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High-quality air service is important for achieving high-quality aviation development. As the primary customers of air travel services, passengers are the most important evaluators of the service. Therefore, research on their air travel choices is key for promoting the coordination of multi-airport regions. Based on stochastic utility psychological perception theories, this study discusses the impact of the key dimension of airport service quality on air travel choices using the structural equation model-logit model. The results show that air travel choice is not a simple linear extension of behavioral intentions as there are two key dimensions of airport service quality: First, mandatory service processing is inevitably the most time-consuming and tedious process for passengers at airports. This waiting time is perceived as a sign of low airport service capability, whereas the level and quality of service provided by staff in this process is an intangible factor for passengers. This in turn affects the level of passengers' ratings of airport services, especially for business travelers. Therefore, airports need to recognize the time and resource constraints of passengers and work with airlines to streamline the check-in process, ensure security control, and reduce waiting time. One solution is to use shared self-service devices or automated robots that allow any passenger of any airline or flight to check-in and check-out on the same device. Second, while facilities, equipment, and environment are not universal considerations for passengers, differences in passenger perceptions are evident between airport types. Within multi-airport regions, the facilities, equipment, and environment of major airports are above passengers' psychological expectations, while auxiliary or other airports need to pay more attention to this service, which illustrates that the improvement of airport service quality requires changes to unidimensional and monolithic thinking but also focus on passengers' overall perception of service experience from a multidimensional perspective, as well as consideration of the spatial and temporal characteristics of different airport types in the multi-airport region to make targeted improvements. Moreover, passengers do not have an obvious preference for particular airlines, but low-cost airlines still hold a certain appeal for passengers when they take off from regional airports, which also means that low-cost airlines' entry into the market has anti-risk properties for regional airports. Within the limits of China's aviation controls, the presence of low-cost carriers can still improve the chances of an airport being chosen. Therefore, different airport types within the same multi-airport region often need to compete differently to achieve regional synergistic development. To enhance airport service quality, it is essential to fine tune service quality standards, based on airport's types. The improvement of airports' performance should include a phased integration of assessments of service experience settings. Airports should adopt differentiated spatial designs for their service functions based on the goal of airport integration, with a view to achieving optimal management at minimal cost while being able to effectively guide passengers in their air travel choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological restoration zoning is the concept of carrying out ecological restoration scientifically. In existing zoning studies, an effective technical solution is to use ecosystem service supply and ecological security pattern analysis as starting points. These studies have mostly focused on the negative ecological effects of highintensity human activities and are still essentially focused on at-risk areas. Zoning is used for identification, the potential for effective regional ecological restoration is not considered systematically, and there is insufficient support for the theory and practice of ecological restoration. However, ecological restoration is a product of human society and economic processes of input and output. In addition to accurately identifying ecological risk areas, research on restoration zones should also consider regional ecological protection policies and economic differences to increase investment in environmental protection and improve the effectiveness of ecological protection in a targeted manner. Based on the current paradigm, the spatio-temporal matching of social economy and natural resources is taken into consideration, to realize the optimization of an ecological restoration zoning technical scheme. Taking the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as an example, a regional framework for the ecological restoration of land space based on ecological background pattern and potential was constructed. The results show that ecosystem services have declined significantly in the past ten years, and there are areas with good natural resilience and strong support from protection policies. Township as the unit of ecological restoration zoning. 1) The ecological maintenance area accounts for 7.7% of the total area, and focus should be on comprehensive improvement to promote economic and ecological sustainability. 2) The ecological protection area accounts for 44.5%, and focus should be on protection and stronger policy control. 3) The ecological improvement area account for 11.9%, and diversified and continuous maintenance measures should be adopted to strengthen the redundancy of regional ecological network. 4) The ecological restoration area accounts for 35.9%, and the priority for restoration should be areas with high natural resilience and policy support, and should mainly comprise long-term restoration projects. The coordinated restoration area has a high natural restoration; however, the policy support is insufficient. Cooperation with higher-level governments or with regional joint governance should be initiated to improve efficiency of the overall restoration in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the development issues of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in the new domestic and international situation, the content, challenges, and paths of innovation and development of the Greater Bay Area are explored from multiple dimensions, including economic, social, cultural, and institutional. The innovation and development of the Greater Bay Area should strengthen technological and industrial innovation capabilities, improve regional resilience to cope with external shocks, increase the mobility of intraregional factors, improve the well-being of the people's livelihood, enhance the capacity of spatial governance, promote integrated urban-rural development, and optimize the regional pattern of ecological security. The conclusion is that considering the innovation and development of the Greater Bay Area from a systemic and interconnected perspective is crucial for seeking innovations in various development fields and promoting coupling and coordination among them. Therefore, the region may acquire the agency that can continuously break through bottlenecks, resolve external shocks, and unlock new paths of development. We call for the strengthening of cross-field and cross-disciplinary collaborative research to contribute the power of geography to the realization of the development goals of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is currently facing a critical period of economic transformation and social development, with land use being under tremendous pressure, facing multiple challenges. The imbalance in land use structure is becoming increasingly prominent and conflicts over various land uses are becoming more intense, thereby attracting an increasing focus. Land use conflict refers to the inconsistent and disharmonious land use methods and quantities among stakeholders in the process of land resource utilization, as well as the conflicting states between various land use methods and environmental aspects. The study of land use conflicts can provide important references for stabilizing land use structures, alleviating land use conflicts, and optimizing the allocation of national spatial resources. Identifying the spatial range and intensity of land use conflicts is a prerequisite for alleviating regional land use pressure. However, existing research has thus far provided insufficient characterization of the negative ecological and environmental effects of land use. The concept of ecosystem service trade-offs is advantageous regarding expressing the negative effects of land use conflicts and their inherent causes. Therefore, based on the perspective of ecosystem services, this study identifies the intensity and spatial distribution characteristics of land use conflicts in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in different types of space using ecosystem service trade-off analysis. Results show that from 2010 to 2020, land use change in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area was relatively drastic, with a decrease of 1,440.90 km² (8.20%) in arable land area and an increase of 1,649.92 km2 (28.01%) in urban land area. During the study period, carbon fixation, soil retention, and water production services exhibited increasing trends, whereas food supply and habitat quality services exhibited decreasing trends. High-gain areas of food supply and carbon fixation, as well as high-loss areas of water production and soil retention, were mainly distributed in the southwest and northwest of the study area. The land use conflict index of the study area was 1.05, indicative of strong land use conflict. This was mainly because the study area had a large number of service types to balance, with the balance relationships being strong. Among them, the balance relationships between water production and food supply, habitat quality, and carbon fixation were the dominant factors in land use conflicts in the study area. The intensity of land use conflicts in each subregion ranged from strong to weak in the following order: natural or semi-natural area (1.10) > semi-natural semi-artificial area (0.97) > artificial area (0.77) > semi-natural area (0.45). Natural or semi-natural area was the main area of land use conflicts, mainly because this area had many service types to balance, with the balance relationships being strong. In terms of spatial distribution characteristics, the spatial distribution range of land use conflicts in the study area was mainly characterized by weak and moderate conflict areas; however, land use conflicts were more severe in some local areas. The spatial distribution structure of land use conflicts in the study area showed a medium-weak-medium pattern from the periphery to the central part. Strong and extremely strong conflict areas were concentrated in natural or semi-natural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a typical representative of advanced producer services, banks can be used to characterize the spatial structure of urban networks through the headquarters-branch connections and the implied capital flow process, which can guide the exploration of financial market connectivity and coordinated regional development. In this paper, the financial linkages of 26 representative banks in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) were transformed from city scale to county scale urban network using the interlocking network model, and the structural characteristics and influencing mechanism of urban network are discussed using the Social Network Analysis and Geographically Weighted Regression model. The results show that: 1) The Pearl River Estuary in the GBA is a dense area of financial linkages. The level of financial linkages on the east bank of the Pearl River is generally higher than that on the west bank of the Pearl River, and the hierarchical expansion to the peripheral space is continuous or progressive. 2) The clustering and accessibility of the overall network perform well. The whole network presents a typical "small world" effect. Guangzhou Tianhe, Guangzhou Yuexiu, Foshan Nanhai, Foshan Shunde, and other nodes are of high gradability and proximity, and they are also important intermediaries for financial connections in the GBA. 3) Most of the nodes with high gradability have higher effective scale and efficiency, and have the advantage of structural holes. The peripheral spatial nodes have a high restriction degree. The network mainly relies on some nodes in the core or sub-core subgroups to generate financial linkages, while the financial linkages among most nodes of the edge subgroup are weak. 4) The variables negatively correlated with the total number of linkages are population density, economic development level, and government control behavior. The variables that are positively correlated with the total number of linkages are the degree of transportation convenience and social consumption ability. The relationship between the demand for financial services and the level of openness to the outside world and the total linkages is complex and has bidirectional effects. An additional contribution of this paper is as follows: 1) The preference for location choice of APS enterprises represented by banks is higher for geographical agglomeration in local markets, and the financial relationship at the county scale is more important for the location choice of bank branches within cities. 2) The differentiated urban network structure characteristics revealed by the heterogeneity of bank branches provide a reference value for the appeal of different types of bank branches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface water is an important water resource required for all living things on Earth and the basic resource for human production and living, having great value to mankind. Based on the GEE and ArcGIS platforms, this study uses the global annual surface water dataset from 1985 to 2020 as the main data source and analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution of surface water bodies in the Greater Bay Area (GBA) using the rate of water area change, the density of gridded water bodies, and the land use conversion matrix. We then investigate the relevant influencing factors driving the spatial and temporal evolution of surface water bodies with the assistance of the Geographic Detector. Based on the above findings, and combined with urban development policy and regional development orientation, the spatiotemporal evolution mechanism of surface water bodies in the GBA over the study period was analyzed from the perspective of urbanization development laws. This analysis is also the primary contribution of the study and is the key difference between this research and previous pure geography studies. The results indicate the following: 1) The area change rate of surface water bodies in the GBA shows the characteristics of "slow decline - accelerated decline - deceleration - steady increase;" therefore, the study period is divided into slow shrinkage(1985-2000), accelerated shrinkage(2000-2010), deceleration shrinkage (2010-2015), and steady growth(2015-2020) based on these stage characteristics; 2) The change in the permanent water body area in the GBA has the periodic characteristics of "small cycles of alternating increases and decreases," while the seasonal water bodies area show the change characteristics of "largely decreased first and then increased." The influence of the two types of water bodies on the changes in the total surface water body area shows the characteristics of "alternative domination" with 2010 as the time node; 3) Spatially, large changes in surface water bodies appear in the form of urban clusters. For example, regional urban agglomerations, such as Fo-Guang-Zhao, Shenzhen-Guan-Hui, and Zhu-Zhong-Jiang, show synchronous shrinking or growth in the evolution of water bodies. This is mainly due to urban agglomerations being caused by the transfer (including migration in and out) of land types, such as water bodies, urban construction land, and cultivated land at different periods of urbanization development; 4) From the perspective of the entire study period, natural factors had higher explanatory power for the spatial differentiation of surface water bodies in the GBA than social and economic factors. The explanatory power of annual precipitation and vegetation coverage factors reached 40% and 34%, respectively. There was a two-factor enhanced interaction relationship with multiple factors, among which the explanatory power of cultivated land density and population factors was 31% and 30%, respectively, and there was a non-linear enhanced interaction relationship with multiple factors; and 5) From the perspective of the urban development period, the degree of influence of natural, social, and economic factors on surface water bodies varies across different stages. Natural factors played a leading role in the temporal and spatial differentiation of surface water bodies during the early urbanization process. As urban development accelerated and entered a stable period, the influence of human activities on surface water bodies increased rapidly and became an important driving force for temporal and spatial differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is one of the most open regions in China, with the strongest economic vitality and fastest population growth, playing an important role in China's development strategy. Using GBA as the research area, Luojia1-01 radiance images and high-precision land type data from 2022 were merged to obtain the noctilucent index of land fusion. Stepwise regression models based on district-level administrative divisions were constructed and their accuracy was verified. Finally, the 500 m spatial distribution characteristics of the population for the GBA in 2020 were analyzed from multiple perspectives, including population size and density, spatial directivity, spatial agglomeration degree, and dispersion characteristics. The results show the following: 1) the integration of Luojia1-01 radiation brightness value and high-precision land type data guaranteed population spatialization accuracy, while scattered population agglomeration points could be identified by Luojia-01, and details of population distribution in the image saturation zone could be distinguished by land type data; 2) Population quantity and density had a highly synergistic spatial distribution relationship with five population agglomeration areas in the GBA, with sparse population in marginal cities. The population scale decreased outward from the accumulation regions; 3) Population distribution presented significant spatial directivity along the Guangzhou, Dongguan, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong directions, which proved that the economic level is an important factor affecting the spatial distribution of the population. Regional coordinated development in emerging economies was obvious among these cities along the direction, thus attracting population migration and agglomeration; 4) The population agglomeration feature was remarkable in this area, with 68% of the population concentrated within 27.64% of the spatial range. Popular hotspots were located in the regions of Dongguan, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong, with cold spot areas mainly distributed in Zhaoqing and Jiangmen. Population intensity was excessive in Tianhe, Yuexiu, and Haizhu Districts of Guangzhou City, and policy intervention is urgently needed for these districts to mitigate population pressure and improve the living environment, thus promoting regional coordinated development. The results of this study prove that Luojia-01 data are capable of population research at the municipal administrative division level. The revealed spatial distribution characteristics of the population have reference significance for urban policy formulation, planning management, and coordinated development in the Greater Bay Area. There are also some shortcomings in this study, such as the lack of population distribution exploration due to the limitation of satellite acquisition and a decrease in the accuracy of population spatialization results due to spatialtemporal inconsistency in the data. Further studies are needed to improve the accuracy and reveal additional features of the population spatial-temporal distribution in a long-term series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of urbanization in China, hilly and gently sloping mountainous areas have become areas of high disturbance owing to urban construction, with the disturbed areas also having a high incidence of mountain disasters. The large hilly and shallow mountainous areas in the Guangdong-Hong Kong- Macao Greater Bay Area are continually disturbed by rapid urbanization, with frequent geological disasters. This study attempts to reflect the boundary morphology of the interaction zone from the perspective of the landscape morphology of the town-mountain interaction zone by using the landscape pattern index, analyzing the relationship between the morphological index and the intensity of geological disasters, and identifying the key factors. Finally, the functional relationship is fit between the intensity of disasters and the landscape pattern index based on the GAM model to reveal the interaction characteristics of towns and mountains and the disaster effects caused by them. The results of the study show that: 1) the urban-mountain interaction zone in the Bay Area is located in Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong, with an area of 131.8, 81.6 and 58.5 km2 respectively, primarily in areas with a high proportion of hilly and shallow mountainous areas and rapid urban development; 2) Shenzhen and Hong Kong had higher landscape pattern indices than other regions, while Jiangmen, Zhaoqing, Foshan, and Huizhou generally had a lower landscape pattern index; 3) Among the nine landscape pattern indices, seven were positively correlated and two were negatively correlated, with CONNECT showing the highest correlation of 0.84 (P<0.001), SPLIT showing a high negative correlation of-0.84 (P<0.001), and AREA and PARA showing a weak correlation; 4) Most of the edge indicators, shape indicators, and agglomerative landscape index had linear relationships with landslide hazard frequency, and the frequency decreased with an increase in LSI and SPLIT and increased with the increase in GYRATE, SHAPE, FRAC, PARA, and CIRCLE; and 5) The larger the area of the urban-mountain interaction zone, the more complex the shape; the longer the boundary length, the more irregular the shape of the interaction zone; and the smaller its closeness to a circle, the more fragmented the interaction zone patches, the higher the ratio of core patches to the total area of the interaction zone, and the higher the probability of landslide disasters. Combined with the results, from the perspective of the construction of a single project in a small area, the larger the scope of excavation to the mountain, the more tortuous and complex the engineering cut, and the higher the probability of triggering landslides and collapses. For large-scale continuous construction projects, the closer the cuts are to each other, the higher the degree of agglomeration, the larger the area occupied by the core project, and the more likely it is to trigger geological disasters. This study is significant for understanding and mastering the heterogeneity law of geological hazards under different land use degrees and configuration measures, which can serve as a guide for land structure adjustment and optimize land use layout more effectively. It is of great practical significance for ecological restoration, sustainable and rational use of land resources, geological hazard prevention and control, and enriches the geological hazard susceptibility evaluation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Territorial space ecological restoration has become a significant strategy for the construction of China's ecological civilization. It is also an important strategic task related to national ecological security and human wellbeing. The continuous expansion of space in urban agglomerations and the high-intensity development of cities have exacerbated the fragmentation of natural landscapes. The ecological security of urban agglomerations and the ecological restoration of territorial spaces have become key issues of common concern to the government and scholars. Currently, the research on ecological restoration of territorial space mostly focuses on the identification of ecological restoration areas based on the key components of ecological security patterns and rarely discusses the coordinated protection and restoration of urban agglomerations by combining the ecological security patterns with human activities. It is particularly necessary to identify the ecological restoration areas and build a technical paradigm for ecological protection and territorial space restoration that can provide a basic support for the ecological integration, construction, and sustainable development of urban agglomerations. Based on ecological network construction and human disturbance assessment, this study diagnoses the territorial space ecological restoration areas of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and proposes ecological protection and restoration strategies for the territorial space ecological source restoration area, ecological corridor restoration area, and stepping stone restoration area. The results showed that: (1) Human activities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area had high interference intensities and a wide impact on the ecological environment; areas with high and relatively high interference accounted for 48.65% of the total area, mainly concentrated in the central part of the Greater Bay Area. (2) The ecological network of Guangdong-Hong Kong- Macao Greater Bay Area presented a relatively stable characteristic pattern of "2 breadth lines and 4 length lines". The 2-breadth lines included the continuous mountains in the north and the ecological protection belt of the southern coastal waters. The 4-length lines included the eastern and western land corridors and the central water corridors. (3) The ecological source restoration area of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area was 4,687.42 km2, the ecological corridor restoration length was 1,362.71 km, and the stepping stone restoration area was 833.82 km2, mainly distributed in Zhaoqing, Huizhou, and Jiangmen. To limit human disturbance and restore ecological functions, strategies for territorial space ecological restoration were proposed based on the ecological network function and structural integrity; (4) It is urgent for government departments to overcome the concept of regionalism and build a consensus on the co-disposal of ecological restoration in the territorial space. The construction of cross-domain collaborative governance institutions will efficiently promote the ecological restoration of cross-regional territorial spaces. Considering both human and ecological systems, this study discussed the ecological restoration schema in key areas of ecological networks, coastal ecological restoration areas, and trans-regional ecological restoration areas. The method for urban agglomeration territorial space ecological restoration was formed, including "ecological network pattern-human activity disturbance-restoration area diagnosis-restoration strategy," which will provide a framework for promoting the territorial space ecological protection and restoration in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Territorial spatial ecological restoration zoning is an important basis for implementing differentiated protection and restoration strategies and an important premise for promoting the integrated protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, and grasses and regional coordinated governance. In the current research on territorial spatial ecological restoration zoning, less attention is paid to human demand for ecosystem services and territorial spatial ecological restoration zoning from the perspective of the supply and demand of ecosystem services. As a result, zoning is unable to solve the contradiction between human and land relations, which has a certain impact on the implementation of subsequent restoration projects. Therefore, from the perspective of ecosystem service supply and demand, this study considers the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as the research area, scientifically delimiting the territorial space ecological restoration zones of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and proposes differentiated protection and restoration strategies for each zone. The results show that the spatial distribution of the comprehensive supply and demand of ecosystem services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has a strong spatial heterogeneity. The comprehensive supply capacity mainly presented a spatial distribution pattern of high in four weeks and low in the middle, and the comprehensive demand presented a spatial distribution pattern of high in the middle and gradually decreasing from the ring to the periphery. There are many towns/streets with a spatial mismatch of supply and demand of ecosystem services (low supply and high demand; high supply and low demand), accounting for approximately 85% of the total area. There are relatively few towns/streets with spatial matching (high supply and high demand; low supply and low demand), accounting for approximately 15% of the total area. However, in space, there is a trend that the internal low-supply and high-demand areas gradually transition to the external high-supply and low-demand areas in a semicircle. According to the matching of supply and demand of ecosystem services, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area was divided into four zones, and a differentiated protection and restoration strategy was proposed for each zone. In general, the key ecological conservation areas (61%) focus on nature conservation and pay attention to the maintenance of regional ecological integrity and biodiversity; the comprehensive ecological improvement zone (13%) is mainly composed of auxiliary restoration and ecological reconstruction, focusing on strengthening the construction and restoration of the suburban ecological buffer zone; the key ecological restoration areas (24%) mainly focus on auxiliary restoration and ecological remodeling to improve the ecological resilience of the area, while ecological prevention and control areas (2%) focus on nature conservation, maintaining the current ecological situation and ecological supply capacity, and preventing ecological environment degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of surface water is highly dynamic both spatially and temporally, and very sensitive to climate change and anthropogenic interference, especially in highly urbanized regions. The abundance of surface water and its spatiotemporal distribution indicate the availability of water resources and the difficulty of water development and utilization. Consequently, it is essential to perform reconstruction and trend prediction of surface water body changes with high accuracy in time and space for scientific research as well as for practical purposes such as flood prevention, sustainable development of water resource systems, and regional ecological management. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is highly developed economically and societally and is characterized by a subtropical humid monsoon climate with an extensive distribution of surface water bodies. Under the integrated pressure of continuous natural environmental change and intense human activity, concerns regarding both the water environment and water security in this area is increasing at an unprecedented rate. In this study, we collected water distribution information from 2001 to 2020 at 5-year intervals, as well as annual and monthly water extent dynamics data for the GBA from the Global Land Analysis & Discovery database. Subsequently, the spatial and temporal changes in water extent, frequency, and distribution characteristics in the last two decades were investigated using remote sensing and geographic information system methods. Finally, elastic analysis was conducted to identify the sensitivity of water body changes to changing environmental parameters, including precipitation, temperature, and urbanization. Focusing on the national and regional strategic needs of GBA, the research objectives of this study were to explore the mechanism of temporal and spatial dynamics of the water extent and frequency, trace the volatile areas of regional water changes, clarify the driving factors of water distribution changes, and provide a basis and guidance for comprehensive management of water resources, flood disaster prevention, and control in areas with high human activity. The first result shows that in the last two decades, the water extent and frequency of the GBA are on a decreasing trend, with an average decreasing rate of 50, 31, and 11 km2/a for maximum, annual, and permanent water extent, respectively, while a large proportion of seasonal water bodies changed into permanent and flood-prone bodies during the same period. Second, although the water frequency showed distinct spatial and urban/rural heterogeneity, it was on a decreasing trend in most of the GBA, except in the eastern region. A steeper decline was observed in urban areas, especially the emerging urban regions. Third, the dike-pond system decreased both in water extent and frequency, while the large and medium-sized lakes and reservoirs in the upper catchment increased in extent. Finally, elastic analysis suggests the dominant driving factor of regional water body change is land use change, which contributed more than 80% to the decrease in water extent, and the reservoir increase is mainly due to precipitation change. The results of this research provide scientific guidance for regional water resource guarantee, water environment optimization, and sustainable development promotion. In addition, this research can serve as a decision-making reference for the development of the "One Belt One Road" national strategy and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the movement of "city-suburb" tourism flow in the post-pandemic period, this study examines the tourist flow network of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area from 2018 to 2021 based on online travel data. After screening and deduplication, 4882 valid travelogues were chosen and divided into pre-pandemic data (3,967 articles) and post-pandemic data (915 articles) using November 2019 as the dividing line. A total of 4, 461 attractions on Ctrip. com were selected to build a scenic spot database of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, including the full names, aliases (common names), and city names of scenic spots. After matching the travelogues with the scenic spots in the attraction database, it was found that 1848 attractions appeared in the travel notes, and the top 300 attractions were chosen for the generation of tourism routes according to the number of matches. After converting travel routes to a directed connectivity matrix and the following dichotomization procedure, a social network analysis (SNA) was conducted to investigate the distribution of tourism flows and preferences in the Greater Bay Area. Using the SNA software Ucinet 6.0, the network density, centrality, and relevant metrics of the structural holes and cohesive subgroups were calculated. The node characteristics and network structure were analyzed, and the distribution characteristics of attractions and tourist intention trends in the Greater Bay Area were obtained. The study results indicate the following: 1) The tourism network density of the Greater Bay Area has decreased substantially since the COVID-19 outbreak. Megacities, especially overseas cities, were more affected by the pandemic. Tourism network connectivity and aggregation effects were severely weakened, and the network structure was more scattered and fragmented. 2) After the pandemic, the "core-periphery" structure of tourism networks weakened, and the boundaries between core and periphery areas blurred. Some suburban and rural scenic spots have become new core areas and their importance in the network has been significantly enhanced. 3) After the pandemic, the connectivity and control power of traditional core urban nodes, such as Hong Kong, Zhuhai, Macao, and Guangzhou, weakened. The cohesive subgroups of scenic points show a high cohesion of Guangzhou with cities on the west side of the Pearl River Estuary, such as Foshan, Zhuhai, and Macao, before the pandemic. After the pandemic, the cohesive subgroup of rural attractions was strengthened and tourism showed a development trend of multi-point and ruralization. 5) The tourism network has changed from the three-core development mode of Guangzhou-Hong Kong-Macao before the pandemic to the "four-wheel drive" mode of Guangzhou-Macao-Shenzhen-Foshan after the outbreak with the declined linkage of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge in the network. It is believed that travel mobility restrictions and tourism drivers are two-way driving forces for the structural change in tourism in the post-pandemic period. The Greater Bay Area's tourist flow network presents a two-loop structure with two-way dynamics owing to some pandemic factors, and may gradually show a decentralized and scattered development trend. Based on network analysis, it is proposed that more efforts be made to integrate city-suburb-countryside resources in the post-pandemic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The status and role of airport agglomeration in China's airport system is becoming increasingly important, and air transport networks have received attention from multidisciplinary fields such as transportation planning, transport geography, and transport economics. Based on the analysis of the structural characteristics of airport agglomeration in China's air transport network, this study innovatively constructs an evaluation framework for the co-opetition relationship of airport agglomeration with the help of graph theory, set theory, and industrial economics theoretical methods. Considering the topological connectivity and weighted strength of connected airports, this study establishes a quantitative evaluation model for the co-opetition relationship of the airport agglomeration's air transport network from the perspectives of the overall and interactive markets. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area's airport agglomeration is a world-class airport agglomeration with the largest aviation traffic volume and a relatively mature market in China. Three large airports, Guangzhou (CAN), Hong Kong (HKG), and Shenzhen (SZX), occupy the leading positions in the Greater Bay Area. In recent years, the air transport network of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area's airport agglomeration has mainly expanded to medium- and long-distance routes. With the construction-based evaluation method, we found the following: (1) From the perspective of overall market competition index, the co-opetition market of airport agglomeration in the Greater Bay Area is dominated by a complete monopoly market and a weak cooperative market. In 2019, the complete monopoly market accounted for 33.8%, a decrease of 4.1% compared with 2015. The market with weak cooperation accounted for 42.3%, and market share remained relatively stable. The market with weak competition accounted for 15.8% of the market, and the market share remained relatively stable. The market with strong competition accounted for 6.3%, a decrease of 4.4% from 2015. Based on the calculation and analysis of the weighted strength of connected airports, there are significant differences in the co-opetition indices of similarly connected airports. The level of competition in the overall market has intensified. (2) From the perspective of interactive competition, the interactive co-opetition market within the airport group in the Greater Bay Area is dominated by strong and weak cooperation markets. From the co-opetition index of airports connecting with the Greater Bay Area, there are ten pairs of airports belonging to the strong cooperation markets in 2019, i.e. between Guangzhou and Foshan, Hong Kong and Zhuhai, Macau and Huizhou airports, a decrease of six compared with 2015. The weak cooperation markets in 2019 included ten pairs of airports, such as Guangzhou and Hong Kong, Hong Kong and Shenzhen, Macau and Huizhou, an increase of six pairs of airports compared with 2015. Based on the weighted strength of connected airports, this study analyzes the interactive competition patterns. In 2019, the strong cooperation markets included eight pairs of airports, including Guangzhou-Foshan, Guangzhou-Huizhou, and Hong Kong-Huizhou, a decrease of two pairs compared with 2015. The weak cooperation markets include eight pairs of airports, such as Guangzhou-Macau, Hong Kong-Shenzhen, and Macau-Shenzhen, a decrease of two pairs compared with 2015. The weak competitive markets include four pairs of airports, namely, Guangzhou-Hong Kong, Hong Kong-Macau, and Shenzhen-Zhuhai, an increase in three pairs of airports compared with 2015. In general, the co-opetition market pattern of the Greater Bay Area turns from a cooperative overall to a competitive transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (referred to as "GBA") is an important strategic deployment for China's current economic development. Clarifying the spatial structure characteristics of the GBA urban agglomeration is conducive to optimizing its spatial structure to develop into a multi-center network spatial structure and promoting coordinated regional development. This study uses the advantage of Luojia1-01 nighttime light data, which can distinguish the difference in urban night light intensity. Through multi-scale segmentation of nighttime light intensity, the potential center range is established. The point of interest (POI) data are used for spatial autocorrelation analysis and geographically weighted regression to identify the multi-center distribution of the GBA urban agglomeration, and to analyze its spatial structure characteristics from multiple perspectives such as functional structure identification, spatial correlation measurement, and main center service range. The following list illustrates what the results show. 1) The GBA has five main centers and 14 sub-centers, including the main centers of Guangfo, Shenguan, Hong Kong, Aozhu, and Zhongshan. The functional structures of the five main centers are mainly mixed functional areas, and 14 sub-centers (such as Huadu, Zengcheng, Conghua, Huicheng, Duanzhou, Xinhui, Shiqi) are distributed around the periphery of the main centers. 2) The correlation strength of the five main centers and nine cities plus two special administrative regions in the urban agglomeration, calculated based on the Luojia1-01 nighttime light data, shows characteristics of "strong in the east and weak in the west" and "strong inside and weak outside." 3) The study considered the distribution of the main centers of the urban agglomeration and their spatial correlation strength characteristics, as well as the three groups served by the main centers (Guangfozhao group, Gang-Shenguanhui group and Ao-Zhuzhongjiang group), combined with the planning requirements of the "Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area" and "Guangdong Province Land and Space Planning (2020-2035)." The findings suggest that the GBA should build a regional spatial structure of "five centers, one area, three groups and four axes" to achieve pole-driven, axis-supported, and group cooperation and promote its coordinated development into a world-class urban agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Water-energy-food" nexus is an important content in the field of ecosystem security. Constructing and optimizing the ecological security pattern from this perspective is of great significance to alleviate the contradiction between social production and ecosystem and improve people's well-being. With the rapid economic development in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the contradiction between supply and demand of water, energy and food resources is prominent. This study evaluates the ecosystem services in the Greater Bay Area from the three dimensions of "water-energy-food", modifies the ecological resistance surface by using Luo Jia No.1 luminous data, and constructs and optimizes the ecological security pattern of the Greater Bay Area by using the minimum cumulative resistance model. The findings are as follows: (1) The total area of ecological source in the Greater Bay Area is 9,626.1 km2, mainly distributed in the mountainous and hilly areas in the east and west of the study area, corresponding to Jiangmen City, the middle of Huizhou City and Zhaoqing City, with an average altitude of over 1,000 m above sea level and relatively high terrain, dominated by woodlands. (2) There are 38 ecological corridors in total, with a total length of 2,023.09 km, of which the shortest is 11.76 km and the longest is 304.99 km. They are concentrated in the mountainous and hilly areas with good vegetation coverage, and there are no corridors in the middle. (3) The radiation area of ecological source is 28,929.5 km2, accounting for 51.88% of the total area of the Greater Bay Area. The western part of the study area is almost completely covered, with more areas remaining uncovered in the east. In order to achieve 60% coverage, it is necessary to add a minimum of 4, 524.856km2 of ecological source radiation area in both the northern and southern parts of Huizhou. (4) Based on the distribution of the "water-energy-food" nexus in different regions, it is proposed to construct an ecological security pattern optimization model with "one belt, one axis and four clusters" as the core which could provide scientific references for regional ecological space development from the perspective of "water-energy-food". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has become a national strategy, bay area governance has become an important issue of academic attention. Existing studies pay more attention to specific governance measures and current situation, and there are few studies on the environmental causes behind them. In addition, most of the existing studies focus on the governance of the Greater Bay Area from a single perspective of politics, law, economy, culture and society, and lack of a more comprehensive institutional environment perspective to summarize the theoretical explanation of the political, legal and participant issues that are particularly prominent in the governance of the Greater Bay Area. Therefore, studying the construction of a comparative analysis framework around the institutional environment is aimed to examine the internal causes of the governance characteristics of the Greater Bay Area, enrich the research perspective of domestic regional governance, and provide suggestions for the governance of the Greater Bay Area. This paper constructs a comparative research framework of bay area governance institutional environment, including three dimensions of power structure, legal structure and social capital structure. Using the text/desktop analysis method, it systematically summarizes the governance frameworks of the Greater Bay Area, San Francisco Bay Area and Tokyo Bay Area, and comparatively analyzes the governance institutional environment of the three bay areas. The study holds that the mode characteristics and effects of bay area governance are closely related to the institutional environment composed of power structure, legal structure and social capital structure. The power structure affects the flexibility of governance, and the power structure of the Greater Bay Area is asymmetric and fragmented, which is relatively closed and centralized, resulting in a single governance model always dominated by the government; the legal structure affects the transaction cost of governance, and the Greater Bay Area has not yet formed a unified and efficient legal system structure, resulting in higher transaction cost in the governance process; and the social capital structure affects the multiple participation in governance and the cohesion of the bay area, and in the Greater Bay Area, the positive social capital is relatively weak, the multiple participation in governance is insufficient and the bottom-up cohesion is not strong. Finally, it is suggested that the governance of the Greater Bay Area should start from the power, law and social capital structure, and explore the flexible reconstruction of the institutional space under the respective advantages of the three regions; in the construction of institutional environment, non-governmental subjects should be guided to participate in governance stably and orderly, so as to enhance the cohesion of the Greater Bay Area; and on the basis of ensuring the authoritative policies of the central and provincial governments, it should explore the decentralization and autonomy of local governments in the Greater Bay Area in due course. This paper constructs an institutional environment including power structure, legal structure and social capital structure, and comparatively analyzed the governance characteristics of the three bay areas under different institutional environments. From a more comprehensive perspective of environmental internal factors, it makes a theoretical explanation of the particularly prominent issues of politics, legal system and participants in the governance of the Greater Bay Area, which enriches the research perspective of regional governance in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 21st century, the term "scene" has been widely used in various fields, mainly involving sociology, communication, education, the Internet, commercial marketing and so on. Academic circles have also carried out scene-related research to form their own definitions and theories. With the continuous innovation of technical means, the connotation of a scene is constantly enriched, from the face-to-face physical space dimension to the multi-dimensional information space, and gradually evolved into the scene characteristics of spatio-temporal integration. However, there is still a lack of complete theoretical research and practical discussion on what is the scene, what are the elements of the scene, and how to combine the specific scene to guide and carry out the scene planning and design in different fields. The existing scene theory cannot be well applied in the field of urban development, and cannot help the scene related research of coordinated development of urban agglomeration. By combing the development context of scene theory at home and abroad, this study makes an indepth interpretation and analysis of the connotation and characteristics of the scene. It is believed that the scene contains six characteristic elements, such as time, space, object, problem, path and value. The scene is a kind of specific interactive relationship formed by a series of actions, based on the key issues and objectives of the events under specific spatio-temporal conditions, with technology and resources as the media. The construction of the scene can meet the needs of stakeholders and create and realize value. The theoretical system of scene planning including scene elements, scene hierarchy characteristics and scene planning methods is constructed. It is considered that scene planning is a systematic process to realize specific social, economic or ecological functions and values by integrating existing resources and technologies to carry out scene construction and design, focusing on key issues and objectives with stakeholders as its center, under the environmental factors of social and economic development, government policies and technological innovation. From the perspectives of scene recognition, scene construction, scene evaluation and scene application, the new exploration of scene planning tools is realized to guide scene practice in different fields. Taking the coordinated development of urban agglomeration in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as an example, this study excavates the current problems and development objectives of the Greater Bay Area based on the scene planning method, identifies 100 important scene units representing the coordinated development direction of urban agglomeration in the Greater Bay Area, and identifies and analyzes each scene element for these scene units, so as to provide basic support for further scene construction. Finally, taking the ecological corridor construction of urban agglomeration in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as an application example, the scene planning method is preliminarily applied to analyze the scene elements, so as to provide a basis for the next practical exploration work such as scene evaluation and scene application demonstration. The theoretical system of scene planning is not only a further extension of the scene concept, but also an overall coordination tool to promote the coordinated development of urban agglomeration. It can provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the future scene research on the coordinated development of urban agglomeration, and help the collaborative construction of urban agglomeration. In the future, it is suggested to carry out specific scene analysis and scene design on the industry, population, transportation, environment, infrastructure and public services of the GBA urban agglomeration, and gradually realize the in-depth exploration of the coordinated development theory and mechanism innovation of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area through the scene planning theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990s, with the region becoming an important space for governance, people have become more and more aware of the importance and urgency of environmental coordination and promoting sustainable development on the regional scale. Different from the traditional environmental governance model, which regards administrative divisions as boundaries, regional environmental governance actively responds to regional environmental changes across administrative divisions, adapts to the new requirements of regional sustainable development, and effectively complements environmental governance on local, national and global scales. Therefore, a growing attention has been paid on the regional environmental governance research in the West. Since the 40 years of reform and opening-up, the economy and society have developed rapidly in China, especially in the eastern region, which puts forward higher requirements for regional environment and its governance. However, domestic geography research pays insufficient attention to regional environmental governance. This article systematically combs the research progress and frontier issues of western regional environmental governance, in order to promote the research of regional environmental governance in China and provide a conceptual framework for the research of environmental governance in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Firstly, it analyzes the concept, importance and challenges of regional environmental governance, explains what regional environmental governance is, and focuses on the complementary relationship between regional environmental governance and local, national and global environmental governance. Then it analyzes the development progress of regional environmental governance theory, and expounds the regional environmental governance model and impact effect. Based on the above research progress, it is considered that the research on environmental governance in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area should focus on the following four aspects: (1) The organizational framework under the "one country, two systems" policy with Chinese characteristics that leads the formulation and implementation of regional environmental policies and coordinates different stakeholders; (2) The geographical factors for intergovernmental cooperative environmental governance and jointly implementation of environmental strategies in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Great Bay Area led by the government under the background of urbanization and globalization, which are different from western countries under the influence of strong non-governmental organizations; (3) The potential impact of the implementation of regional environmental governance on China's current economic transformation and development and spatial reconstruction;. (4) The institutional arrangements that are conducive to the balanced development of economic development and environmental protection and can promote regional sustainable development. The research on regional environmental governance will help to expand the research on domestic regional environmental governance, and has important practical significance for understanding the contradiction between economic development and environmental protection and exploring sustainable development policies since the in-depth development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and even China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A typical urbanized area in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Liuxi River-West Channel-North Channel in Guangzhou City, was used to reveal the impacts of rapid urbanization on riverine nutrients. Two field campaigns were implemented in both wet and dry season, e.g. July 2020 and January 2021. Forty surface water samples were collected to analyze indicators such as major ions and stable isotopes (δ15NNO3-, δ18O-NO3- and δ15N-NH4+) The spatiotemporal characteristics and sources of river nitrogen in the study area were explored by using hydrochemistry and isotopes (δ15N-NO3-, δ18O-NO3- and δ15N-NH4+) methods. The results show that from upstream to downstream, the influences of human activties on the mass concentrations of Cl-, NH4+-N, NO3--N, DIN (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen) are gradually prominent. The concentrations of NH4+-N and DIN in the wet season are higher than those in the dry season, mainly due to the the more intensive influence of exogenous input than the combined effect of rainfall and upstream water dilution. In the composition distribution of dissolved total nitrogen, NH4+-N and NO3--N are the main forms in the wet and dry season respectively, indicating significant impact of human activities in the wet season. There is a strong positive correlation between NH4+-N and Cl- concentration in the wet season, indicating that NH4+-N and Cl- may have similar or the same sources in the wet season. Results of ion ratio of Na/Cl and stable isotope tracing are highly consistent. This indicates that upstream farmland chemical fertilizer, soil organic nitrogen and aquaculture sewage are the main sources of nitrogen in the upstream, while the soil organic nitrogen and urban sewage are the main sources of nitrogen in the downstream. The research results can provide data support and theoretical basis for river water environment protection and water resources management in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic globalization and regional integration are the core motivations of regional cooperation in the 21st century, and the issue of cross-border cooperation has attracted much academic attention. As the largest regional integration organization with the highest level in the world, EU takes the lead in practicing regional integration in the process of economic globalization. Europe's cross-border governance has been paid attention in a long time in economic geography and political geography, and a large number of theoretical and empirical research results have been achieved on issues such as border cooperation model and cross-border governance mechanism. The development experience of EU provides rich theoretical and practical experience for the collaborative governance in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, as the two also involve the collaboration across institutional boundaries and power restructuring. Therefore, the analysis of EU cross-border cooperation is of great significance to promote Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao coordination. Based on the bibliometric analysis of Citespace, this paper systematically studies the research trends of EU cross-border cooperation from 1993 to 2020. The study finds that: 1) EU cross-border cooperation research mainly focuses on border regional interaction, cross-border cooperation mode, cross-border cooperation field, cross-border cooperation barriers and other issues. The regional integration of Europe has promoted the transformation of border areas from marginal areas to the forefront of development, and gradually formed a cross-border governance model under the superposition of formal institutional arrangements and informal institutional arrangements. The field of cooperation involves economic cooperation, tourism, environmental governance, health and other fields. 2) The development of EU cross-border cooperation benefits from the political interaction and mutual trust between countries, formal and informal institutional coordination, and the expansion and deepening of the scope of cooperation. However, there are still deficiencies in bilateral differences, cross-border accessibility, immigration and security. 3) As the same cross-institutional border region, the practical experience of EU cross-border cooperation has important enlightenment for the collaborative governance in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Value identity is the basis of cross-institutional cooperation in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Inclusive and orderly institutional arrangements are conducive to reducing the shielding effect of cooperation boundaries. And the combination of multi-scale cooperation and multi-dimensional governance system will effectively improve the cooperation in border areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the waterage passenger transportation lines in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Great Bay Area (GBA) as the data source to study its complex network characteristics can enrich the traffic geography research based on waterage passenger transportation and serve the construction of the GBA. The findings are as follows. Firstly, the waterage passenger transportation network (WPTN) in the GBA is basically sound with nodes flowing freely, but the network lacks in hierarchy as nodes with low accessibility occupy the majority and is overally dispersed with low-level modularization. The complex network can be divided into two communities, of which the nodes with the highest degree are China Ferry Terminal (CFT) in Hong Kong, Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) and Shekou Port (SP) in Shenzhen, and the nodes most closely connected are HK Macao Ferry Terminal (HMFT) and Macao Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal (MOHFT). Secondly, the WPTN in the Great Bay Area has characteristics of some small world network and scale-free, of which the node distribution presents the "Matthew Effect". The average path length of the network is small, and the clustering coefficient is also small. CFT, HKIA and SP are the head nodes of the WPTN, which have the most growing feature and priority connection feature in the network. On the other side, it also shows that the internal differences of the complex network are large and the overall connectivity quality needs to be improved. Thirdly, SP is the most important node in the complex network, as its various indicators are all at the forefront. The positions of CFT, HKIA, Jiuzhou Port in Zhuhai and MOHFT in the complex network are also very important, and they have outstanding advantages in a single indicator respectively. Fourthly, from the perspective of spatial structure, the waterage passenger transportation capacity in the south of the GBA is more developed than that in the north, and that in the east is more developed than that in the west. And finally, the WPTN in the GBA has robustness and strong survivability, but the network development is not perfect enough with greater vulnerability, as the network connectivity depends too much on the core nodes and the stability is poor. After attacking the core nodes of the network, half of the remaining nodes will be greatly affected, and even some nodes become isolated ones. After calculation, there are only 31.34% of the complex network variables remained after event 3. In order to optimize the WPTN in the Great Bay Area, the suggestions are list below. First, for various core nodes, such as CFT, HKIA, SP and MOHFT, as they play important roles in the network, it is necessary to strengthen support to ensure their service capacity. Second, for edge nodes, such as Lianhuashan Port and Nansha Port in Guangzhou, Shunde Port and Gaoming Port in Foshan, we can make full use of the attraction and radiation of the city itself, fully investigate the market demand and develop new passenger transportation lines, especially increase the connections with non-core nodes and improve their position in the network, so as to enhance the stability and external attack tolerance of the whole network. And third, from the perspective of spatial pattern, it is necessary to focus on improving the waterage passenger transportation capacity in the north of the GBA and form a northern hub, in order to make the whole network more balanced. For future studies, we can focus on the evolution process and impact of the WPTN and the comprehensive research of waterage and land passenger transportation network as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public policy is an important support for the coordinated development of urban agglomeration. Since the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has become a national strategy, a series of policies aimed at deepening regional cooperation and promoting regional coordinated development have been introduced. The quantitative measurement of policy can finely reflect the internal relationship structure of urban agglomeration governance. This study collected 428 regional coordinated development policies from the websites of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Leading Group Office and the relevant municipal governments. It topologized the relationship between policy subjects, measured the supply intensity of coordinated development policies, and analyzed the spatial connection based on policy relevance. The study found that: 1) The policy measures of one-way benefiting Hong Kong and Macao are the main policy supply direction at present, and in most cases, the policy feedback from Hong Kong and Macao is less than expected. 2) Policy supply is highly concentrated in the field of public services and industrial development, aiming to narrow the service gap between Hong Kong, Macao and the Mainland and attract high quality talents. 3) Districts and counties and local professional departments have not yet fully entered the coordinated development policy network of the Greater Bay Area, due to the lack of consultation platforms matching with their administrative levels. 4) The four central cities of Hong Kong, Macao, Guangzhou and Shenzhen have different policy relations and spatial connections with other subjects in the Greater Bay Area. It is worth noting that although Zhuhai is not regarded as one of the central cities in the Greater Bay Area, it takes the initiative to establish close policy cooperation with Macao and actively seeks to establish partnerships with Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hong Kong. And these initiatives have enhanced Zhuhai's embeddedness and influence in the regional relationship network. 5) The policy linkages between cities in the Greater Bay Area are frequently interacted within the metropolitan area, and the policy linkages across metropolitan areas are relatively loose. Therefore, this paper suggests that the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area can further strengthen the two-way policy linkage between neighboring cities, neighboring districts and counties, professional departments and the two central cities of Guangzhou and Shenzhen, coordinate the policies towards Hong Kong and Macao, and make the policy supply further adapt to the governance structure of the Greater Bay Area. In short, this paper explores a method to measure and study the spatial connection of urban agglomeration based on coordinated development policies, which provides a research path for quantitatively indicating the correlation strength of coordinated development policies and the internal relationship structure of regional governance of urban agglomeration, provides technical support for policy formulation and optimization, and supports the fine governance of urban agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the internal hierarchical structure of the port group in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and the external connection patterns of the region. This article considers the Greater Bay Area port cluster as its research object, uses regional container port throughput data, global shipping network route data, and social network analysis methods to study the relative indicators of the cluster's internal port throughput. The results show that: (1) the total port throughput of the Greater Bay Area increased by 32.3% from 2007 to 2020, and reached 72.94 million TEU(Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit) in 2020, accounting for 9.2% worldwide and 28.3% for China. Among them, Shenzhen and Guangzhou ports are experiencing rapid growth. The port group of the Greater Bay Area occupies an important position in national and global maritime markets. (2) In terms of participation in the global shipping network, the Greater Bay Area has emerged as a hierarchical structure with Shenzhen and Hong Kong ports as the core in the eight global shipping regions. The Greater Bay Area has the closest connection with East and Southeast Asia, while its routes to Europe, America, Africa, and other regions are limited to the direct connection between regional core ports. (3) Shenzhen, Hong Kong, and Guangzhou within the Greater Bay Area port group will be firmly established, and their major businesses will be developed simultaneously. Shenzhen port, an international container transport hub in Hong Kong, a foreign trade port and a comprehensive domestic trade port in Guangzhou, and other regional ports, such as Zhuhai and Dongguan, will be jointly developed. The rapid development of the port group in the Greater Bay Area has provided important support to the country's construction of the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road Economic Belt. It has formed a multi-level structure with Shenzhen, Hong Kong, and Guangzhou as the core, and the leading ports play an important role in the internal market and external shipping links. In the future, the positioning and regional coordinated development among Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou ports will become the key to the overall competitiveness of the port group in the Greater Bay Area. In future development, the regional integration of port groups will surpass the competitive pattern among them. Instead of competing, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and Hong Kong should break down barriers and integrate port resources to combine the advantages and allocate them efficiently. The port group of the Greater Bay Area urgently needs to adjust its internal development pattern to meet the unknown opportunities and challenges of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of fully understanding the scientific connotation of coordinated development of urban agglomeration in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the evaluation index system of coordinated development is constructed from four dimensions: industrial coordinative innovation, environmental coordinative governance, service coordinative sharing and institutional coordinative arrangement. The theory and method of space of flows, big data, network analysis and interlocking network model are comprehensively used to quantitatively analyze the interurban relationship, liquidity, connectivity and boundary effect. The research shows that: 1) Interurban capital flow is concentrated between Guangzhou and Shenzhen, and interurban knowledge flow is concentrated among Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Macao, Zhuhai, Zhongshan and Jiangmen have higher level of collaborative environmental governance, while Shenzhen-Dongguan-Huizhou and Guangzhou-Foshan have lower level of collaborative environmental governance. The interurban service coordination sharing level of infrastructure such as transportation, communications, logistics and banking is higher among cities of Guangzhou-Shenzhen, Guangzhou-Foshan and Shenzhen-Dongguan. And Hong Kong and Macao have institutional advantages in cross-border regional coordination. 2) Guangzhou and Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Foshan, Shenzhen and Dongguan, and Hong Kong and Shenzhen have the best level of coordinated development in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. At the same time, Guangzhou and Dongguan, Shenzhen and Foshan show a linkage trend. Although the de-boundary trend is obvious and the interurban liquidity is enhanced, the coordinated development level of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is generally not high. 3) The collaborative capacity of Guangzhou and Shenzhen is the strongest, and there is still much room for improvement in the collaborative capacity of the two international cities, Hong Kong and Macao. It is of great practical value to deeply understand the typical characteristics and potential trends of the coordinated development of urban agglomeration in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the construction of international first-class bay area and world-class urban agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban tourism network structure is an important part of regional development research in China. However, previous studies have paid more attention to the urban tourism network structure characterized by physical indicators driven by government forces, ignoring the importance of virtual space network in the information age. Under the background of high-quality tourism development, urban agglomeration tourism should change from "hard connectivity" to "soft connectivity". The soft index represented by information relationship redefines the new urban tourism network and can better reveal the characteristics of regional tourism integration under different market dimensions from the perspective of "dual cycle". As the data acquisition of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is faced with many obstacles, the active tourism information relationship data in the Internet has brought new ideas to study the urban tourism network structure of the region. This paper constructs the data collection method of "city+city+tourism" based on the keyword cooccurrence in bibliometrics, the co-reference linkage in global urban network research, and the data collection method of "city+tourism" in online tourism research. Baidu Chinese search engine and Google English search engine are used to obtain the co-occurrence frequency of urban tourism information in the GBA. And the social network analysis method is used to explore the similarities and differences of urban tourism information connection strength and network structure characteristics from the domestic and international tourism market dimensions. The results show that the intensity and mean value of urban tourism information connection in the GBA increase gradually. The accumulation and diffusion of tourism information in the network, the information interaction and network relevance have been significantly improved. The trend of regional tourism integration is obvious, and the information connection pattern of domestic tourism market is more stable. The cities in the GBA have different network advantages in domestic and international tourism markets, and there are differences in tourism function division and market influence. It has formed a tourism market pattern in which the second tier cities with Dongguan, Foshan, Zhongshan and Zhuhai as the center lead the internal linkage, and the first tier cities such as Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Macao lead the opening to the outside world. The core cities in the GBA have different modes of leading the development of small groups in domestic and international tourism markets. The tourism cooperation mode driven by the agglomeration of second tier cities such as Foshan, Zhongshan, Dongguan, Zhuhai and Huizhou dominates the domestic tourism market, and the first tier cities represented by Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Macao cooperate with other cities to form a tourism linkage mode that dominates the international tourism market. In short, this paper uses the tourism information relationship data to break through the constraints of geographical distance, policy and economic development level, and reflects the hyperspace-time characteristics of urban tourism information network. In the field of tourism, it reveals the network structure of urban agglomeration reflected in the massive web content at home and abroad, which is a tourism functional organization system with clear division of labor and strong points. As a lowthreshold information channel, the Internet gives the second tier cities in the domestic tourism market the opportunity to "flip", and the state of "the strong is always strong" in the first tier cities in the international tourism market will continue to exist, which makes this paper reveal the differences in the Matthew effect of tourism destinations in different market dimensions from the perspective of virtual space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of innovation in geographical space is closely related to the regional development trajectory. Evolutionary economic geography points out the path dependence characteristics of regional development, and emphasizes that the direction of regional development is rooted in the original industrial and technological structure characteristics. Therefore, the geographical pattern of technological innovation and the identification of its diversity characteristics are of significance to the realization of regional innovation and the evolution of industrial structure. From the perspective of strategic industry, this paper aims to reveal the geographical pattern and diversity characteristics of technological innovation in strategic industry in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). Based on the point scale spatial data of invention patents in the GBA and by means of connecting strategic industry with national economy industry classification code and patent IPC classification code, the invention patents of six major industries in the GBA are extracted, which are the new generation of electronic information industry, automobile industry, green petrochemical industry, new energy industry, advanced material industry and intelligent robot industry. And the nuclear density analysis, standard deviation tail value test, entropy method and average nearest neighbor distance analysis are used to identify the spatial distribution characteristics and differences of multiple types of technological innovation in the GBA. The results show that the geographic pattern of technological innovation in the GBA presents a significant spatial imbalance. At the regional scale, Guangzhou and Shenzhen are the two agglomeration cores. There is a large gap in the innovation ability between the east and west sides of the Pearl River. The accumulation of technological innovation on the east bank is much higher than that on the west bank. The innovation profile line on the east bank has formed two obvious peaks in Guangzhou and Shenzhen. The high value of the innovation profile line on the west bank is mainly concentrated in Guangzhou and Zhuhai, and the peak value is far lower than that on the east bank. The location of technological diversity is mainly distributed in the core areas of the GBA, mainly including Yuexiu District and Tianhe District in Guangzhou, Nanshan District and Futian District in Shenzhen, Binhai District in Dongguan and Xiangzhou District in Zhuhai. And the distribution characteristics of technological innovation data of different industrial types are different. The innovation of the new generation of electronic information industry, advanced materials industry and green petrochemical industry accounts for 51.67% of the total innovation in the GBA. The innovation of different technological types shows obvious spatial differentiation. The innovation agglomeration degree of the new generation electronic information industry is the highest, with the R value of 0.0576. And its observed value of the average nearest neighbor distance between invention patents is 32.03 m, which belongs to the minimum value in the selected analysis industries, showing strong agglomeration characteristics. There are differences in the distribution characteristics of the agglomeration core of the six major industries in the GBA. The common ground is that they have formed the largest two agglomeration cores in the core areas of Guangzhou and Shenzhen, covering Yuexiu-Tianhe area in Guangzhou and Futian-Nanshan-Luohu area in Shenzhen. And the spatial distribution is mainly concentrated in the core areas of Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Dongguan and Zhuhai. Among them, the spatial agglomeration degree of the new generation of electronic information industry innovation is the highest. Agglomeration and multi-dimensional proximity, diversity and path dependence are the main mechanisms for the formation of the geographical pattern of technological innovation in the GBA, and these two key mechanisms promote the formation of current multi-type technological innovation space in the GBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research on regional collaboration lacks the research perspective of global production network, which makes it difficult for the research on the collaboration of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area to recognize the differences in the development of strategic coupling modes of various cities in the Greater Bay Area, and to clarify the differences in the status and division of labor of these cities in the global production network. These differences are the key to the coordinated development of the Greater Bay Area. Therefore, based on the theoretical framework of the global production network, this study uses the variable of strategic coupling to analyze the development of the strategic coupling mode of the cities in the Greater Bay Area and the differences in their status and division of labor in the global production network, so as to further understand the coordinated development of the Greater Bay Area. There are three main findings in this study. First, the strategic coupling mode and evolution process of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao are essentially different, belonging to different global production networks. Hong Kong has experienced two processes of dependency coupling to decoupling in the development of local manufacturing and the later "having stores in front and factories behind" mode, forming a mutually beneficial coupling mode in the financial industry. Macao has experienced two processes from dependency coupling to decoupling in the manufacturing industry, forming an absorption coupling mode in the gambling industry. Second, there are also significant differences in the strategic coupling modes of cities in the Pearl River Delta. Each city is embedded into different global production networks through different leading industries. Third, under the influence of the strategic coupling differences of the above two scales, the regional economy of the Greater Bay Area does not gradually move toward coordinated development, but presents the characteristics of less connection-collaboration-collaborative difficulties. The core argument of this paper is that the differences of strategic coupling mode lead to the embedding of cities into global production networks with significant differences in economic cycles, production systems and technological structures, making it difficult to achieve the overall regional collaboration. And the contribution of this study is that with the help of the global production network theory, it provides a new interpretation perspective for regional collaboration research, reveals the difficulties of regional collaboration in the Greater Bay Area, enriches the study of the long-term dynamic evolution of relational economic geography, and provides some suggestions for the formulation of collaborative policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional coordinated development is a complex, systematic and scientific issue advancing with the time which has attracted much attention. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) aims to develop into a world-class bay area and urban agglomeration. The development of GBA depends on regional coordinated development to enhance its international competitiveness. At present, the process of globalization has experienced multiple turning points, the regional governance system has been continuously optimized, and the technological innovation has evolved rapidly. The coordinated development of the GBA is facing institutional changes. Therefore, through the systematic analysis of the connotations and mechanisms of the coordinated development of the GBA, this paper describes the three stages of regional coordinated development since 1978, including the integration of regional production factors represented by the'front shop, back factory'mode (1978-1996), the regional system integration led by institutional cooperation (1997-2014), and the regional all-round integration guided by national strategy (2015-). In the meantime, the paper analyzes the five dimensions of the coordinated development of the GBA in the new period, including industrial collaborative innovation, environmental collaborative governance, resource collaborative allocation, service collaborative sharing and institutional collaborative arrangement. These five dimensions are helpful to understand the key areas to promote the coordinated development of the GBA in the coming decades. Furthermore, this paper holds that the regional coordinated development of the GBA is undergoing mechanism changes at four levels, which are mainly reflected in the transformation of globalization, the integration of the internal and external market, the rescaling of governance, and the energization of regional in-depth development facilitated by the new infrastructure. These institutional changes have the potential to generate a new model for the coordinated development of the GBA. This paper takes into account the retrospective review and forward-looking prospect on the coordinated development of the GBA, aiming to provide an entry perspective and analysis framework for related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]