumorigenic organic compound with high adverse effect in the human body. In this study, a novel Bismuth Tungstate nanospheres (Bi2WO6) decorated reduced graphene oxide (Bi2WO6/rGOS) nanocomposite have been designed through a sonochemical method. The as-synthesized Bi2WO6/rGOS was characterized through the HRTEM, FESEM, XPS, EIS and XRD. Furthermore, the nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was developed for the determination of 4-NQO. The results showed that the Bi2WO6/rGOS nanocomposite modified electrode exhibit valuable responses and excellent electrocatalytic activity. The fabricated sensor was facilitated the analysis of 4-NQO with a nanomolar detection limit (6.11 nM). Further, the as-synthesized Bi2WO6/rGOS modified electrode has been applied to sensing of 4-NQO in human blood and urine samples with satisfactory recovery.

To dates, the facile synthesis of inorganic–coated organic polymer composite has received greater attention in the order of research fields including advanced materials and electrochemical analysis owing to the complementary or synergistic effects. In this context, Pr2O3 and Pr2O3 coated polystyrene (Pr2O3/PS) inorganic–organic colloidal composite were prepared via ultrasound-induced radicals initiated precipitation and dispersion polymerization methods. The synthesized Pr2O3/PS composite was systematically studied by FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, FT-IR, XRD, and XPS analysis. This composite modified glassy carbon electrode (Pr2O3/PS GCE) was utilized to construct a novel electrochemical sensor for the detection assay of chemotherapy agent methotrexate (MTA). Under optimal condition, the designed sensor showed outstanding performance for MTA trace level detection over the linear concentration range of 0.01–236 µM with a detection limit of 0.8 nM for MTA. Furthermore, the prepared sensor accomplished excellent stability and relevant reproducibility, in addition to reliable practical assay in real human blood serum and urine samples. Besides, the possible MTA sensing mechanism of Pr2O3/PS GCE has been deliberated in detail. Our finding suggested that the developed Pr2O3/PS composite might be a favorable material for the fabrication of the high-performance electrochemical sensor.

We report a facile and ultrasound assisted sonochemical synthesis of a Tungsten disulfide nanorods decorated nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide based nanocomposite. The WS2 NRs/N-rGOs nanocomposite was characterized by FESEM, HRTEM, XRD, XPS and electrochemical methods and its application towards the electrochemical detection of organo-arsenic drug (coccidiostat). The WS2 NRs/N-rGOs modified SPCE was used for the electrochemical reduction of roxarsone (ROX) and it showed superior electrocatalytic performance in terms of reduction peak current and shift in overpotential when compared to those of WS2 NRs/SPCE, N-rGOs/SPCE and based SPCE. The WS2 NRs/N-rGOs modified SPCE showed an excellent sensing ability towards ROX in nitrogen saturated phosphate buffer (PB) then the other controlled modified and unmodified electrodes. The WS2 NRs/N-rGOs/SPCE displays high sensitive response towards ROX and gives wide linearity in the range of 0.1–442.6 µM ROX in neutral phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and the sensitivity of the sensor is calculated as 14.733 µA µM−1 cm−2. The WS2 NRs/N-rGOs nanocomposite modified sensor also exhibits valuable ability of anti-interference to electroactive analytes. Furthermore, the as-prepared WS2 NRs/N-rGOs/SPCE has been applied to the determination of ROX in biological and pharmaceutical samples.

Herein, novel manganese sulfide nanoparticles (MnS NPs) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGOS) nanocomposite have been designed through a facile ultrasound-assisted method and followed by a sonication process. After then, as-synthesized α-MnS@rGOS was characterized by HRTEM, FESEM, XPS, XRD and EIS. Furthermore, the α-MnS@rGOS nanocomposite modified SPCE (screen-printed carbon electrode) shows excellent electrochemical sensing performance towards Parkinson’s disease biomarker of dopamine (DA). Moreover, the fabricated sensor showed a wide linear range for dopamine between 0.02 and 438.6 µM and nanomolar detection limit (3.5 nM). In addition, the α-MnS@rGOS modified SPCE showed selectivity towards the detection of dopamine in presence of a 10-fold higher concentration of other important biomolecules. The nanocomposite film modified SPCE sensor was good stable and reproducible towards the detection of Parkinson's disease biomarker. Furthermore, the as-synthesized α-MnS@rGOS nanocomposite modified SPCE has been applied to the determination of dopamine in human serum, rat serum and pharmaceutical samples with acceptable recoveries.

The nanomaterials have received enormous attention in the catalysis applications. Particularly, we have focused on the fabrication of nanocomposite for an electrochemical sensor with improved electrocatalytic performance. Herein, a rapid and sensitive electrochemical detection of nitrite is essential for assessing the risks facing ecosystems in environment. We report a simple and robust ultrasonic-assisted synthetical route via prepared Er2O3 nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (Er2O3 NPs@RGO) modified electrode for nitrite detection. The composition and morphological formation were characterized by XRD, XPS, FESEM, and HRTEM. The amperometric (i-t) and cyclic voltammetry were exhibits tremendous electrocatalytic capability and superior performance toward nitrite oxidation. A sensitive and reproducible amperometric nitrite sensor was fabricated which able to detect trace concentration as 3.69 nM and excellent sensitivity (24.17 µA µM−1 cm−2). The method worked well even in cured meat and water samples and the results has indicates the reliability of the method in real-time analysis.

The present work reports the facile and cost-effective synthesis of rod like structured nickel doped bismuth sulphide (Ni-Bi2S3) via the ultrasonication process. The sonochemical synthesis technique is rapid, simple, non-explosive, and harmless than other conventional synthesis technique. After the synthesis, the resultant material was characterized through the various spectrophotometric techniques including FESEM, EDX, XRD, XPS and EIS. After the structural evaluation, as-synthesized Ni-Bi2S3 was applied for the electrocatalytic detection of promethazine hydrochloride (PMTZ) using CV and amperometry (i-t) techniques. Captivatingly, excellent electrocatalytic performance with the wider linear range from 1 nM to 163.17 µM was obtained for the electrochemical determination of PMTZ. The limit of detection (LOD) and sensitivity calculated around 0.4 nM and 2.904 μA µM−1 cm−2, respectively. Besides, an excellent selectivity, satisfactory reproducibility and good stability of the Ni-Bi2S3 modified electrode were checked towards the electrochemical determination of PMTZ. Furthermore, the real time application of PMTZ sensor was established in human serum and urine samples.

In this paper, mesoporous tungsten sulfide electrocatalyst (MP-WS2) were developed through a facile sonochemical technique (SC) and utilized as an electrocatalyst for the sensitive electrochemical detection of Psychoactive drug. The as-prepared SC-MP-WS2 NRs and HT-WS2 NPs (hydrothermally synthesized) were characterized using XRD, Raman, XPS, FESEM, HRTEM, BET, EDX, and electrochemical analysis, which exposed the formation of WS2 in the form of mesoporous nanorods in shape. Further, the use of the as-developed SC-MP-WS2 NRs and HT-WS2 NPs as an electrocatalyst for the detection of clonazepam (CNP). Interestingly, the SC-MP-WS2 NRs modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SC-MP-WS2 NRs/SPCE) exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic performance, and enhanced reduction peak current when compared to HT-WS2 NPs with unmodified electrode. Moreover, as-prepared SC-MP-WS2 NRs/SPCE displayed wide linear response range (10–551 µM), lower detection limit (2.37 nM) and high sensitivity (24.32 µAµM–1cm−2). Furthermore, SC-MP-WS2 NRs/SPCE showed an excellent selectivity even in the existence of potentially co-interfering compounds. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for the determination of CNP in biological and drug samples with acceptable recovery.