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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of vitreomacular interface (VMI) disorders in patients with Behçet's uveitis and assess the relationship between VMI disorders and clinical characteristics. Materials and Methods: The macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of 160 eyes of 96 patients with Behçet's uveitis who were being followed in the Uvea-Behçet's clinic were assessed retrospectively for VMI disorders including posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), epiretinal membrane (ERM), vitreomacular adhesion (VMA), vitreomacular traction (VMT), full-thickness macular hole (FTMH), lamellar hole (LH) and pseudohole. Results: Twenty-four patients (25%) with unilateral and 72 patients with bilateral uveitis were included in the study. Six (30%) of 20 eyes with anterior uveitis and 57 (40.7%) of 140 eyes with posterior uveitis, in total 63 (39.4%) eyes of 160 eyes had at least one VMI disorder. PVD was detected in 4 eyes (2.5%), ERM in 48 eyes (30%), VMA in 12 eyes (7.5%), and LH in 1 eye (0.6%). None of the eyes had VMT, FTMH, or pseudohole. ERM was detected in 13 eyes (8.1%) on fundus examination and 48 (30%) eyes by OCT (p=0.001). VMI was detected in 12 (50%) of 24 eyes with prior intraocular surgery and 51 (37.5%) of 136 eyes without. The mean duration of uveitis was 7.3±5.8 years in patients with VMI disorders and 5.8±7.7 years in patients without (p=0.04). There was no relation between VMI disorders and anatomic location of uveitis, history of past ocular surgery, number of ocular/periocular steroid injections, or visual acuity. Conclusion: VMI disorders are common in patients with Behçet's uveitis. Their frequency increases with the duration of uveitis. OCT is more sensitive than fundus examination in the detection of VMI disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the effects of artificial tears on corneal higher order aberrations in dry eye patients. Materials and Methods: 30 right eyes of 30 newly diagnosed dry eye patients were evaluated in this prospective study. After routine ophthalmological examination, Schirmer test and tear break-up time (TBUT) test were performed in all patients. Anterior corneal aberrations were derived from conversion of the corneal elevation profile into corneal wavefront data with 6.0 mm pupil diameter using Zernike polynomails by corneal topography before and 5 minutes after instillation of artificial tear (Eyestil®). Corneal optical aberrations were compared before and after instillation of eyedrop. Results: The study included 17 women and 13 men; the average age of the patients was 44.36±13.22 years. Mean TBUT was 4.78±2.78 seconds and mean Schirmer value was 3.58±2.45 mm/5 minutes. After instillation of artificial tear, significant reductions in corneal total aberration from 1.120±0.35 μm to 0.960±0.34 μm, higher order aberration from 0.674±0.26 μm to 0.464±0.18 μm, coma-like aberration from 0.283±0.10 μm to 0.238±0.09 μm, and spherical-like aberration from 0.254±0.11 μm to 0.221±0.08 μm were detected (all, p<0.001). After eyedrop instillation, statistically significant increment was observed in Strehl ratio (p<0.001). Conclusion: As well as reducing the dry eye symptoms, artificial tears also cause increment in optical quality of the eye. Benefits of artificial tears on visual quality can be evaluated objectively via corneal wavefront aberrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) in computer users and to investigate the correlations of this index with dry eye tests and demographic properties. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 178 subjects with an age range of 20-40 years and who spent most of their daily life in front of the computers were included. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination including basal secretion test, tear break-up time test, and ocular surface staining. In addition, all patients completed the OSDI questionnaire. Results: A total of 178 volunteers (101 female, 77 male) with a mean age of 28.8±4.5 years were included in the study. Mean time of computer use was 7.7±1.9 (5-14) hours/day, and mean computer use period was 71.1±39.7 (4-204) months. Mean OSDI score was 44.1±24.7 (0-100). There was a significant negative correlation between the OSDI score and tear break-up time test in the right (p=0.005 r=-0.21) and the left eyes (p=0.003 r=-0.22). There was a significant positive correlation between the OSDI score and gender (p=0.014 r=0.18) and daily computer usage time (p=0.008 r=0.2). In addition to this, there was a significant positive correlation between the OSDI score and ocular surface staining pattern in the right (p=0.03 r=0.16) and the left eyes (p=0.03 r=0.17). Age, smoking, type of computer, use of glasses, presence of symptoms, and basal secretion test were not found to be correlated with OSDI score. Conclusions: Long-term computer use causes ocular surface problems. The OSDI were found to be correlated with tear break-up time test, gender, daily computer usage time, and ocular surface staining pattern in computer users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME), its risk factors, and macular changes by optical coherence tomography (OCT) after phacoemulsifcation. Materials and Methods: This study included 99 eyes of 65 patients who underwent phacoemulsifcation surgery in Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology. Foveal thickness, macular volume, and mean macular thickness were measured by OCT preoperatively and at 1st day, 1st week, 1st, and 3rd months postoperatively. Re sults: In this study, the incidence of postoperative CME was 3%. The mean central foveal thickness was preoperatively 250.4 (±18.5) μm, and postoperatively was 252.08 (±23.2) μm at 1st day, 261.4 (±27.8) μm at 1st week, 270.6 (±44.4) μm at 1st month, and 265.4 (±41.6) μm at 3rd month. The statistically signifcant increase in foveal thickness was defned between preoperative and 1st week, 1st month, 3rd month as well as between 1st week, 1st month, and 3rd month (p<0.01). Increase in macular thickness was demonstrated in 44 eyes (44.4%) which was most frequently located in the parafoveal region. Intraoperative complications like iris trauma, posterior capsule tear, and vitreous loss were increased risk of CME (p=0.001). Conclusion: Subclinical macular thickness increment begins at 1st week and reaches maximum point at 1st month. Incidence of CME increased in patients who had a complicated cataract surgery, so they should be followed closely by OCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the results of bony integrated implants used in the management of exenterated or contracted sockets. Materials and Methods: Ten eyes of 10 cases underwent bony integrated implants for the management of exenterated (7 eyes) or contracted (3 eyes) sockets. The procedure was performed in two steps in a two-month period. The first step included placement of screws by preparing the osteotomy site, whereas the second step included implantation of magnetic implants over these screws that will adhere to the orbital implant. The patients were retrospectively evaluated for age, gender, etiology, surgical timing, history of radiotherapy, and time of application of epithesis. The presence of infection at the surgical site, implant loss, functional or cosmetic problems at the perisurgical area, the usage of epithesis during the social life were evaluated. Results: There were 7 female and 3 male patients. The mean age was 34 (5-75) years. The indications for enucleation or exenteration were: retinoblastoma (4 cases), malignant melanoma (2 cases), basal cell carcinoma (1 case), squamous cell carcinoma (1 case), rhabdomyosarcoma (1 case) and sinoorbital mucormycosis (1 case). The epitheses were applied 3 to 156 months (mean 51 months) following the intervention. All of the implantations were performed successfully. During follow-up, one case had lost the implant and one case had local infection that responded to antibiotic treatment. Three cases were reoperated and the implants were replaced after a 2-year follow-up time due to the deterioration of the magnetic effect of the implants. Conclusion: Bony integrated orbital implants have an important role in solution of esthetic problems encountered in the exenterated orbit and severe contracted socket. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the indications and outcomes of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT). Materials and Methods: A total of 87 eyes who underwent amnion membrane transplantation in our clinic between February 2010 and April 2013 were included in this study. Mean follow-up period was 7.49±7.84 months (range 1-29 months). Amnion membrane defrosted at room temperature and washed three times with saline covered all over the cornea independent of the position and size of the lesion and was sutured to the peripheral cornea circumferentially by 10/0 monofilament suture. At the end of the operation, therapeutic contact lens was placed. All cases were evaluated with respect to duration of surface epithelial healing, visual acuity, presence of recurrence, and infection. Results: Forty-six of the 87 patients (52.8%) were men and 41 (47.1%) were women. The mean age was 57.02±19.74 years (range 31-89 years) in men and 66.69±16.56 years (range 8-88 years) in women. The indications were: ulcers in 27 eyes, keratitis in 24 eyes, topical anesthetic abuse in 10 eyes, bullous keratopathy in 7 eyes, conjunctival mass in 7 eyes, symblepharon in 3 eyes, chemical burns in 3 eyes, pterygium in 2 eyes, endophthalmitis in 2 eyes, dellen in 1 eye, and conjunctival laceration in 1 eye. After AMT, 12 patients required second AMT, and 2 cases required third AMT. 2 eyes were eviscerated, 1 eye was exenterated. At the final follow-up visit, except for patients who underwent evisceration and exenteration, improved visual acuity was observed in 45 of the 84 eyes (53.5%). The average of healing time was between 4 and 6 weeks. No infectious, inflammatory, immunologic, or toxic/allergic reactions related to AMT was observed. Conclusion: Amniotic membrane transplantation is a safe and effective technique in ocular surface diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the indications, intra- and post-operative complications, and visual results of combined cataract surgery and pars plana vitrectomy. Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients who underwent combined surgery between January 2008 and January 2011 were retrospectively evaluated. Indications for surgery, complications, pre-operative and post-operative visual acuities were recorded. Results: Sixty-four eyes of 64 patients were included in the study. Thirty-fve (55%) of the patients were men and 29 (45%) were women; mean age was 53±21 (6-88) years. Mean follow-up time was 13±12 (1-51) months. The main indications for combined surgery were intravitreal hemorrhage in 19 patients (29.7%), epiretinal membrane in 12 (18.8%), intraocular foreign body in 11 (17.2%), retinal detachment in 9 (14.1%), and macular edema in 7 (11%) patients. Posterior capsule rupture in 3 cases and corneal edema in 2 cases were the complications encountered during surgery. Postoperatively, hypotonia occurred in 5 cases and corneal edema in 1. Intraocular pressure elevation was observed in 1 silicon-injected case and 1 propane gas-injected case. The average preoperative visual acuity was 1.90±1.9 (0.22 to 3.10) LogMAR. The average postoperative visual acuity at the last visit was 1.1±1.0 (0.00 to 4.00) LogMAR. The visual acuity increase was statistically signifcant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Combined surgery is a feasible option for patients with vitreoretinal diseases and cataract. Visual results and complications depend primarily on the underlying posterior segment pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the effect of a single intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) injection in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) of different patterns determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Materials and Methods: In the present study, we retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who had a single IVTA injection for the treatment of DME. Eyes with a clinically significant macular edema and a central foveal thickness (CFT) of 250 microns or more were included. Diabetic retinopathy stage and previous history of laser treatment were not taken into account for patient selection. Bestcorrected visual acuity (BCVA), CFT, and total macular volume values before and after the injection were analyzed. The eyes were divided into 3 groups according to the morphology on OCT: DRT (sponge-like diffuse retinal thickening), CME (cystoid macular edema), and SRD (serous retinal detachment) groups. Results: 104 eyes (50 with DRT, 30 with CME, and 24 with SRD) were included in the study. Post-injection measurements were obtained 9.65±2.27 weeks after the injection. There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups regarding the change in BCVA (p=0.212). The variations in the amount and percentage of change in CFT among the groups was statistically significant (p=0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). Although the difference between CME and SRD groups was not statistically significant, both groups had significantly greater reductions in CFT compared to the DRT group. Conclusion: DME improved better in CME and SRD groups in response to a single dose of IVTA. However, the visual outcomes did not differ significantly between the groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the outcomes of external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) and transcanalicular multidiode dacryocystorhinostomy (TC-DCR) operations in our clinic. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. The results of external DCR surgery performed in 15 eyes of 15 patients were compared with the results in 15 eyes of 13 patients who underwent TC-DCR surgery. The patients with external DCR were followed for an average of 9.7±3.2 months, and the cases that underwent TK-DSR were followed for an average of 8.3±2.9 months. Results: The surgical success rate was 53.3% in patients with TK-DCR, while it reached 87% in cases with external DCR. Mean operative time was 50.0±2.5 minutes in external DCR group and 30.0±2.0 minutes in TK-DCR group. There was no significant complication during operations in both groups. Conclusion: In dacryostenosis surgery, external DCR is the golden standard with high success rates. Even though success rate of TCDSR is less than that of external DSR, no need of skin incision, less damage to the lacrimal pump system, less bleeding, and a shorter duration of the operation are the main advantages of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the rate of infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) requiring treatment, to investigate the relation of this rate with birth age and birth weight, and to discuss the screening criteria eligible for our country. Materials and Methods: Medical records of premature infants examined for ROP with birth weight ⩽2000 gram (g) and/or gestational age ⩽34 weeks were evaluated. Patients were grouped according to their birth weights as ⩽1000 g, 1001-1500 g, >1500 g, and according to gestational age as ⩽27 weeks, 28-31 weeks, ⩾32 weeks. The rate of patients with treatment-requiring ROP was evaluated in these groups. The birth weights and gestational ages of these patients were analyzed. Results: Treatment requiring ROP stages were detected in 100 (8%) of 1250 infants. The mean gestational age and birth weight of these patients was 28.3±2.3 (24-34) weeks and 1152.2±396 (520-2120) g respectively, and both were found lower than those of nontreated infants (p<0.001). Regarding the birth weight, 45 (22.3%) of 202 infants ⩽1000 g, 39 (%8) of 488 infants between 1001- 1500 g, 16 (%2.9) of 560 infants >1500 g required treatment. According to the gestational age, 33 (19.4%) of 170 infants ⩽27 weeks, 59 (10.3%) of 572 infants between 28-31 weeks, 8 (1.6%) of 508 infants ⩾32 weeks required treatment. Conclusion: The best way to avoid the vision loss due to ROP is to establish a regular screening program including every infant that may require treatment. So we recommend that screening criteria for our country should be wider than applied in developed countries, and babies having gestational age ⩽34 weeks and/or birth weight ⩽2000 g should be screened for ROP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the correlation between biomicroscopic and confocal microscopic findings in eyes with amiodarone-induced cornea verticillata. Materials and Methods: Sixteen eyes of 8 patients with amiodarone-induced cornea verticillata were evaluated. Eyes with keratopathy were staged according to Orlando slit-lamp microscopy classification. Confocal laser-scanning microscopy was performed by Rostock cornea modulated to HRT II (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany), and staging was done according to Falke's classification that is based on the degree of epithelial basal cell deposit accumulation. The relation between biomicroscopic staging and corneal involvement detected on confocal microscopy was assessed by Spearman correlation analysis. Results: The mean age of the 8 patients (5 male, 3 female) was 63.1±7.2 (50 to 69) years. The mean duration of drug treatment was 12.1±11.8 (3 to 36) months, and the mean drug treatment dose was 312.5±223.2 (100 to 800) mg/day. At the time of examination, 50% of the patients had already given up the treatment at a mean of 29.5±15.8 (6 to 40) months ago, whereas the other 50% were still on amiodarone therapy. Hyper-reflecting deposits were observed in the basal epithelium, anterior-, mid-and deep-stroma, and in the endothelium on confocal microscopic examination. Correlation was detected between biomicroscopic and confocal microscopic stages (r=0.770, p<0.001). Frequency of detecting deposits in the stroma and endothelium was found to be increasing as the biomicroscopic stage increased (r=0.844; p<0.001 and r=0.551; p<0.01, respectively). Conclusion: In amiodarone-induced cornea verticillata, correlated results were detected between biomicroscopic and confocal microscopic staging. Therefore, in clinics where confocal microscopy is not available, biomicroscopic staging can be used as a guiding parameter in eyes with amiodarone-induced cornea verticillata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Evaluation of structural alterations of the optic nerve head (ONH) and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) and early-stage glaucoma and assessment of the discriminatory diagnostic performance of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) Copernicus (Optopol Technology S.A.). Materials and Methods: This study included 59 eyes of a total of 59 patients, 29 of whom were diagnosed with OHT (Group 1) and 30 with early-stage glaucoma (Group 2). The differentiation of early-stage glaucoma and OHT was carried out on the basis of standard achromatic visual field test results. Analysis of the ONH and RNFL thickness of all cases was made using SD-OCT. Group 1 and Group 2 were compared with respect to the ONH parameters and RNFL thickness. The diagnostic sensitivity of the OCT parameters was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC). Results: The average, superior, inferior, and nasal RNFL thicknesses in early-stage glaucoma cases were approximately 10% (12-14 μm) less compared to the OHT eyes, with differences being highly significant (p⩽0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the temporal RNFL thicknesses. The most sensitive parameter in the early diagnosis of glaucoma was average RNFL thickness corresponding to AUC: 0.852, followed by AUC: 0.816 and AUC: 0.773 values in superior and inferior RNFL thickness, respectively. In localized RNFL defects, the highest sensitivity corresponded to superior and superonasal quadrants (ACU: 0.805 and ACU: 0.781, respectively). There were not any statistically significant differences between the ONH morphological parameters of the two groups. Conclusion: RNFL analysis obtained using SD-OCT Copernicus is able to discriminate early-stage glaucoma eyes from those with OHT. However, ONH morphological parameters do not have the same diagnostic sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To analyze the clinical characteristics and findings in patients with intermediate uveitis. Materials and Methods: The records of the 35 patients diagnosed as intermediate uveitis in our clinic between years 1996 and 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. Best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, slit lamp examination, dilated fundus examination, fundus fluorescein angiography, and systemic examination results of the patients were noted. Results: The mean follow-up time was 6.2 years (2-16 years). The mean age at diagnosis of intermediate uveitis was 32.4 years (8-68 years). 17.1% of patients were under 18 years old. 65.7% of patients were women, 34.2% were men, and both eyes were affected in 54.3% of patients. The most frequent findings were vitritis (100%), snowball opacities (97.1%), retinal vasculitis (65.7%), and snowbanking (45.7%). Concurrent iridocyclitis was determined in 71.4% of patients. Systemic association was found in 40.1% of patients, with disease being multiple sclerosis (22.9%), sarcoidosis (11.4%), tuberculosis (2.9%), or Lyme disease (2.9%). The most common complication that developed during the follow-up period included secondary glaucoma (22.9%), cataract formation (17.1%), and cystoid macular edema (17.1%). The visual acuity of 3 patients was less than 0.5 due to the optic atrophy, macular hole, and cystoid macular edema sequel, respectively. The mean final visual acuity of the remaining patients was 0.9±0.2. Conclusion: When the inflammation and complications are treated effectively in intermediate uveitis, the visual prognosis is fairly good. Detailed clinical evaluation of such cases may reveal systemic diseases at the initial examinations or follow-up visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the frequency of angle recession, commotio retinae, and other ocular findings in patients with hyphema due to blunt ocular trauma. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 66 patients hospitalized between July 2010 and May 2012 with a diagnosis of traumatic hyphema were retrospectively reviewed. The age, gender, period between injury and the first examination, visual acuity at presentation, intraocular pressure (IOP), time of disappearance of hyphema, cause of blunt injury, additional ocular findings, medical and/or surgical treatment, follow-up time, and visual outcome were noted. Results: The mean age of the patients was 23.8±19.2 years. Males constituted the 83.3% of the whole group. Game-related injury (43.9%) and work-related injury (22.7%) were the most common causes of blunt trauma. The bead gun was the most common tool involved in injury. Angle recession was detected in 36 patients (54.5%). Development of secondary glaucoma was higher in the patients with angle recession (chi-square test, p<0.05). Commotio retinae was observed in 47% of patients. The mean visual acuity at presentation was 0.4±0.3, while at the last visit, it was 0.8±0.3. There was a statistically significant difference between baseline and final visual acuity (paired-samples t-test, p<0.001). Conclusion: Hyphema due to blunt ocular trauma is observed mostly in young men and children. The most common blunt ocular injuries are game-and work-related. Angle recession and commotio retinae are the main complications of blunt ocular trauma causing hyphema. In cases with blunt ocular trauma, the presence of hyphema makes it difficult to examine the anterior chamber angle and the fundus. It is important to perform these investigations at the earliest stage to manage the complications since commotio retinae and angle recession accompany many cases with hyphema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate ocular biometric parameters including anterior chamber depth (ACD), corneal curvature (CC), central corneal thickness (CCT), horizontal corneal diameter, and corneal biomechanical properties using ocular response analyzer (ORA) in eyes with hypermetropic anisometropia and to compare the results with those obtained for the healthy eyes of the patients. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four eyes of 32 patients followed with the diagnosis of hypermetropic anisometropia-related ambliyopia were included in the study. Group 1 (n=32) consisted of eyes with hypermetropic anisometropia, and group 2 (n=32) consisted of healthy eyes of the same patients. Cycloplegic refraction, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), corneal topography, axial length (AL) measurement, biomicroscopy, and fundus examinations were performed. Corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), and Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg) measurements were recorded. Results: Mean age of the patients was 9.5±2.4; 13 were male and 19 were female. Mean spherical equivalent was +5.42±1.8 D and +1.9±1.28 D in group 1 and group 2, respectively (p<0.001). Mean AL was 21.6±1.1 mm in group 1 and 22.6±0.9 mm in group 2 (p<0.001). No statistical difference was found between the groups in terms of ocular biometric parameters except AL such CCT, CC, ACD, horizontal corneal diameter and ORA measurements including CH, CRF, and GIBg (respectively, p=0.87, p=0.27, p=0.22, p=0.81, p=0.75, p=0.69, p=0.13). Conclusion: No difference was found between hypermetropic anisometropic and healthy eyes regarding ocular biometric parameters and corneal biomechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the results of pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEP) in the fellow eye of patients with unilateral nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and in the eyes of age-and sex-matched healthy control group. Materials and Methods: Fellow eyes of 30 patients (study group) with unilateral NAION and 30 age-and sex-matched healthy controls (control group) were included in the study. Pattern VEP was recorded and the p100 latencies and amplitudes were obtained. Differences between groups were statistically evaluated using t-test. Results: In the study group, there were 16 (53.3%) men and 14 (46.7%) women, whereas there were 17 (56.7%) men and 13 (43.4%) women in the control group. Mean age of the patients in the study and control groups was 57.9±9.06 and 56.7±9.23 years, respectively. There was not any statistically significant difference regarding mean best-corrected visual acuity between the two groups (p=0.261). The mean P100 latency was 112.4±16.7 ms in the study group and 101.9±1.6 ms in the control group (p=0.03). P100 amplitudes were decreased in the study group compared with the control group (7.03±3.85 μV versus 9.63±2.6 μV) (t-test, p=0.003). Conclusion: In our study, we determined that P100 latencies were prolonged and P100 amplitudes were decreased in the fellow eyes of patients with unilateral NAION compared with the healthy control subjects. These data could suggest axon loss due to ischemia, influenced visual cortex response, or subclinical involvement of the fellow eye. These findings could also give a clue to predict the risk of contralateral involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the long-term changes in anterior segment morphology after laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) in eyes with primary angle-closure suspect (PACS), primary angle closure (PAC), and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) using Scheimpflug camera (SC). Materials and Methods: Fifty-six eyes of 30 patients diagnosed as PACS, PAC, and PACG were included prospectively in this study. In addition to full ophthalmic examination and intraocular pressure (IOP) assessment, anterior-posterior length (AxL) values of the eyes were recorded. With use of SC, average anterior chamber angle (AACA), central anterior chamber depth (CACD), and anterior chamber volume (ACV) were documented preoperatively and at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after LPI. The results have been evaluated statistically. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of mean age, gender, and AxL (p>0.05). AACA, CACD, and ACV measurements showed significant difference between baseline and months 1.3, 6, and 12 in all groups (p<0.05). AACA was statistically significantly decreased between months 6 and 12 in PACS group; between months 1 and 12, months 3 and 12, months 6 and 12 in PAC and PACG groups (p<0.05). CACD measurements demonstrated statistically significant decrease between months 6 and 12 in PAC group, between months 3 and 6, months 3 and 12 in PACG group (p<0.05). ACV was statistically significantly decreased between months 6 and 12 in PAC group, between months 1 and 12, months 3 and 12 in PACG group (p<0.05). Conclusion: LPI led to dramatic changes in anterior segment morphology. In our study, the course of the changes caused by LPI was observed through one-year follow-up with SC. In the early period, a positive effect on all parameters was detected. The trends in the course of measurements should be followed up for longer time in larger series to investigate whether the changes show continuity or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Evaluation of inferior oblique muscle overaction (IOOA) existence time and surgical outcomes in infantile esotropia. Material and Method: A total of 100 patients who underwent operation for infantile esotropia (IE) were included in the study. Full ophthalmic assessment, including ocular motility, best-corrected visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, any of alternant prism cover test or Hirschberg/Krimsky test, was performed. Results: Forty-nine patients (49%) were male and (51%) were female. The mean age at IE diagnosis was 23.2±18.6 months. The mean follow-up time was 43.7±18.0 months. The mean horizontal deviation - corrected and uncorrected - was 36.75±10.45 PD and 40.05±8.39 PD, respectively. We found that there was no statistically significant relationship between existence time of IOOA and the age at IE diagnosis (p: 0.486, p: 0.251). IOOA was detected in 69 patients. Inferior oblique (IO) muscle weakening procedures were performed in 45 of 69 patients. In 45 patients who had undergone surgery for IOOA, 24 (53.3%) had bilateral IO recession, 10 (22.2%) had bilateral IO tenotomy, 8 (17.7%) had unilateral IO tenotomy, 1(2.2%) had unilateral myectomy, 1 (2.2%) had bilateral myectomy, and 1 (2.2%) had bilateral anteroposition. IOOA degrees after IO recession and tenotomy surgery were found to be significantly lower than the preoperative values (p=0.0586, p=0.7258). Discussion: There was no statistically significant relationship between the existence time of IOOA and the age of IE diagnosis. We concluded that IO tenotomy and IO recession surgical techniques are effective and safe procedures for cases which have IOOA associated with IE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the results of our low vision aids (LVAs) application and to determine the ratios of usage of devices. Material and Method: 129 patients examined between December 2010 and June 2012 were included in the study. Far visual acuities were examined with far visual chart that was designed for low vision patients, and near visual acuities were examined with Jaeger (J) near visual chart. LVAs and bifocal glasses with high spherical additions were used in the examination of LVA. Chi-square analysis and ANOVA tests were used as statistical methods in this retrospective study. Results: 96 patients were given telescopic glasses (TG), 12 patients were given bifocal glasses (BFG) with high spherical addition. Before LVA, average far visual acuity of patients was 0.106±0.09, after LVA, it was 0.340±0.217. Before LVA, average near visual acuity of patients was J14.75±5.25, after LVA, it was J6.55±4.33. 38 patients (39.6%) who were advised TG and 9 patients (75%) who were advised BFG used the devices. There was not any difference in terms of age, sex and diagnoses between patients who bought TG and those who did not; 34% of patients who did not buy TG found the devices too expensive, 29.5% of them - as too big and not easy to use. The patients who could use TG most frequently ranged between the ages of 0 and 29 (39.5%), and 68.4% of them were men; the patients who had the highest ratio of usage of TG were in the group with AMD (26.3). Discussion: LVAs were effective methods to increase the vision of our patients. The cost and the appearance of TG decrease the buying ratios of TG. It was found that the ratios of usage of TG after purchase differed with sex, age, and diagnoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the factors that influence the surgical success in patients with infantile esotropia and to evaluate the relationship between amount of bilateral medial rectus recession and convergence. Material and Method: We retrospectively investigated the records of 188 patients with infantile esotropia who were operated on. The surgical success rate, the factors that influence the surgical success, and the relationship between amount of bilateral medial rectus recession and convergence deficiency were evaluated. Successful outcome was defined as deviation amount lower than 10 prism diopters postoperatively. Results: The mean age of the 188 patients included in the study at presentation was 54.9±56.8 (5-276) months, and the mean surgical age was 60.7±54.8 (7-276) months. Success was provided in 70.7% of patients after the first surgery and in 86.7% of patients after repeated surgeries. It was seen that gender, surgical age, refractive error, surgical procedure and the presence of fusion before surgery did not affect surgical success. Residual esotropia was found more frequently in patients with large-angle preoperative deviation, whilst both residual esotropia and consecutive exotropia were found more frequently in patients with amblyopia. It was observed that augmented bilateral medial rectus recession did not cause an increase in postoperative convergence deficiency. Discussion: Since the presence of amblyopia affects the surgical success negatively, it must be identified and treated preoperative. Residual esotropia is more frequently seen in patients with large-angle deviation preoperative, and more than one surgery may be required to provide orthophoria. In these cases, augmented bilateral medial rectus recession is a safe and effective method that rescues the patient from repeated surgeries and may be preferred to three-or four-muscle surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the near point of convergence break in Turkish population with normal binocular vision and to obtain the normative data for the near point of convergence break in different age groups. Such database has not been previously reported. Material and Method: In this prospective study, 329 subjects with normal binocular vision (age range, 3-72 years) were evaluated. The near point of convergence break was measured 4 times repeatedly with an accommodative target. Mean values of near point of convergence break were provided for these age groups (⩽10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, and >60 years old). A statistical comparison (one-way ANOVA and post-hoc test) of these values between age groups was performed. A correlation between the near point of convergence break and age was evaluated by Pearson's correlation test. Results: The mean value for near point of convergence break was 2.46±1.88 (0.5-14) cm. Specifically, 95% of measurements in all subjects were <6 cm. There were statistically significant differences, which were found between the age groups of ⩽10 years old and 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, >60 year-old age groups in the near point of convergence break values (p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.006, p=0.001, p= 0.004). A mild positive correlation was observed between the increase in near point of convergence break and increase of age (r=0.355) (p<0.001). Discussion: The values derived from a relatively large study population to establish a normative database for the near point of convergence break in the Turkish population with normal binocular vision are in relevance with age. This database has not been previously reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the corneal endothelial changes after injection of a single-dose intravitreal bevacizumab or intravitreal ranibizumab. Material and Method: In this retrospective study, we evaluated 27 eyes of 27 patients with either diabetic macular edema or senile macular degeneration, who underwent 1.25 mg/0.05 ml intravitreal bevacizumab or 0.5 mg/0.05 ml ranibizumab injection. None of the patients had corneal pathology. Fourteen eyes of 14 patients received intravitreal ranibizumab, other 13 eyes of 13 patients received intravitreal bevacizumab. We evaluated preoperative and postoperative 1st week and 1st month visual acuity, corneal endothelial count at mm2, intraocular pressure, and pachymetry results. For statistical analysis, Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests were used. Results: Mean age of the patients was 69.3±12.5 (44-85 year). Average corneal endothelial cell count for bevacizumab and ranibizumab was preoperatively 2358.1±487 and 2348.9±598, postoperative 1. week 2360.8±474.1 and 2398.3±585.6, postoperative 1. month 2315.1±465 and 2407.4±585.6, respectively. Preoperative and postoperative corneal endothelial cell counts were not statistically significantly different in both groups (respectively, 1. week p=0.953 and p=0.59; 1. month p=0.26 and p=0.555). Average central macular thickness for bevacizumab and ranibizumab was preoperatively 527.3±36.9 and 544.1±55.5 μm, postoperative 1. week 529.2±49.9 and 543.5±51.8 μm, postoperative 1. month 530.3±55 and 543.9±46.6 μm, respectively. Preoperative and postoperative central macular thickness values for both groups were not statistically significantly different (respectively, 1. week P=0.515 and P=0.838; 1. month P=0.678 and P=0.444). Discussion: Injection of a single dose of 1.25 mg/0.05 ml bevacizumab or 0.5 mg/0.05 ml ranibizumab does not affect the corneal endothelial cell count at 1. week and 1. month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of aspheric Balafilcon A and spherical Senofilcon A toric soft contact lenses, which have two different stabilization systems, on visual quality. Material and Method: Forty eyes of 20 patients who were followed up in our contact lens section were included in this study. Refractive errors of the patients were between -0.50 and -6.0 diopters of myopia and >0.75 diopter of astigmatism. The patients were randomly assigned to wear Balafilcon A (Purevision Toric, Baush&Lomb) with prism balast toric system or spherical designed Senofilcon A (Acuvue Oasys for astigmatism, Johnson&Johnson) with accelerated stabilization toric system. We recorded and compared the visual acuity with Snellen chart, contrast sensitivity with Bailey-Lovie chart in letters, mean root mean square (RMS) of corneal aberration with by Nidek Magellan Mapper for all eyes with and without glasses and while wearing Balafilcon A or Senofilcon A toric soft contact lenses. Results: We did not observe any difference in visual acuity between contact lenses. Contrast sensitivity was increased approximately 4.8-5.4 letters with contact lenses. Total higher order aberrations of mean RMS values were 0.42±0.14 μm without contact lens, 0.37±0.23 μm with Balafilcon A lens, 0.43±0.15 μm with Senofilcon A (p=0.507). Trefoil values were significantly higher with Senofilcon A lenses when compared to Balafilcon A lenses. There was no statistically significant difference for other measured higher order aberrations. Discussion: High and low contrast vision values were adequate in both contact lens groups. There was a non-significant decrease in total higher order aberration values with aspheric design contact lenses when compared to spherical designs. Although there were differences in aberrations related to lens designs, they did not have significant effect on visual quality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To present our results of limbal conjunctival autograft technique (LCAT) for recurrent pterygium which developed after different surgical techniques for primary pterygium. Material and Method: Cases, who underwent LCAT for the treatment of recurrent pterygium, were evaluated. The cases were divided into three groups based on the primary surgery performed. Recurrent pterygium developed after bare sclera technique in group 1, LCAT in group 2, and amniotic membrane graft technique in group 3. Corneal epithelization, recurrence rate, and postoperative complications were compared among groups. Results: Forty-two eyes of 42 patients were evaluated. Nineteen eyes of 19 patients formed group 1, 11 eyes of 11 patients - group 2, and 12 eyes of 12 patients - group 3. Mean age (years) was 45.38±12.22 (24-72) in group 1, 46.81±13.41 (25-73) in group 2, and 44.83±11.92 (27-66) in group 3. Follow-up (months) was 19.38±6.03 (9-32) in group 1, 21.37±7.41 (11-34) in group 2, and 20.93±7.26 (10-34) in group 3. Postoperative corneal epithelization was completed after 5.62±1.74 (2-7) days in group 1, 4.33±0.91 (2-7) days in group 2, and 4.79±1.39 (2-7) days in group 3 (p=0.035). Recurrence was detected in 4 eyes in group 1 (21%), 3 eyes in group 2 (27%), and 3 eyes in group 3 (25%) (p=0.092). Postoperative complications were not observed in neither of the groups. Discussion: LCAT seems to be an efficient treatment for recurrent pterygium with high success and low recurrence rates regardless of the primary surgery. Low recurrence rates in LCAT may be due to the limbal stem cells transplanted with conjunctival autograft to pterygium excision area. Early corneal epithelization in recurrences following LCOT may be an indication of the maintenance to a certain degree of activities of the limbal stem cells transplanted in the primary surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate abnormal corneal thinning using optical coherence tomography (OCT) pachymetry mapping in keratoconus patients. Material and Method: In this prospective study, 57 eyes of 33 keratoconus patients and 50 eyes of 25 control subjects without ocular pathology were compared. After routine ophthalmologic examination, corneal topography and corneal pachymetry mapping by OCT with anterior segment module were performed in all subjects. Central corneal thickness (CCT), minimum corneal thickness (Min), superior-inferior (S-I), minimum-median (Min-Med), superonasal-inferotemporal (SN-IT), superotemporal-inferonasal (ST-IN), minimum-maximum (Min- Max) and minimum corneal vertical localization(MCVL) parameters were evaluated from the OCT pachymetric maps. Measurements were performed three times in all patients, and the means of these data were used for statistical analysis and comparisons. Cut-off values were determined for all OCT-derived parameters. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AROC) curve were also calculated for these parameters. Results: Keratoconic corneas were thinner. Minimum corneal thickness was 425±63 μm in the keratoconus group, and 513.7±3 μm in the control group (p<0.001). The thinnest corneal location was inferiorly displaced in the keratoconus group. MCVL value was -845.6±427.9 μm in the keratoconus group and -419.6±240.1 μm in the control group (p<0.001). Min-med was -46.3±23.8 μm and 18.4±16.3 μm in keratoconus and control groups, respectively. Corneal thinning was more asymmetric in the keratoconus group ( S-I, SN-IT, ST-IN parameters were statistically different between the groups, p<0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, and AROC values of the OCT pachymetric parameters were within the range of 82-92%, 54-89%, and 0.674-0.922, respectively. Discussion: OCT pachymetry maps have high sensitivity and specificity for keratoconus diagnosis. OCT provides additional information in patients whose corneal topography was inconsistent with clinical signs and interpretation of both devices together would be more valuable in the diagnosis of keratoconus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effects of job on the development of pterygium. Material and Method: We retrospectively evaluated the files of 182 patients who were diagnosed as having pterygium between August 2012 and October 2012 in the Ophthalmology Clinic at Kahramanmaras Pazarcik State Hospital. Patients' jobs were analyzed and the effects of job on the formation of pterygium were investigated. Results: In our study, we did ophthalmic examination on 2328 patients and included 182 (7.8%) patients who had pterygium. The average age was 52.2± 1.6 years (range: 16 - 87 years). 82 (45.1%) patients were agricultural workers or farmers,12 (6.6%) were officers, 48 (26.4%) were housewives, 39 (21.4%) were independent workers, and one was student. The tissue of pterygium in 62 patients (34.1%) was on the right eye, in 57 (31.3%) - on the left eye, in 63 (34.6%) - on both eyes. 51 (28%) patients were 40 years old or younger, and 131 (72%) were older than 40 years. The length of pterygium tissue in 69 (37.9%) patients was under 1.5 mm, in 88 (48.4%) - between 1.5-3 mm, and in 25 (13.7%) - more than 3 mm. 86 patients (47%) were male and 96 (53%) were female. In agricultural worker or farmer group, it was observed that the rate of pterygium increased with increasing age (p=0.015). Similarly, in the independent worker group, pterygium rate increased with increasing age (p=0.014). In the group of agricultural workers or farmers, the relationship between pterygium tissue length and job was meaningful, and in this group, the tissue of pterygium was longer (p=0.043). Discussion: In this study, it was seen that pterygium is most common in agricultural workers and farmers. We concluded that pterygium rate increases with increasing age in agricultural workers and farmers as well as in independent workers and that in agricultural workers and farmers, the pterygium tissue was longer than in the other groups. Especially occupational groups which work in rural areas and in external environment more frequently develop pterygium, and we assume that wearing of sunglasses and hats with appropriate size may be useful to avoid the effects of the sun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) in the treatment of corneal ulcers resulting from herpetic keratitis (HK) and bacterial keratitis (BK). Material and Method: Forty-six patients (25 HK, 21 BK) treated with AMT for HK or BK-related corneal ulcers between January 2009 and September 2011 were followed prospectively. The visual acuities and ulcer characteristics (depth and localization) prior to AMT and epithelialization time, as well as final visual acuities after AMT, were evaluated. Results: The mean age was 51.9±17.0 years in HK and 53.3±22.0 years in BK and the mean follow-up time was 12.6±6.1 (5-33) months and 10.2±6.8 (3-27) months, respectively. The ulcers were mostly central in HK (72%) and paracentral in BK (52.4%) (p=0.03). Ulcer depth was deeper than 1/2 of the cornea in 14 (56%) HK and in 7 (33.3%) BK (p=0.290). Eight HK patients had scars from previous herpetic keratitis episodes. The mean epithelialization time was 22.3±8.5 (12-50) days in HK and 22.1±10.9 (8-45) days in BK (p=0.488). While epithelialization was achieved in all the patients with BK, 3 HK patients needed adjunctive surgeries (conjunctival flap, tectonic penetrating keratoplasty) in spite of three AMTs. Although visual acuities improved significantly in both groups, this improvement was more evident in BK cases (p=0.018 for HK and p<0.001 for BK). Discussion: Amniotic membrane transplantation is an effective and safe treatment for bacterial and herpetic corneal ulcers. The reason for the lower final visual acuities in the herpetic group was thought to be related to a more central location, deeper involvement and scars due to previous attacks [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare pain response of patients undergoing panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) using 532 nm standard laser versus multispot pattern scan laser and to evaluate the relationship between pain response and patient characteristics. Material and Method: Thirty-five patients had PRP with the Pascal system in a single session, while other 35 patients had PRP with conventional laser in 2 sessions. Parameters used in conventional laser were as follows: spot size 200 μm, exposure time 0.2 s, and power sufficient to produce visible grey-white burns. We used same spot size, 20-30 ms exposure time, and higher levels of laser power in order to get a similar endpoint in the Pascal system. The patients were required to evaluate the severity of pain on a visual analog scale (VAS) and verbally 5 minutes after PRP with Pascal and 5 minutes after the first session of PRP with conventional laser. The relationship between pain experienced and patient characteristics was evaluated. Results: At baseline, both groups did not differ significantly (p >0.05, for all) with respect to sex, age, duration of diabetes, most recent HbA1c, treatment regimen, or patient experience. The patients in the Pascal group had a mean pain score of 0.55±0.70 on verbal scale and 1.54±1.22 on VAS compared to 2.17±1.18 and 5.54±3.28, respectively in the conventional laser group which was, statistically, significantly different in both scales (p<0.05). Discussion: Our study confirms that new generation pattern scanning photocoagulators satisfactorily decrease the pain by shortening the exposure time while increasing the laser power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To discuss our treatment results of choroidal hemangiomas. Material and Method: The records of 39 cases of choroidal hemangioma followed up at our clinic between July 1999-October 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. Asymptomatic cases were followed up. Symptomatic cases with subretinal fluid and impaired vision received treatment. Results: Mean age of the 39 patients was 44 (12-80) years. Thirty-five of 39 cases had circumscribed choroidal hemangioma, and 4 cases had diffuse choroidal hemangioma. Sturge-Weber syndrome was present in 3 cases with diffuse choroidal hemangioma. Cases with circumscribed choroidal hemangioma and minimal subretinal fluid were treated with TTT in 11 cases, PDT in 12 cases, and PDT+TTT in 1 case. Cases with circumscribed choroidal hemangioma and excessive subretinal fluid were treated with Ru-106 plaque radiotherapy in 1 case, Ru-106 plaque radiotherapy+TTT in 1 case, EBRT in 3 cases, and TTT+EBRT in 1 case. One painful blind eye with neovascular glaucoma and complicated cataract was enucleated. Cases with diffuse choroidal hemangioma and excessive subretinal fluid were treated with Ru-106 plaque radiotherapy+TTT in 1 case and EBRT in 1 case. Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation and FAKO emulsification were applied to a case with neovascular glaucoma and complicated cataract. Complete resorption of subretinal fluid was achieved in 23 (72%) of treated 32 cases. When mean initial tumor thickness was 2.6 mm (0.5-6), mean final tumor thickness was 1.4 mm (0-6). When mean initial visual acuity (LogMAR) was 1.5 (0-3), mean final visual acuity was 1.1 (0-3). No recurrence was observed. Discussion: The amount of the subretinal fluid determines the method of treatment in circumscribed choroidal hemangioma. While TTT and PDT are effective treatment modalities for minimal subretinal fluid, plaque radiotherapy and EBRT are applied in cases with excessive subretinal fluid. Combination therapies may be necessary according to the persistence of subretinal fluid. Visual acuity is generally preserved and sometimes improved with treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements using posterior pole analysis (PPA) and macular thickness measurement mode in pediatric cases with unilateral anisometropic amblyopia. Material and Method: This study included 74 eyes of 37 patients aging between 6-17 years with unilateral anisometropic amblyopia. PPA and macular thickness measurement mode OCT scans were performed, and measurements of amblyopic and fellow eyes were evaluated. All OCT scans were performed by a single experienced doctor without pupil dilation within one session. Measurement sequence was randomly assigned for PPA and macular thickness measurement mode for amblyopic and fellow eyes. Retinal thickness measurements by using PPA and macular thickness measurement mode were compared using the paired samples ttest. Statistical analyses of retinal thickness differences between the amblyopic and fellow eyes were determined using the independent samples t-test. Results: PPA and macular thickness measurement mode results of the amblyopic eyes did not reveal any statistically significant difference for all studied segments (p-values for all segments were over 0.10). PPA and macular thickness measurement mode results of the fellow eyes did not reveal any statistically significant difference for all studied segments (p-values for all segments were over 0.16), except for the temporal segment (p=0.04). There was no statistically significant difference between macular thickness of the amblyopic and fellow eye for both measurement modes. Discussion: Macular thickness measurements using different scanning modes of OCT revealed similar retinal thickness in amblyopic and fellow eyes of patients with unilateral anisometropic amblyopia, but temporal macular segment measurements should be evaluated cautiously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the clinical and laboratory features of patients with traumatic optic disk pallor. Material and Method: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 45 patients (47 eyes), who were diagnosed with traumatic optic disc pallor in our clinic between 2005-2010. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), biomicroscopic and fundoscopic findings were recorded. Analysis of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thickness maps, computerized visual field tests and visual evoked potentials (VEP) were evaluated. We compared the data of pathologic eyes with the data of healthy eyes. Results: The mean age was 22.3 ± 3.8 (20-37) years. Twenty (44.4%) patients had traffic accident history, 9 (20%) - object trauma, 8 (17.8%) experienced work accident, and 8 (17.8%) had home accident history. BCVA was at the level of 20/40 (0.5) and above in seven eyes, between 20/200 (0.1) and 20/50 (0.4) in 20 eyes, counting fingers in 15 eyes, hand motion and light perception in three eyes, and no light perception in two eyes. There was thinning of RNFL in pathologic eyes at all quadrants (p<0.05). Discussion: Traumatic optic disc pallor is associated with permanent loss of visual acuity and visual field. Relative afferent pupillary defect, prolonged VEP latency, and low amplitudes are useful for the evaluation of the cases. RNFL and macular thickness map analysis are important methods to evaluate the damage objectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 23-gauge (23G) pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in dislocated intraocular lens (IOL) cases: In early- and late-term follow-up. Material and Method: In this retrospective study, the medical records of 17 patients who underwent 23 G PPV treatment for dislocated IOL between January 2009 and June 2011 were analyzed. Detailed ophthalmologic examination was performed in all patients; intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. Results: In this study, mean follow-up time was 9.0 (4-22) months and mean age was 60.8 (8-82) years. Mean time after cataract surgery was variable (mean of 28.3 (0-80) months). Four patients had trauma history, five patients had pseudoexfoliation syndrome, and two patients had pathologic myopia. Dislocated IOL was placed into the sulcus in nine patients (52.9%). In two cases (11.7%), the IOLs were removed, and the patients were left aphakic. In two cases out of other 6 (11.7%), the dislocated IOL was changed with scleral fixation lens, whereas in the other four cases (23.5%), IOL was changed with iris claw lens. One patient (5.8%) remained at the same level of vision, while twelve (70.5%) cases increased two or more lines in BCVA. The vision was decreased in two cases. Intraocular pressure elevation controlled by medication was observed in one case. For two days, hypotony was observed in one patient. Discussion: 23 G PPV technique is an effective and safe method for removing and repositioning of dislocated IOL in the vitreous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the findings of fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging in acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) patients. Material and Method: A total of 40 eyes of 36 patients (8 females, 28 males) were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups as acute CSC when the complaints lasted less than six months and as chronic CSC for complaints of more than six months' duration. Complete ophthalmologic examination was performed. Retinal thickness, pigment epithelium detachment (PED), and subretinal deposits were analyzed using OCT. Leakage points and serous retinal detachment were classified as hypoautofluorescence or hyperautofluorescence on FAF imaging. Results: The number of eyes with acute CSC was 21 (52.5%), and the number of eyes with chronic CSC was 19 (47.5%). The average retinal thickness was 422.14 ± 99.6 microns in acute CSC eyes and 383.6±104.1 microns in chronic CSC eyes (p=0.240). We detected PED in 11 eyes and subretinal deposits in 21 eyes. The leakage points of all eyes showed hyperfluorescence in FFA. On FAF imaging, 33 leakage points demonstrated hypoautofluorescence and 7 leakage points showed hyperautofluorescence. The areas of serous retinal detachment were observed as hypoautofluorescence in 22 eyes and as hyperautofluorescence in 18 eyes. Discussion: Subretinal deposits are detected mostly in chronic CSC and are observed as hyperautofluorescence on FAF imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the intraoperative complications and postoperative visual outcomes of phacoemulsification surgery for the secondary cataract in vitrectomized eyes. Material and Method: We retrospectively evaluated 51 previously vitrectomized eyes of 51 patients who had undergone phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (PHACO+IOL) implantation surgery. PHACO+IOL surgery was performed in our clinic between October 2008 and May 2011. Intraoperative complications and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) outcomes were analyzed. Results: In this study, 31 out of 51 eyes had posterior subcapsular cataract. Cataract surgery was performed after a mean of 21.39±26.4 (6- 120, median 10.75) months following PPV. Mean preoperative and postoperative BCVA was measured to be 1.52±0.88 logMAR and 0.74±0.73 logMAR, respectively. In 25 eyes which had been filled with silicon oil, mean BCVA was 1.95±0.91 logMAR preoperatively and 1.15±0.84 logMAR postoperatively. In 18 (35.3%) eyes which had been filled with sulfur hexafluoride tamponade, mean BCVA was 1.17±0.47 logMAR preoperatively and 0.38±3.6 logMAR postoperatively. Peroperative zonular dialysis with instable deep anterior chamber occurred in two eyes, and posterior capsular tear occurred in one eye. Four eyes had Nd:YAG capsulotomy due to the posterior capsular opacity during the follow-up period. Discussion: Despite the well-known difficulties encountered in vitrectomized eyes such as zonular weakness, increased mobility of the lens-iris diaphragm, posterior capsular instability and posterior capsular plaques, phacoemulsification in vitrectomized eyes proved to be a safe surgery, and increase in visual acuity can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the factors affecting the outcome of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in blunt ocular trauma cases. Material and Method: 142 eyes of 142 patients, who were admitted to the 2nd Eye Clinic Emergency Service of M.H. Ankara Training and Research Hospital between June 2007 and August 2008, with blunt ocular trauma were prospectively included in the study in terms of the last-measured BCVA, the factors affecting it, and the ensuing complications. Results: Patient age ranged from 3 to 76 years (mean age: 31.9 ± 17.6 years). One hundred and seven cases (75.4%) were male and 35 (24.6%) were female. The last-measured BCVA in 120 cases (84.5%) was found to be log MAR⩽1.00 and in 22 cases (15.5%) was log MAR > 1.00. According to the one-way analysis of variance, the effect of initial visual acuity (p = 0.039), incision size (p = 0.029), relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) (p<0.001), zone (p <0.001), posterior segment findings (p= 0.001.), and ocular trauma score (OTS) effect (p <0.001) on worsening of the last-measured BCVA were statistically significant. Discussion: Blunt eye injury is a preventable cause of permanent visual loss, which can affect people of all ages. It is important to know the factors affecting the last-measured BCVA for the implementation of a systematic and accurate treatment approach to each patient. The effect of initial visual acuity, the size of the incision, the presence of RAPD, zone, posterior segment findings, and of a low value of the OTS on worsening of the last-measured BCVA were considered significant statistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of endogenous gonadotropic hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone) and sex steroids (progesterone, estrogen) to anterior segment parameters. Material and Method: Thirty healthy females who had a menstrual cycle of 28±1 day and with a mean age of 36.5±7.56 (range, 20 - 46) years were included in the study. Starting from the first day of their cycle, Pentacam Scheimpflug camera measurements were performed on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 12th, 16th, 21st, 26th, and 28th days. The central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, anterior segment volume, keratometric values, anterior chamber angle value, and pupilla diameter of both eyes were evaluated. Repeated measures analysis of variance test was used for statistical analysis. Results: No difference that reaches statistical significance was found in the means of central corneal thickness, anterior chamber volume, keratometric values, anterior chamber angle, and pupilla diameter between the days. Mean anterior chamber depth measurement of the right eyes on the 1st day was 2.72±0.44 mm, whereas it was 2.77±0.46 mm on the 26th day. Mean anterior chamber depth measurement of the left eyes on the 1st day was 2.74±0.42 mm, whereas it was 2.80±0.43 mm on the 26th day. This increment of anterior chamber depth value from the 1st to the 26th days was found to be statistically significant (p⩽0.05). Discussion: Progesterone and estrogen that rise in the second half of the menstrual cycle might have a deepening effect on the anterior chamber. These findings should be further investigated with more profound studies that also evaluate the hormonal values and their correlations with anterior segment parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the relationship of surgical success with medial rectus insertion distance and muscle width in patients with infantile esotropia who had undergone bilateral medial rectus recession. Material and Method: Sixty eyes of 30 patients who had undergone bilateral medial rectus (MR) recession surgery for infantile esotropia were included in the study. In all eyes, both the distance between the nasal aspect of corneoscleral limbus and anterior edge of MR insertion and the width of medial rectus at the insertion site were measured. The relationship of both these values and the differences in the 2 eyes with the surgical success was evaluated. Results: The mean age of the patients was 27.7±12.3 months (13-56 months), mean preoperative deviation was 46.17±10.88 PD, and the mean cycloplegic refraction was +1.16D. The mean distance of MR insertion was 5.09±0.48 mm and the width was 9.13±1.14 mm in all eyes. The insertion distances showed a difference of 0.5 mm between the right and left eyes in 40% of the patients. Bilateral medial rectus recession of 6±0.2 mm was done after measuring from the insertion site of the muscle. All the patients were followed for 18.57±6.5 months. Surgical success was achieved in 21 patients (70%), while 5 of the patients (16.7%) underwent a second surgery. There was no relation between surgical success and patients' gender, MR insertion distance or width. Also surgical success was independent from the difference of insertion distance and width between the two eyes of the patients. Discussion: There are many different studies supporting MR recession surgery either from MR insertion site or limbus in infantile esotropia. This study showed that it is safe and successful to perform MR recession by measuring from MR insertion site. Besides, the features of the muscles do not affect the postoperative results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the association between the development of extremity fracture and visual impairment in adults. Material and Method: This study included 56 patients (patient group) aged 18 years or older who had extremity fractures due to a fall. The control group (n=42) was selected from visitors who had regular medical check-ups at our hospital. Each participant underwent a full ophthalmologic examination. Mean age was compared by Student's t test. The other variables were compared by chi-square test. Results: The prevalence of subjects with visual impairment was significantly higher in the patients group (78.6%) than in the control group (38.1%) (p<0.05). The prevalence of treatable eye diseases such as cataract and refractive errors were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p<0.05 for both). Twenty-eight patients (50%) in the patient group and 8 subjects in the control group had visual acuities lower than 0.5 (p<0.05). Discussion: We have found that the prevalence of visual impairment was significantly higher in adults with extremity fractures due to falls than in the control group. Hence, we believe that regular ophthalmological examination in adults, providing regular use of eyeglasses in patients with refractive errors, and timely treatment of treatable eye diseases such as cataract could decrease the extremity fractures from falls in adults [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of laser suture lysis in patients with high intraocular pressure (IOP) after trabeculectomy. Material and Method: We evaluated retrospectively 22 eyes of 22 patients who had undergone trabeculectomy followed by laser suture lysis due to high IOP between July 2009 and February 2011. The process was performed in patients who had high IOP with bleb formation after ocular massage in early postoperative period. Results: The mean age was 62.7 ± 10.8 (38-77) years and the male/female ratio was 11/11 in the study group. The mean interval time between trabeculectomy and performance of suture lysis was 18.5 ± 31.1 days (2-150 days). The mean IOPs before and immediately after laser suture lysis were 25 ±8.6 mmHg (14-45 mmHg) and 14 ± 5.8 mmHg (6-27 mmHg), respectively (p<0.001). At the last visit, the mean IOP was 13.5 ± 3.4 mmHg (6-26 mmHg) (p<0.001). The mean follow-up time was 6.1 ± 3.4 months (3-13 months). Discussion: Laser suture lysis is a safe and effective method in the management of the patients in whom the target IOP was not reached after trabeculectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]