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As a unique phenomenon in China's dualistic urban-rural system, the renewal of urban villages, along with the continuous advancement of urbanization, has attracted much attention, because it involves changes in land ownership, compensation for house demolition and relocation, environmental construction, and social security, among other aspects. Resident satisfaction in urban villages is directly related to the issues of policy strengths and weaknesses, resident happiness, and social fairness, and has been widely researched in academia. However, few studies have explored the influence mechanism of satisfaction in urban village renewal from the perspective of reference dependence and have neglected to compare the differences in the levels of different proximity reference points and livelihood capitals. From the perspective of reference dependence, this study analyzes the influence of different proximity reference points on the satisfaction with urban village renewal based on the theory of differential order patterns and tests the moderating effect of livelihood capital on this mechanism. Based on 413 valid samples from two typical urban village renewal areas in Wuhan, this study explored the mechanisms of reference dependence, livelihood capital, and satisfaction with urban village renewal and reconstruction in megacity urban villages using an ordered logistic regression model, a moderating effect model, and other methods. The study found that: 1) reference dependence positively and significantly affected the satisfaction of urban village resettlement residents with renewal and reconstruction; 2) the proximity of the object of reference dependence to one's own relationship was positively correlated with the degree of influence; and 3) livelihood capital positively moderated the relationship between reference dependence and satisfaction with renewal and reconstruction. Policy implications: The design of demolition and relocation compensation policy should strengthen the public participation of villagers, formulate reasonable standards for the identification of legal property rights of housing, and take into account efficiency and fairness by adapting to the local conditions. Efforts should be made to eliminate the influence of the differences in livelihood capital, and improve the cultural quality and skills of resettled villagers through training to reduce the "cultural lag" brought about by the change of identity. Monitoring groups should be set up to oversee the implementation of urban village renewal. This study helps to further elucidate the influence mechanism of satisfaction with urban village renewal and enriches the theoretical application of reference dependence theory in the field of behavioral economics. The findings provide practical experience for reducing social conflicts and public opinion impacts and provides a reference for megacities to actively and steadily implement urban village renewal, thereby improving people's livelihoods, expanding domestic demand, and promoting high-quality urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livelihood capital is the core element of sustainable livelihood development for rural households. Based on the survey data of 615 growers in the main rubber-producing areas of Hainan and Yunnan province, this paper constructs an evaluation system of rubber growers' livelihood capital within the sustainable livelihood analysis framework and calculates key indicators, such as farmers' livelihood capital index, livelihood activity diversity index, and household income diversity index. The multiple regression model and the mediating effect model are used to explore the influence mechanism of livelihood capital on the sustainable livelihood of rural households. The following three conclusions are drawn: (1) The accumulation of livelihood capital of rural households is conducive to enriching the structure of household livelihood activities and income sources, especially the accumulation of financial capital, which is more likely to improve the diversity of household livelihood activities. Regional differences exist in the impact of livelihood capital structures on rural household livelihood outcomes. Natural capital endowment has a significant effect on the income diversification level in Hainan, but there may be a "curse" effect in Yunnan. (2) Geographical characteristics, production decisions, and farming household characteristics significantly impact sustainable livelihoods. The altitude of the village and the distance from the county seat pose certain challenges for farmers in diversifying their livelihoods. Although the law of rubber tapping production may weaken farmers' production and business activities, it can better stabilize farmers' incomes owing to its strong flexibility in labor arrangements, which may be beneficial for diversifying livelihoods; however, it does not necessarily lead to diversified incomes. While the characteristics of poor households can help rural households gain policy support, building capacity is the key to achieving a sustainable livelihood. (3) There are intermediary effects of livelihood capital on livelihood activities and household income, but the mechanisms of action are different. For the diversity of farmers' livelihoods, 52.70% of the catalytic effect of livelihood capital is achieved by improving the ability to integrate livelihood capital. Optimizing household employment strategies contributed to the promotion of livelihood capital on the income diversification index, with a mediating effect of 30.52%. The main contribution of this study is to clarify how livelihood capital can achieve the goal of diversifying household livelihood activities and income by coordinating livelihood capacity and employment strategies. Therefore, to enhance the comprehensive livelihood capacity of rural households, the coordination capacity of livelihood capital, livelihood capacity building should be enhanced, and employment information channels should be expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmer' livelihoods are an important issue for rural revitalization and rural sustainable development. It has been proven in recent years that rural tourism influences farmers' livelihoods and its impacts vary based on different tourism development modes. The DFID sustainable livelihoods framework has been widely used in research on rural tourism development and farmer' livelihoods. It offers a comprehensive perspective that links elements from the external livelihood environment, to investigate farmer' livelihoods. This study developed an evaluation index for farmer' livelihood capital based on the DFID sustainable livelihoods framework. The evaluation index was used to analyze the farmer' livelihood capital. Azheke village, Yunnan Province was chosen as an example in the present study, which successfully launched a tourism poverty reduction program, the "Azheke Plan", in 2018. The data used in this study were collected through questionnaire survey from July 2020 to February 2021, during which the first author lived in Azheke Village. The findings of this study were summarized as follows: (1) Farmers in Azheke used to have only one livelihood mode: farming or working in cities. Now rural tourism development has allowed local villagers to work within local tourism businesses or operate their own tourism businesses in the village. thus, farmers has formed a diversified livelihood mode. (2) Families with different livelihood modes have manifested different features and livelihood capital. Ranking from high to low, the livelihood modes are: tourism-oriented, tourism involved + working in cities, tourism-involved, working in cities, and farming + working in cities. The sequence highly correlates with the degree of farmer' participation in tourism. (3) Farmers whose livelihoods are tourism-oriented, tourism involved + working in cities and tourism-involved have the highest degree of participation in tourism, their household labor and livelihood capacity has improved, it have created more livelihood outcomes for their households, and has a higher level of livelihood capital. Farmers who work in cities and farming + working in cities experienced the growth of physical capital and financial capital mainly throughout the "Azheke Plan", but their livelihood capital is lower than the other three livelihood modes relating to tourism. (4) From the institution perspective, this study explores the relationship between tourism development and changes in livelihood. Several notes are summarized on villagers' livelihoods through "Azheke Plan" from basic conditions, external support, internal factors, livelihood strategies and livelihood results. Finally, the future research direction of tourism development and farmer' livelihood, as well as the possibility of replicating the "Azheke plan" in other regions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]