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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiometabolic risk factors including vitamin D levels according to the degree of obesity in adolescents. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. A total of 363 overweight/obese adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years who were evaluated in our clinic from January 2012 to December 2015 were included in the study. The degree of obesity was calculated as the body mass index standard deviation. Hypertension, dys-lipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and vitamin D deficiency were defined as cardiometabolic risk factors. Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, Spearman and Pearson's correlation tests, and linear regressions analyses were used for statistical analyses. Results: Of the 319 (n=319/363) adolescents, all of whose cardiometabolic risk factors were known, 267 (85.7%) had at least one cardiometabolic risk factor. The body mass index standard deviation had a positive correlation with the number of cardiometabolic risk factors (p<0.001). In the linear regression models in which sex and age were considered as covariates, an increase of one unit in the body mass index standard deviation led to an increase of 6.085 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure, 4.4 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure, 1.59 points in HOMA-IR, 13% in insulin level, and a decrease of 2.16 ng/mL in vitamin D levels. Conclusion: In adolescents, the number of cardiometabolic risk factors increases as the degree of obesity increases. The determination of the severity of obesity can help to identify individuals at greater risk for higher blood pressure, impaired glucose metabolism, and lower serum vitamin D levels. On the other hand, the degree of obesity may not reflect the presence of abnormal lipid and glucose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In adolescence, for the initiation of normal menstrual cycle hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis should be intact in addition to good general health, different disorders can cause primary-secondary amenorrhea or menstrual irregularities. The first two years after menarche is generally anovulatory thus in normal adolescents in the first years of menstrual life irregularities in menstrual cycle and menstrual blood flow can be observed. Physiology of normal menstrual cycle, menstrual disorders, their diagnosis and treatment are discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge about adolescent risk behavior has expanded in the past several decades. Risk behaviors, such as substance use, violent behavior and sexual risk behavior are behaviors that can directly or indirectly compromise well-being and health of young people. Studies showed that there are many risk factors leading to engage in risk behaviors. Studies also showed that risk behaviors can result in many negative outcomes or adverse consequences. However, there is great heterogeneity in the linkage between involvement in risk behaviors and the likelihood of adverse outcomes, and there is also great heterogeneity in the linkage between exposure to risk factors and the likelihood of involvement in risk behaviors as well. These facts lead the researchers to focus on the identification and assessment of protective factors and the concept of resilliency. Researches over the past decade also lead to changing of intervention programme strategies from risk reduction to healthy youth development. These strategies aim to provide all youth with the support, relationship, experiences, resources, and opportunities needed to become successful and competent adults. They are promising approaches for preventing or reducing a wide range of adolescent health-risk behaviors. In this article, we briefly review what we know about risk behaviors, their risk and protective factors and healthy youth development, and provide definitions of each of these concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of the self reported health behaviors and differences in these behaviors by gender and grades in high school adolescents in İzmir, Turkey., Material and Methods: A stratified cluster sampling procedure was used for this cross-sectional study. The study sample included 2 296 students attending 22 high schools in Izmir. As a data collection instrument, some questions from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children Study 2009/2010 questionnnaire and questions which were developed by the researchers to understand behaviors of internet use in adolescents were used. Chi-square tests and Cramer's V statistics were used for statistical analyses., Results: Among the high school students, 33.8% experimented smoking, 26.3% smoked cigarette during the 30 days before the survey, 14.9% smoked cigarette regularly during the 30 days before the survey, 54.1% experimented drinking alcohol, 38.4% drunk alcohol during the 30 days before the survey, 31.6% got drunk, 10.9% were adequately physically active, 59.9% watched TV for a long period of time, 72.8% used internet for a long period of time, 48.1% ate breakfast regularly, 36.2% ate adequate amount of fruit, 14.1% ate adequate amount of vegetable, 31.3% ate candies and chocolate very often, 18% drunk soft drink very often, 30.3% were bullied, 29.9% bullied others and 41% involved in a physical fight., Conclusions: These results showed that "Adolescent friendly health services" should be generalized all over Turkey, physicians should evaluate each adolescent for his/her health behaviors in each visit and implementation of prevention programs which adopt a health promotion perspective is necessary begining from the elementary school.