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Objective: COVID‐19 diagnosis is a critical problem, mainly due to the lack or delay in the test results. We aimed to obtain a model to predict SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in suspected patients reported to the Brazilian surveillance system. Methods: We analysed suspected patients reported to the National Surveillance System that corresponded to the following case definition: patients with respiratory symptoms and fever, who travelled to regions with local or community transmission or who had close contact with a suspected or confirmed case. Based on variables routinely collected, we obtained a multiple model using logistic regression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and accuracy indicators were used for validation. Results: We described 1468 COVID‐19 cases (confirmed by RT‐PCR) and 4271 patients with other illnesses. With a data subset including 80% of patients from Sao Paulo (SP) and Rio Janeiro (RJ), we obtained a function which reached an AUC of 95.54% (95% CI: 94.41–96.67%) for the diagnosis of COVID‐19 and accuracy of 90.1% (sensitivity 87.62% and specificity 92.02%). In a validation dataset including the other 20% of patients from SP and RJ, this model exhibited an AUC of 95.01% (92.51–97.5%) and accuracy of 89.47% (sensitivity 87.32% and specificity 91.36%). Conclusion: We obtained a model suitable for the clinical diagnosis of COVID‐19 based on routinely collected surveillance data. Applications of this tool include early identification for specific treatment and isolation, rational use of laboratory tests, and input for modelling epidemiological trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives In antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-up programmes in sub-Saharan Africa viral load monitoring is not recommended. We wanted to study the impact of only using clinical and immunological monitoring on the diagnosis of virological ART failure under routine circumstances. Methods Clinicians in two urban ART clinics in Malawi used clinical and immunological monitoring to identify adult patients for switching to second-line ART. If patients met clinical and/or immunological failure criteria of WHO guidelines and had a viral load <400 copies/ml there was misclassification of virological ART failure. Results Between January 2006 and July 2007, we identified 155 patients with WHO criteria for immunological and/or clinical failure. Virological ART failure had been misclassified in 66 (43%) patients. Misclassification was significantly higher in patients meeting clinical failure criteria (57%) than in those with immunological criteria (30%). On multivariate analysis, misclassification was associated with being on ART <2 years [OR = 7.42 (2.63, 20.95)] and CD4 > 200 cells/μl [OR = 5.03 (2.05, 12.34)]. Active tuberculosis and Kaposi’s sarcoma were the most common conditions causing misclassification of virological ART failure. Conclusion Misclassification of virological ART failure occurs frequently using WHO clinical and immunological criteria of ART failure for poor settings. A viral load test confirming virological ART failure is therefore advised to avoid unnecessary switching to second-line regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To assess the quality of healthcare workers’ performance with regard to malaria diagnosis and treatment and to assess patients’ self-medication with chloroquine (CQ) before and after presentation at a health centre. Methods In the rainy season 2004, in five rural dispensaries in Burkina Faso, we observed 1101 general outpatient consultations and re-examined all these patients. CQ whole blood concentrations of confirmed malaria cases were measured before and after treatment. Results The clinical diagnosis based on fever and/or a history of fever had a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 41% when compared to confirmed malaria (defined as an axillary temperature of ≥37.5 °C and/or a history of fever and parasites of any density in the blood smear). Few febrile children under 5 years of age were assessed for other diseases than malaria such as pneumonia. No antimalarial was prescribed for 1.3% of patients with the clinical diagnosis malaria and for 24% of confirmed cases, while 2% received an antimalarial drug prescription without the corresponding clinical diagnosis. CQ was overdosed in 22% of the prescriptions. Before and 2 weeks after consultation, 25% and 46% respectively of the patients with confirmed malaria had potentially toxic CQ concentrations. Conclusion As long as artemisinin-based combination therapy remains unavailable or unaffordable for most people in rural areas of Burkina Faso, self-medication with and prescription of CQ are likely to continue despite increasing resistance. Apart from considering more pragmatic first-line regimens for malaria treatment such as the combination of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine with amodiaquine, more and better training on careful clinical management of febrile children including an appropriate consideration of other illnesses than malaria should be made available in the frame of the IMCI initiative in sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical diagnosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection is currently accepted as sufficient basis for treating the disease. Inadequate laboratory resources in the highly endemic areas of Africa often limit possibilities for in-country confirmation of clinical judgement. We analysed records of 99 Buruli ulcer (BU) patients diagnosed clinically and treated surgically at Amasaman Health Centre in Ghana, for whom post-treatment diagnostic laboratory tests were performed. Comparison of clinical diagnoses with test results obtained by an in-country laboratory on samples of excised tissue showed a high specificity of clinical judgement. Among lesions with three laboratory tests (microscopy for acid fast bacilli, culture and IS2404 polymerase chain reaction) done, 94% tested positive at least once and 83% twice. Thus correct clinical diagnosis of BU by well trained health workers is achievable, although the quality of clinical diagnosis should be monitored by intermittent testing in national reference laboratories. However, being retrospective, this study did not permit sensitivity and negative predictive value analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To test the accuracy of clinical symptoms and signs for anaemia in pregnant women, as assessed by nurse-midwives, in two locations in Northern Tanzania. Methods One location was at 1000 m above sea level, the other at 1800 m. Midwives performed examinations and conducted structured interviews to detect severe anaemia at the first antenatal care visit before haemoglobin (hb) results were revealed; 369 and 535 women of all parities were examined in consecutive order at the two locations. Severe anaemia was defined as hb <75 g/l in the first and <80 g/l in the second (higher) location, based on altitude effect on hb distributions. Results Hb distribution differed substantially between the two locations, with much higher hb levels among those living at 1800 m. Sensitivities for detection of severe anaemia based on individual signs (pallor, conjunctiva, etc.) were 0.85, but only 0.33 to 0.44 for those living at lower and for those at higher altitudes, respectively. Conversely, specificities were around 0.90 at higher and 0.55 at lower altitudes, respectively. Symptoms (headache, dizziness, palpitations, etc.) were too common among those without anaemia to be useful as distinguishing features. Changing the definition of severe anaemia to higher cut-off hb values did not materially alter the results. Conclusion Validity of non-invasive tests to detect severe anaemia in pregnant women varies by locality. In a high-altitude area detection rate was low (sensitivity around 40%). In lower-lying areas detection rate was high, at the cost of low specificity (around 45% false positive tests). Symptoms like headache, dizziness and fatigue were too common to discriminate those with severe anaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To define the bacteriological and histological correlates of the three predominant clinical forms of cutaneous tuberculosis and to evaluate the efficacy of a 9-month daily regimen containing rifampicin and isoniazid. Methods In the dermatological clinics of two major teaching hospitals in Chennai, 213 patients with suspected clinical manifestations of cutaneous tuberculosis underwent examination and a skin biopsy for bacteriological and histological tests. They were treated with a daily regimen of rifampicin and isoniazid for 9 months and follow-up for 3 years. Results Bacteriological and/or histological confirmation of tuberculosis was obtained in 88% of the cases. Lupus vulgaris lesions were seen mainly in the extremities and verrucosa cutis occurred predominantly on the sole and foot, while the cervical and axillary regions were the commonest sites for scrofuloderma. Ninety-two per cent of the patients showed resolution of the lesions within the first 6 months of chemotherapy; 1% failed to respond to this regimen. There was no relapse in any of the cases during the follow-up period of 3 years. Conclusions Clinical findings were adequate to identify major forms of cutaneous tuberculosis as evidenced by bacteriological and histopathological examination. A daily regimen of rifampicin and isoniazid for 9 months was effective in treating cutaneous tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To describe the characteristics of patients consulting commune primary healthcare posts for acute undifferentiated fever not being malaria (AUF), and to explore the diagnostic and therapeutic responses of the healthcare workers. Methods All patients presenting with AUF at 12 commune health posts and one clinic at the provincial malaria station, Binh Thuan, a dengue endemic province in southern Vietnam, were included. Record forms were used to fill in patient and diseases characteristics, pre-referral treatment, signs and symptoms, provisional diagnosis and installed treatment, referral and final outcome. Results Two thousand ninety-six patients were included from April 2001 to March 2002. The median delay to attend the health posts was, 0.87 day for >5, 1.15 days for children aged 5–15 years and 1.41 days for adults ( P < 0.001). Sixty-five per cent of patients took some measures before consulting the health post, of whom 82% applied self-medication and 69% took antibiotics. Pre-referral medication with antibiotics increased with age (RR 1.012 per year of age; 95% CI: 1.004–1.019). The diagnostic and therapeutic response of healthcare workers was very unspecific. The tourniquet test was inappropriately used as general discriminating test, not only for detecting dengue haemorrhagic fever. Empiric antibiotic therapy was installed in 77.2% of cases. Conclusions Management of uncomplicated fever, not being malaria, at the primary healthcare level in Vietnam is non-specific, dominated by searching signs of hemorrhagic dengue and empiric antibiotic treatment. This can probably be improved by better education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a study of 1945 children and 2885 adults who presented with fever to a hospital outpatients clinic in an urban area of India order to develop and evaluate a clinical algorithm for the diagnosis of malaria. Only 139 (7%) children and 349 (12%) adults had microscopically confirmed malaria. None of the symptoms or signs elicited from the respondents were good predictors of clinical malaria. Simple scores were derived through combining clinical features which were associated with slide positivity or were judged by clinicians to be important. The best-performing algorithms were a score of 4 clinical features in children (sensitivity 60.0% and specificity 61.2%) and a score of 5 in adults (sensitivity 54.6% and specificity 57.5%). The clinical features differed and algorithm performances were poorer than in previous studies in highly endemic areas. The conclusion is that malaria diagnosis in areas of low endemicity requires microscopy to be accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]