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Introduction: Peer review is a crucial process in ensuring the quality and accuracy of scientific research. It allows experts in the field to assess manuscripts submitted for publication and provide feedback to authors to improve their work., Aim: To describe mistakes encountered while peer reviewing scientific manuscripts submitted to "La Tunisie Médicale" journal., Method: This was a bibliometric study of research manuscripts submitted to "La Tunisie Médicale" and reviewed during 2022. The data collected included the type of the manuscripts and the number of reviews conducted per manuscript. The study also identified variables related to writing mistakes encountered during the peer review process., Results: A total of 155 manuscripts (68% original articles) were peer reviewed and 245 reviews were delivered, by two reviewers. Out of 62 mistakes detected, 21% concerned the results section. In 60% of the manuscripts, the keywords used were not MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms. The introduction lacked in-text citations in 30% of the reviewed manuscripts, while the method section did not have a clear study framework (27%). The two major mistakes detected in the results section were the misuse of abbreviations in tables/figures, and the non-respect of the scientific nomenclature of tables/figures with respectively 39% and 19% of manuscripts., Conclusion: This study identified 62 mistakes while reviewing scientific manuscripts submitted to "La Tunisie Médicale" journal. Scholars can benefit from participation in scientific writing seminars and the use of a safety checklist for scientific medical writing to avoid basic mistakes.

Aim: Describe the performance of scientists assigned to Tunisian research structures, according to their academic disciplines, according to the Research.com platform https://research.com/), in 2023., Methods: This is a reading focused on the productivity of scientists working in Tunisia, of the new 2023 edition of the international Research.com platform, ensuring the monitoring of 26 academic disciplines and 166880 scientists, affiliated with around three thousand research structures, and representing 1% of leading scientists in a discipline. In this platform, the ranking of researchers was based on the D-index indicator (equivalent to the h-index of a given discipline), calculated as of December 21, 2022., Results: Around fifteen of the "Best Scientists", affiliated with Tunisian research structures, were selected by the Research.com platform (2023), belonging to eight disciplines including particularly "Chemistry", "Plant Sciences and Agronomy" and "Engineering and Technology". These researchers were attached to seven establishments including the universities of "Sfax" and "Monastir" and the "Borj Cedria - Sidi Thabet Biotechnology Center". Among these winners: Professors Moncef NASRI (Sfax, "Biology and Biochemistry", D-index=74), Chedly ABDELLY (Borj Cedria, "Agronomy", D-index=72) and Adel M. ALIMI (Sfax, "computer science», D-index=44)., Conclusion: In Tunisia, the list of "Best scientists" in the Research.com ranking (2023) made it possible to identify two colleges of leaders in scientific research ("Health Sciences" and "Fundamental Sciences"), constituting priority consortia for strengthening the national strategy to support the mobility and networking of researchers, as well as the proliferation and visibility of their publications.

Aim: To identify the predictive factors for the publication of theses defended at the Faculty of Medicine of Sousse (FMSO) in Tunisia., Methods: The development of the dissertation was studied following the interrogation of three databases "Medline", "Scopus" and "article @INIST" as well as "Scholar Google". The drafting quality of the thesis summary was assessed using a grid of 20 iso-weighted items. The predictors of publication were studied by binary logistic regression, with a significance level of 10%., Results: Out of the 670 theses defended at the FMSO, the mention "proposal for the thesis prize" was awarded for 22% of the thesis students. These theses were of the "clinical" type in 68% of cases, 80% of which were in "case study" format. The writing quality was deemed satisfactory in 47% of the theses. The publication rate was only 10.3%. The univariate analysis found three factors determining the publication of theses: the field of non-clinical research: epidemiological or fundamental, good editorial quality and the mention "proposal for the thesis prize". After adjustment, the latter was the only independent predictor of the publication of the thesis (ORa=1.60[1.007-2.559])., Conclusion: This low rate of publication of theses at the FMSO illustrates the difficulties of thesis students and their directors in research methodology and scientific writing. Theses accepted with distinction must be better accompanied to facilitate their publication.

Introduction: Takayasu's Arteritis (TA) is a systemic vasculitis affecting the aorta and its main branches., Aim: To describe the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic profile of TA in the referral departments of internal medicine in the Sousse region (Tunisia)., Methods: This is a descriptive, retrospective and exhaustive study, carried out in the two departments of Internal Medicine of Sousse. Patients followed for AT, from 1996 to 2020 were included. The disease was defined according to the classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology. Disease activity was assessed according to NIH criteria. Age referred to the date of diagnosis., Results: The study population consisted of 40 patients (Sahloul: n=32, Hached: n=8) with a sex ratio=0.17 and a median age=35 years (IIQ=[30-41]). The median diagnostic delay was 5 months (IIQ=[2-14]). The main clinical sign was pulse abolition and/or decrease (78%). Aortic stenosis was the main arterial lesion found (98%). Treatment was based on corticosteroids (95%) and immunosuppressants (42%). The prognosis of TA was often active (62%), with vascular co-morbidity (60%) and iatrogenic complications (35%)., Conclusion: The epidemiological-clinical profile of AT in the region of Sousse (Tunisia) was characterized by a female predominance, a diagnostic delay, a clinical polymorphism, and evolution towards vascular co-morbidities.

Objective: To measure the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the HSHS cohort (Hammam Sousse, Tunisia), in 2009, and to identify its determining factors., Methods: This was a descriptive epidemiological study of the "community based" type having focused on a random sample of people aged 20 and over. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to the criteria of the "International Diabetes Federation" (IDF 2005) and those of the "National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III" (NCEP-ATP III, 2001)., Results: The study involved 1441 people including 960 women (66.6%). The age- and sex-adjusted prevalences of increased waist circumference, blood pressure, blood sugar and triglycerides, and decreased HDL-cholesterol were respectively 63.2%, 95%CI[62.5-63.8]; 47.7%, 95%CI[47.4-48.6]; 25.7%, 95%CI[25.1-26.2]; 11.9%, 95%CI[11.4-12.3] and 65,6%, 95%CI[65.0-66.2], according to IDF thresholds and 37.4%, 95%CI[36.3-37.6]; 45.7%, 95%CI[45.4-46.6]; 13.8%, 95%CI[13.4-14.2]; 8.4%, 95%CI[8.0-8.7] and 61.9%, 95%CI[61.2-62.5], according to those of the NCEP-ATP III. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome adjusted for age and sex was 36.5% 95%CI[33.0%-38.9%] according to the IDF definition and 23.0% 95%CI[20.4%-25.6%] according to that of NCEP-ATP III. The multivariate study by logistic regression made it possible to retain three significant independent determining factors of the metabolic syndrome: age ≥40 years, low level of physical activity and family history of diabetes mellitus with respectively adjusted ORs of 3.77 95%CI[2.70-5.27], 1.39 95%CI[1.01-1.89], 1.62 95%CI[1.21-2.15], according to IDF and 5.87 95%CI[3.88 -8.88], 1.47 95%CI[1.07-2.01] and 1.45 95%CI[1.07-1.96], according to NCEP-ATP III ., Conclusion: With this high prevalence rate of the metabolic syndrome, the establishment of an action plan would be essential. This plan should be based on the combination of the promotion of physical activity and screening for the components of the metabolic syndrome, particularly in subjects aged 40 or over, with a family history of diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Tunisia is experiencing a double burden of morbidity, characterized by the explosion of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors including arterial Hypertension. The objective of this study, based on the HSHS cohort (Hammam Sousse Sahloul Heart Study), was to determine the prevalence of hypertension in the general population and to identify its predisposing factors., Methods: HSHS is a cardiovascular health promotion initiative in the city of Hammam Sousse (Tunisia). The study was conducted via a random sample of households, using the WHO PEV technique, made up of 33 clusters, of 33 households each. All people aged 20 and over, included, benefited from a questionnaire, a physical examination and a biological assessment. The Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and the Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) were measured from the average of the last two measurements, by an OMRON type tensiometer, of suitable width. These prevalences were adjusted according to sex and age group, by their weighting coefficients in the general population, and they were accompanied by their 95% CIs. Binary logistic regression was conducted to identify independent factors associated with hypertension., Results: The study population was composed of 481 men (33.4%) and 960 women (66.6%), with an average age of 49.6±16.35 years in males (M) and 46.6±16.18 in females (F). In addition to the family history of hypertension, the sufficient weekly consumption of vegetables and fruits was low (M: 32.4%, F: 24.9%). The adjusted rate of hypertension in the adult study population was 32.5%, 95%CI[31.9-33.1] (M: 36.4%, 95%CI[35, 5-37.3]; F: 28.4%; 95% CI[27.6-29.2]), reaching in the age group of 60 years and above: M: 74.6% (95%CI[66.9-82.3], F: 82.7% (95%CI[73.8-83.6]) Multivariate analysis identified five independent factors significantly associated with hypertension: male sex (ORa=1.55 [1.18-2.03]), age over 40 years (ORa=6.54[4.70-9.11]), low level of schooling (ORa=1.80 [1.36-2.38]), low physical activity (ORa=1.42[1.07-1.88]) and high socio-economic level (ORa=1 .84 [1.30-2.63])., Conclusion: The HSHS study confirmed the high prevalence of hypertension, and the extent of its low detection and control. Hence the need for a universal approach to health promotion, oriented towards the general population, piloted by its local organizations, based on the adoption of a healthy lifestyle, and centered on physical activity.

Introduction: The HSHS study is a community-based survey focused on cardiovascular risk factors., Aim: The objectives of this specific analysis were to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight in the general population of Hammam Sousse (Tunisia) and to identify their predisposing factors., Methods: HSHS was conducted with a random sample of households, composed by the EPI (Expanded Program on Immunization) technique. All people aged 20 and over, met on the day of the survey, at their homes, were included. Obesity, overweight and weight overload were defined with reference to Body Mass Index (BMI): Obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m²), Overweight (25≤BMI (25≤BMI <30 kg/m²), weight overload (BMI≥25 kg/m²). Physical activity was evaluated according to the level of energy equivalents (Metabolic Equivalent Task) or MET, this level was considered low below 600 MET min/week. The calculated prevalences were accompanied by their 95%CI (Confidence Intervals). The multivariate study was conducted by logistic regression, measuring the adjusted Odds Ratio (ORa) Results: The study population was composed of 481 men and 960 women, (sex-ratio=0.50). The age ranged from 20 to 96 years with an average of 49.6±16444 years in men and 46.6±16.2 in women (p <0.05). After adjusting for age and sex, the prevalence rates of overweight, obesity, and weight overload were respectively 36.18%, 95%CI [35.38%-36.62%], 28.11%; 95%CI [27.42%-28.58%] and 64.28%; 95%CI [63.38%-64.62%]. Obesity was determined, in addition to female sex, age 40 or over and low level of education, by low level of physical activity (ORa=1.56; 95%CI [1.21-2.03], p<10 -2 )., Conclusion: In adults, the prevalence of obesity and overweight were high and determined by insufficient physical activity. The results of this study, which can be extrapolated to other Tunisian cities, should motivate the general population to establish a heart health promotion plan, in partnership with civil society.

Background: National epidemiological studies on diabetes mellitus are rare, ancient and often carried out schools or clinics settings., Objectives: To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and identify its risk factors in the adult population of the city of Hammam Sousse (Tunisia) during the year 2009., Methods: This study is a part of analysis of the HSHS database (Hammam Sousse Sahloul Heart Study), a «community-based» cross-sectional study on cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes mellitus, with a two-stage proportional probability cluster random sample. All subjects aged 20 years and more underwent a lifestyle interview, clinical examination with anthropometric measurements, and blood sampling. The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was defined by a fasting blood glucose level ≥7 mmol/l. Overweight was defined by a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m². A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine independent risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus., Results: The population was composed of 481 males (M) and 960 females (F), a sex ratio of 0.5 with mean ages respectively of 49.6±16.35 years and 46.6±16.18 years. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus adjusted by age and sex was 12.1% (95%CI[11.7-12.5]); M: 12.7% (95%CI[12.1-13.3]), F: 11.5% (95%CI[10.9-12.1]). The prevalence rate of patients newly detected with diabetes mellitus was 1.9% (95%CI[1.7-2.1]): M: 1.8% (95%CI[1.6-2.0]), F: 2.1% (95%CI[1.8-2.4]). The multivariate study revealed five independent factors significantly associated with diabetes mellitus. In addition to non-modifiable factors (male gender, age ≥40 years old, low schooling level and family history of diabetes), diabetes mellitus was 2 (95%CI[1.3-3.2]) times more prevalent in overweight cases., Conclusion: In deep trouble of this epidemiological situation of diabetes mellitus, it is urgent to launch a universal intervention strategy based on the promotion of a healthy lifestyle motivating regular physical activity and a low-calorie diet.

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide because it increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases., Aim: To determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its components in the general population of Hammam Sousse (Tunisia) and to identify its risk factors., Methods: This was an analysis of the HSHS database (Hammam Sousse Sahloul Heart Study), a «community-based» cross-sectional study on cardiovascular risk factors including dyslipidemia, with a random sample in two-stages, proportional-probability clusters. All subjects above 20 years underwent a lifestyle interview, clinical examination with anthropometric measurements, and blood sampling. Dyslipidemia was defined by: total cholesterol ≥5.2 mmol/l, hyper LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) cholesterolemia ≥4.1 mmol/l, hypo HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) cholesterolemia <1.03 mmol/l for men and <1.29 mmol/l for women and hyper-triglyceridaemia: ≥2.26 mmol/l. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine factors independently associated with dyslipidemia., Results: The study population was composed of 481 males (M) and 960 females (F), with a sex ratio of 0.5. Mean cholesterol was higher in women (5 mmol/l±1.01) than in men (4.8 mmol/l±0.92). Only 24.9% of men and 29.1% of women had normal HDL cholesterol levels. Women had higher levels of hypercholesterolemia and LDL cholesterolemia than men (p<10 -6 ). Multivariate analysis showed that dyslipidemia was independently and statistically significantly associated with age ≥40 years (p<10 -3 ), physical inactivity (p<10 -3 ) and obesity (p=0.025)., Conclusion: As a result of the epidemiological situation of dyslipidemia, the promotion of an active lifestyle seems essential. In addition, nutritional education improves the lipid profile by promoting weight loss and balancing lipid consumption.

"Prevention", a component of primary health care since Alma Ata's declaration (1978), has been a strategic axis of health policy in Tunisia for four decades. If the Tunisian Revolutionary Constitution (2014) declared in its Article 38 that "the State guarantees prevention", the regulatory texts, organizing preventive structures and its operational programs, have today become ill-suited with the global burden of disease and current scientific evidence. The analysis of current preventive practices in Tunisia, based on the "health continuum", the taxonomy of "preventive strategies" and the identification of "vulnerable populations", has shown the need to implement prevention activities. "Primordial" and "quaternary" (for the management of cardiovascular diseases and cancers), extension of the fields of health education and epidemiological surveillance, towards Therapeutic Education of Patients / Health Promotion, and health monitoring, and coverage of new groups at risk: adolescents and the elderly. Faced with the multitude of prevention structures and the fragmentation of health programs, the reform of the national preventive policy and its practices should be based on the principles of integration, relevance and efficiency, through the establishment of a National Health Protection Agency (NHPA). This ANP is called upon to launch new prevention support projects including integrated preventive medicine centers (providing periodic health examinations), hospital patient therapeutic education services and home care units. Such a reform, announcing the birth of a new generation of preventive basic health care activities in Tunisia, should be reinforced by a legal, organizational and educational basis.

Objectives: Describe the 2020 report of the ARWU "Academic Ranking World Universities" classification and identify, accordingly, the roadmap of academic excellence, particularly in the countries of the Greater Maghreb., Methods: This is an in-depth reading of the 2020 results of the ARWU bibliometric platform (launched in 2003) from top 1000 world-class universities. Six criteria were used in this ranking: 1. Alumni (10%): students who received Nobel / Fields prizes; 2. Award (15%): professors who have won the Nobel / Fields prizes; 3. HiCi (20%): Most cited scientists; 4. PUB (20%): number of publications 5. TOP (20%): proportion of publications in the most influential periodicals; 6. PCP (10%): Per Capita Performance., Results: The 2020 ARWU ranking was characterized by the domination of the "Top 10" ranking by the United States, particularly the "Harvard University", the Asian boom of 55% of the "Top 1000" ranking (Chinese universities evolved from 16 in 2004 to 81 in 2020 in the "Top 500" list) and finally an African incubation of academic excellence, manifested by the selection of nine South African institutions (including the "University of Cape Town ", world rank between 201-300), and the re-entry for the first time of a Maghreb university in the" Top 1000 "list, Tunis El Manar (rank between 901-1000), with the following scores: N&S: 1 , 4; Pub: 26.1 and PCP: 10.3, for a total score of 37.8 points., Conclusion: This report proves once again, the promising academic perspectives of Asia and Africa in the inclusion of the "Top 1000" list of the ARWU ranking. The roadmap for academic excellence would thus be based on the triad of centering scientific publications, in prestigious journals and by national author networks.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of Hand Hygiene (HH) in preventing infections and the transmission of pathogens, in an epidemic context, in community and hospital settings., Method: It is a systematic review of the literature based on a document request, conducted on PubMed, using the following search equation: "(" Hand Hygiene "[All Fields] OR" Hand Disinfection "[All Fields]) AND ("Epidemics" [All Fields] OR "Pandemics" [All Fields]) ". All publications related to the effectiveness of the preventive intervention for HH in an epidemic setting were Included., Results: A total of 16 publications were included, of which the majority proved the effectiveness of HH and its promotion in reducing infections during an epidemic. In a clinical trial, promoting HH in an intervention group significantly reduced the prevalence of infections (24.4% vs. 11.1%). Two systematic reviews have shown the effectiveness of HH in preventing the transmission of germs with ORs between 0.52 and 0.62. Four case-control studies and three cross-sectional studies concluded with the protective effect of HH with ORs varying between 0.06 and 0.71. A cohort study showed that low adherence to HH recommendations was associated with a higher infection rate (77.5% vs 95%; p = 0.02). A single systematic review did not conclude that HH was effective in the epidemic setting., Conclusion: The effectiveness of HH in the fight against epidemics has been demonstrated. It is dependent on the engagement and the active participation of the different intervenient. Hence the need to increase accessibility to different methods of HH and to promote the importance of this prevention strategy could be assured through education and awareness.

Background: Congenital candidiasis is rare occurring in most cases in premature and low birth weight new born. It can produce a spectrum of disease ranging from a diffuse skin eruption to a severe systemic disease with or without skin involvement. Amphotericin B is the first-line agent for the treatment of systemic disease., Aim: To describe a congenital candidiasis in a full-term newborn., Case Report: At birth, the newborn had a generalized, erythematous, papulovesicular eruption. He was treated by topic antifungal therapy. However, on the third day, he developed a systemic disease with respiratory distress and fever. Ear, skin swab and gastric aspirate grew to Candida albicans. The newborn was given fluconazole for 10 days with favourable outcome., Conclusion: Early topic therapy did not prevent systemic spread of congenital cutaneous candidiasis in our case. Treatment with fluconazole, as the first-line agent, seems effective and safe.