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In the southeastern Senegal, the report of Plasmodium vivaxinfections among febrile patients in Kedougou constitutes a new emerging health problem. Samples from 48 asymptomatic schoolchildren sampled twice a year over 2 years were used to explore the reservoir of P. vivaxparasite infections in this region. Both Duffy genotyping and Plasmodiumspecies diagnostic assays were performed. PCR assays detected Plasmodiumgenomic DNA in 38.5% (74/192) of samples. Pure P. falciparumand P. vivaxinfections were identified in 79.7% (59/74) and 20.3% (15/74) of samples, respectively. All schoolchildren were classified as Duffy-negative by genotyping. P. vivaxinfections were detected in five children: in two children during both years, in one child in 2010 and on May 2011, and only in 2010 for the remaining two children. This unexpectedly high proportion of P. vivaxinfections in asymptomatic Duffy-negative children highlights to consider vivax malaria as an emerging problem in Senegal.