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Background: Post-extubation stridor (PES) is one of the most common complications of invasive respiratory support, with severe cases leading to possible extubation failure (reintubation within 48 h) and increased mortality. Previous studies confirmed that prophylactic corticosteroids play an important role in reducing the risk of PES and extubation failure. However, few studies have looked at the efficacy of corticosteroids on preventing PES in patients after an emergency intubation.Aim: To evaluate whether a single dose of methylprednisolone given over a set timeframe before extubation is effective in preventing PES in patients after an emergency intubation.Methods: A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial will be performed in an emergency department (ED) setting. The trial will include 132 patients who fail a cuff-leak test (CLT) prior to the intervention. Patients will be randomly assigned to either intravenous methylprednisolone (40 mg) or placebo 4 h prior to extubation. Other eligible patients who pass the CLT will be included in a non-intervention (observation) group. The primary endpoint is the incidence of PES within 48 h after extubation. Secondary endpoints include oxygen therapy, respiratory support requirements, reintubation secondary to PES, adverse effects within 48 h after extubation, hospital length of stay, and hospital mortality.Discussion: Patients who are intubated on an emergency basis have a higher risk of intubation-related complications. Previous studies have examined treatment regimens involving more than 10 different variations on corticosteroid treatments for PES prevention, while for ED therapy, only a simple and effective treatment would be appropriate. Corticosteroid administration is usually accompanied by adverse effects; thus, this study will be important for further risk stratification among intubated ED patients.Trial Registration: Chictr.org.cn ChiCTR2000030349 . Registered on 29 February 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Left hemispatial neglect (LHN) is a neuropsychological syndrome often associated with right hemispheric stroke. Patients with LHN have difficulties in attending, responding, and consciously representing the right side of space. Various rehabilitation protocols have been proposed to reduce clinical symptoms related to LHN, using cognitive treatments, or on non-invasive brain stimulation. However, evidence of their benefit is still lacking; in particular, only a few studies focused on the efficacy of combining different approaches in the same patient.Methods: In the present study, we present the SMART ATLAS trial (Stimolazione MAgnetica Ripetitiva Transcranica nell'ATtenzione LAteralizzata dopo Stroke), a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial with pre-test (baseline), post-test, and 12 weeks follow-up assessments based on a novel rehabilitation protocol based on the combination of brain stimulation and standard cognitive treatment. In particular, we will compare the efficacy of inhibitory repetitive-transcranial magnetic stimulation (r-TMS), applied over the left intact parietal cortex of LHN patients, followed by visual scanning treatment, in comparison with a placebo stimulation (SHAM control) followed by the same visual scanning treatment, on visuospatial symptoms and neurophysiological parameters of LHN in a population of stroke patients.Discussion: Our trial results may provide scientific evidence of a new, relatively low-cost rehabilitation protocol for the treatment of LHN.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04080999 . Registered on September 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acupuncture is effective in symptom and quality of life improvement of chronic asthma, but the efficacy differences between different acupoints are uncertain. In terms of the theory of Meridian-viscera Association, the study aims to investigate the different effectiveness between acupoints in Lung meridian and the acupoints in Heart meridian, so as to provide the evidence to develop a better prescription of the acupuncture treatment of chronic persistent asthma.Methods: This study is a multicentral randomized controlled trial. A total of 68 chronic persistent asthma patients will be randomly allocated into two groups: the Lung meridian group and the Heart meridian group. This trial will include a 2-week baseline period, a 4-week treatment period with 12 sessions' acupuncture, and an 8-week follow-up period. The primary outcome is the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ). Secondary outcomes are the Asthma Control Test (ACT), Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF), and Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV1). The AQLQ and ACT will be collected at baseline, week 4, week 8, and week 12 after randomization. PEF, FEV1, the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) will be assessed at baseline and week 4.Discussion: The results will provide evidence for acupuncture prescription selection and the clinical efficacy improvement. The results of this trial will also be used to determine whether or not a full definitive trial will go ahead, which will further confirm the theory of Meridian-viscera Association.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=43803 ) ChiCTR1900027284. Registered on 7 November 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Native tissue cystocele repair has been the cornerstone of prolapse surgery, especially since the learned societies warned clinicians and patients about serious mesh-related complications. Surgical techniques mainly consist in anterior colporraphy and vaginal patch plastron. However, success rates of native tissue cystocele repair are heterogeneous, depending on the design of studies and definition of outcomes. To date, high-quality data comparing vaginal native tissue procedures are still lacking.Methods: Herein we aimed to describe the design of the first randomized controlled trial (TAPP) comparing anterior colporraphy (plication of the muscularis and adventitial layers of the vaginal wall) and vaginal patch plastron (bladder support anchored on the tendinous arch of the pelvic fascia by lateral sutures) techniques. Our aim is to assess the effectiveness of vaginal native tissue repair at 1 year for cystocele with a combined definition of success-anatomic and functional. The primary endpoint will be the success rate 1 year after surgery with a composite of objective and subjective measures (Aa and Ba points < 0 from POP-Q (Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System) and a negative answer to question 3 of Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory and no need for additional treatment).Discussion: A prospective study has found a success rate at 35% for anterior colporraphy based on a combined definition, both anatomic and functional, as recently recommended. However, the definition of anatomic was strict (POP-Q< 2), while it seems that the best definition of anatomic success is "no prolapse among the hymen", that is to say Aa and Ba points from the POP-Q classification < 0. We hypothesize that vaginal patch plastron will have a better anatomic and functional success comparatively to anterior colporraphy because native tissue is added, as it corrects both median and lateral cystoceles thanks to bilateral paravaginal suspension.Trial Registration: CHU LIMOGES is the sponsor of this research (n°87RI18_0013). This research is supported by the French Department of Health (PHRC 2018-A03476-49) and will be conducted with the support of DGOS (PHRC interregional - GIRCI SOHO). The study protocol was approved by the Human Subjects Protection Review Board (Comité de Protection des Personnes) on May 16, 2019. The trial is registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov registry ( NCT03875989 ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blood from younger individuals has been shown to improve physiological function in recipients in laboratory research, and many proteins from human peripheral blood show antisenescence capabilities. Thus, researchers have questioned whether blood from young donors is superior to blood from older donors. Blood transfusion is a key supportive therapy for trauma patients, and recent studies have reported the influence of blood donor age on recipient patient prognosis. Although some retrospective results found that blood from young donors improves survival, no influence of blood donor age was observed on outcomes in other study groups. The reasons for this discrepancy are complicated, but the fact that data were not obtained from randomized controlled trial (RCT) data should be considered. The current protocol and analysis method provide a feasible RCT design to evaluate the prognosis of severely ill surgery patients who were transfused with blood products from blood donors of different ages.Methods: The current study is a pragmatic multicenter RCT (open, parallel-group, non-masked, superiority trial). Recruited surgery intensive care unit patients will be randomized into three groups and transfused with blood products from male donors of different ages (< 25, 25-45, and > 45 years). Survival time will be measured within 28 days. The survival characteristics, possible interaction between variables, and potential factors associated with death will be analyzed by Kaplan-Meier analysis, two-way ANOVA, and Cox proportional hazards model, respectively.Trial Registration: ChiCTR: ChiCTR190002. Registered on 22 March 2019. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=36867 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders characterized by recurrent abdominal pain associated with defecation or a change in bowel habits. Leading to significant negative effect on patients' quality of life and huge financial burden to health system, the management of IBS is a great challenge. Probiotics are considered as an effective therapy; however, in a lack of high-quality evidence of efficacy, no strain- and dose-specific probiotics were recommended in clinical guidelines. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Bifidobacterium quadruple viable tablet in the treatment of IBS-D.Methods/design: A multicenter randomized controlled trial will be performed in fourteen hospitals. A total of three hundred patients who fulfill the eligibility criteria will be stratified divided into an experimental group and a control group randomly in a ratio of 1:1. The experimental group is treated with the Bifidobacterium quadruple viable tablet while the control group is treated with placebo. All the patients will receive a 4-week treatment and a 2-week follow-up. The primary outcome is the effectiveness in improving abdominal pain and stool consistency; the secondary outcome includes evaluation of overall symptom relief, frequency of defecation, bloating, urgency of defecation, remedial medication, score of IBS-QOL, and changes of microbiota and metabonomics. Physical examination, vital signs, laboratory tests, adverse events, and concomitant medication will be taken into account for intervention safety assessment during the trial.Discussion: This multicenter randomized controlled trial may provide high-quality evidence on the efficacy of the Bifidobacterium quadruple viable tablet for IBS-D on both physical and mental dimensions in China. To fill the gap of previous probiotic intervention studies, in addition, this study will also present safety assessment which will be a significant emphasis.Trial Registration: ChiCTR1800017721 . Registered on 10 August 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a major cause of chronic cough. GERD-induced chronic cough is difficult to diagnose because some patients do not complain of any gastrointestinal (GI) reflux symptoms. Although chronic cough due to GERD is highly prevalent, no effective treatment is currently available, especially for GERD-related cough without GI symptoms. Because the herbal medicines Ojeok-san and Saengmaek-san can effectively treat GERD and cough, we aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination of these components for relieving chronic cough due to GERD.Methods/design: This is a study protocol of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center pilot trial. After a 1-week run-in period, a total of 30 patients with GERD-induced chronic cough will be randomly allocated to an intervention group (n = 15) or a placebo group (n = 15). Participants will receive 5.76 g of Ojeok-san plus Saengmaek-san or a placebo three times per day for 6 weeks. The primary outcome measures, which are the frequency and severity of cough, will be recorded using a cough diary. The secondary outcome measures will include a cough visual analogue scale, the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (Korean version), the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, the Hull Airway Reflux (hypersensitivity) Questionnaire, the Pattern Identification for Chronic Cough Questionnaire, the Pattern Identification for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, and safety testing. Adverse events will also be reported.Discussion: This will be the first clinical trial to explore the use of herbal medicines for GERD-related chronic cough, including patients without GI reflux symptoms. This study will provide useful evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of Ojeok-san plus Saengmaek-san treatment. In addition, this trial will offer a scientific basis for the combination of herbal medicines. This study will also provide important data for conducting a larger-scale clinical trial on GERD-induced chronic cough.Trial Registration: This trial has been registered with Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS) of South Korea (http://cris.nih.go.kr; registration number KCT0003115). Registered August 28, 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psychological distress is prevalent among people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and aggravates their motor symptoms, thereby leading to increased disability, high healthcare costs, and poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The under-recognition and adverse effects of the pharmacological management of anxiety and depression among the PD population are considerable. Thus, adopting a Complementary and Alternative Management (CAM) approach to address this problem is important. Yoga, one of the most common "mind-body" CAM therapies, can improve the psychological wellbeing of people with chronic illnesses. However, limited research on the effects of yoga in people with PD has been conducted. This study will determine the effects of yoga on the psychological wellbeing of people with mild-to-moderate PD and will compare these effects with those of stretching and resistance training exercises.Methods: A community-based, single-blind, randomized trial will be conducted. A total of 126 subjects will be recruited and randomly divided into yoga (n = 63) or stretching and resistance exercise (n = 63) groups. For 8 weeks, the yoga group will receive a weekly 90-min session of yoga, and the control group will receive a weekly 60-min session of stretching and resistance exercises. The primary outcome will be the level of psychological distress measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The secondary outcomes will include the severity of motor symptoms measured by the Movement Disorders Society - Unified Parkinson's Disease Scale - Part III Motor Examination; mobility, balance, and fall risk measured by the Timed Up and Go test; spiritual wellbeing measured by the Holistic Wellbeing Scale; and HRQoL measured by the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-8. Assessment will be conducted at baseline, 8th, and 20th weeks of follow-ups.Discussion: This study will be the first randomized trial to compare the effect of yoga versus stretching and resistance training exercises in a PD population. Results will contribute to the value of yoga as a therapeutic option for managing psychological distress in PD patients. Multiple outcomes including psychological, physiological, and spiritual and HRQoL will also be measured to elucidate the potential mechanisms of yoga. The effect of yoga on people with chronic illnesses will further be elucidated. This information should contribute to future research, practice, and policy related to PD management.Trial Registration: WHO Primary Registry - Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR): CUHK_CCRB00522 Registered on 8 October 2016; date of approval 19 August 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Effective yet practical strategies are needed to increase engagement in HIV treatment and prevention services, particularly in high-HIV-prevalence hotspots. We designed a community-based intervention called "Health Scouts" to promote uptake and adherence to HIV services in a highly HIV-prevalent fishing community in Rakai, Uganda. Using a situated Information, Motivation, and Behavioral skills theory framework, the intervention consists of community health workers, called Health Scouts, who use motivational interviewing strategies and mobile health tools to promote engagement in HIV treatment and prevention services.Methods/design: The Health Scout intervention is being evaluated through a pragmatic, parallel, cluster-randomized controlled trial with an allocation ratio of 1:1. The study setting is a single high-HIV-prevalence fishing community in Rakai, Uganda divided into 40 contiguous neighborhood clusters each containing about 65 households. Twenty clusters received the Health Scout Intervention; 20 clusters received standard of care. The Health Scout intervention is delivered within the community at the household level, targeting all residents aged 15 years or older. The primary programmatic outcomes are self-reported HIV care, antiretroviral therapy, and male circumcision coverage; the primary biologic outcome is population-level HIV viremia prevalence. Follow-up is planned for about 3 years.Discussion: HIV treatment and prevention service engagement remains suboptimal in HIV hotspots. New, community-based implementation approaches are needed. If found to be effective in this trial, the Health Scout intervention may be an important component of a comprehensive HIV response.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02556957 . Registered on 20 September 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Xingnaojing injection (XNJ) is widely used for the treatment of stroke in China. However, there is currently a lack of high-quality evidence of its efficacy for acute ischemic stroke. The main objective of this study is to determine whether the addition of XNJ to standard care improves the 3-month functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).Methods/design: The XMAS study is a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled, open-label trial with a blinded endpoints design. A total of 720 patients will be randomly allocated to either the intervention or the control group in a 1:1 ratio. The intervention group receives XNJ combined with standard care, and the control group receives standard care alone. XNJ will be administered intravenously every 12 h for 10 days. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients who are independent at 3 months after stroke onset defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2. Secondary outcomes include early neurological deterioration at 48 h, the change in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, patient-reported outcome, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage at 10 days, the Barthel Index score, deaths from any cause and cardiovascular events at 3 months.Discussion: The results of this trial will provide critical evidence for XNJ in the treatment of AIS as a complementary approach that can be initiated after reperfusion therapy or when the AIS is not eligible for thrombolytic treatment.Trial Registration: Clinical Trials.gov, ID: NCT02728180 . Registered on 28 March 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have shown that acupuncture is beneficial for the alleviation of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. However, there is a lack of clinical evidence concerning the effects of acupoint-matching on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.Methods/design: This is a parallel randomized controlled trial to evaluate the occurrence of nausea and vomiting after chemotherapy (the incidence of nausea and vomiting, frequency, VAS score, RINVR rating) as the main outcome for cancer. Quality of life, anxiety and depression scores are the secondary outcomes. Quality of life, anxiety and depression scores are the secondary phase. Use of remedy drugs, routine blood examination, and blood biochemical tests are the safety evaluation. We also compare the different effects of ST36 (single acupoint), CV12 (single acupoint), and ST36-CV12 matching groups.Discussion: The results of this trial are expected to explore the effects of matching different acupoints and to offer biologic plausibility for the use of acupuncture in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).Trial Registration: This trial is registered with clinicaltrials.gov NCT02195921 , The date of registration was 17 July 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effectiveness of acupuncture for patients with chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) is controversial. In this article, we report the protocol for a randomized controlled trial aiming to evaluate the long-term effect of acupuncture for CTTH, in comparison with superficial acupuncture.Design: A two-armed, parallel-design, patient-assessor blind, randomized controlled trial is underway in China. A total of 218 participants with CTTH will be randomly assigned to the treatment group or the control group in a 1:1 ratio. Participants in the treatment group and control group will receive acupuncture or superficial acupuncture treatments in a fixed prescription of acupoints respectively, for a total of 20 sessions over 8 weeks. The posttreatment follow-up period will be 24 weeks. The primary outcome will be the proportion of responders assessed at week 16 after randomization. The secondary outcomes will include the number of headache days, the mean intensity of headache, the reduction of medication intake, results from the 36-item short form health survey, the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the number of participants with adverse events, the expectation value of acupuncture treatment, and the intensity of deqi sensation. The first five secondary outcomes will be assessed or calculated at baseline, and at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 weeks after randomization. Moreover, the expectation value will be collected at baseline and at week 8 after randomization, the intensity of deqi sensation will be assessed at 5 minutes after each treatment and adverse events will be summarized at the end of the follow-up period.Discussion: Results from this trial will provide evidence for the long-term effect of acupuncture for CTTH with a long follow-up period.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrial.gov NCT03133884 . Registered on 25 April 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a leading cause of public disability. Neuromuscular function contributes to the development and/or progression of KOA. Whole body vibration (WBV) exercise improve the neuromuscular function of patients with neurological disorders and even that of older patients with limited exercise options. Therefore, WBV exercise may offer an efficient and alternative treatment for individuals with KOA. However, the effects of WBV training on the neuromuscular function of individuals with KOA remain unclear. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the effect of a 12-week WBV exercise on the neuromuscular function of individuals with KOA.Methods/design: We will conduct a prospective, single-blind randomized controlled trial on 180 KOA patients. Participants will be randomly assigned to the WBV exercise, lower extremity resistance training, and health education groups. The WBV exercise group will participate in a 12-week WBV training. The lower extremity resistance training group will undergo a 12-week lower extremity resistance training of both lower limbs. The control group will receive health education for 12 weeks. After the intervention, the participants will be followed up for 3 months with no active intervention. Primary outcome measures will include anthropometric measurements, gait analysis during walking and stair climbing, muscle strength test of the knee and ankle, proprioception test of the knee and ankle, and neuromuscular response of the leg muscles. Secondary outcome measures will include self-reported pain and physical functional capacity, and physical performance measures. Furthermore, adverse events will be recorded and analyzed. If any participant withdraws from the trial, intention-to-treat analysis will be performed.Discussion: Important features of this trial mainly include intervention setting, outcome measure selection, and study duration. This study is intended for estimating the effect of WBV intervention on neuromuscular control outcomes. Study results may provide evidence to support the beneficial effects of WBV exercise on the physical performance and neuromuscular control of individuals with KOA to fill the research gap on the efficacy of WBV.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ID: ChiCTR-IOR-16009234 . Registered on 21 September 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common hospital infections and contributes substantially to postoperative morbidity and mortality. In addition, SSIs dramatically increase the treatment cost and length of hospital stay. Following visceral surgery by laparotomy, SSI rates are especially high (14-25%). Therefore, measures to prevent SSI in this field are urgently needed. Prophylactic intraoperative wound irrigation (IOWI) of the subcutaneous soft tissue before skin closure hypothetically represents an easy and economical option to reduce SSI rates and is already frequently used in clinical practice. However, there are currently no definite recommendations on the use of IOWI since high-level evidence supporting its use is lacking. Consequently, clinical practice varies widely. Antiseptic polyhexanide (PHX)-based solutions are approved for soft-tissue wound irrigation in surgery but have not been specifically evaluated in randomized clinical trials for the prevention of SSI following laparotomy for visceral surgery.Methods/design: The IOWISI trial is a multicentre, randomized, observer- and patient-blinded clinical trial with three parallel treatment groups, comparing IOWI with a 0.04% PHX solution to no irrigation (test 1) or saline (test 2) before skin closure after laparotomy for visceral surgery (contamination level II-IV). The primary endpoint of the trial is the SSI rate within 30 days postoperatively. Statistical analysis of the primary endpoint measure will be based on the intention-to-treat population. The global level of significance is set at 2.5% for test 1 and 5% for test 2 and the sample size (n = 540) is determined to assure a power of 94% (test 1) and 85% (test 2).Discussion: The IOWISI trial will provide high-level evidence as a basis for clinical recommendations regarding the use of IOWI with PHX or saline and will potentially impact on future clinical guidelines and practice. The pragmatic trial design guarantees high external validity.Trial Registration: Registered at the German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00012251 . Registered on 3 July 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perimenopausal insomnia is one of the core symptoms of the menopausal transition. Acupuncture is considered to exert a positive effect on restoring the normal sleep-wake cycle. However, there is little intuitive evidence besides evaluation using clinical effectiveness scales. We therefore designed this study, aiming to use more intuitive and reliable detection techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after applying acupuncture to provide neuroimaging evidence, as well as to verify the effectiveness with other curative effect indicators.Methods/design: This study is a randomized, assessor-statistician-blinded, positive medicine controlled trial involving 40 participants. A total of 40 eligible patients with perimenopausal insomnia will be randomly assigned to two groups in a 1:1 ratio as an intervention group using acupuncture and a control group taking estazolam. Participants in the intervention group will receive six acupuncture treatment sessions per week for 4 consecutive weeks, for a total of 24 sessions during the study. Meanwhile, the medicine control group will be prescribed estazolam 1-2 mg/day to be taken 30 minutes before sleep for 4 weeks. The primary outcome is the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Secondary outcomes are the micro-movement sensitive mattress-type sleep monitoring system, the Hamilton Depression Scale, and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. All outcomes will be evaluated before and after treatment. The safety of interventions will be assessed at every visit.Discussion: The results of this trial, which will be available in 2018, will investigate the impact of acupuncture treating perimenopausal insomnia from assessment of the sleep architecture, hormone level, and emotional-circuit neurological function, and will uncover the effective mechanism of acupuncture regulating the emotional center integrated effect.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trials Register, ChCTR-IPC-16007832 . Registered on 26 January 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adults with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders (CODs) are overrepresented in jails. In-custody barriers to treatment, including a lack of evidence-based treatment options and the often short periods of incarceration, and limited communication between jails and community-based treatment agencies that can hinder immediate enrollment into community care once released have contributed to a cycle of limited treatment engagement, unaddressed criminogenic risks, and (re)arrest among this vulnerable and high-risk population. This paper describes a study that will develop research and communication protocols and adapt two evidence-based treatments, dual-diagnosis motivational interviewing (DDMI) and integrated group therapy (IGT), for delivery to adults with CODs across a jail-to-community treatment continuum.Methods/design: Adaptations to DDMI and IGT were guided by the Risk-Need-Responsivity model and the National Institute of Corrections' implementation competencies; the development of the implementation framework and communication protocols were guided by the Evidence-Based Interagency Implementation Model for community corrections and the Inter-organizational Relationship model, respectively. Implementation and evaluation of the protocols and adapted interventions will occur via an open trial and a pilot randomized trial. The clinical intervention consists of two in-jail DDMI sessions and 12 in-community IGT sessions. Twelve adults with CODs and four clinicians will participate in the open trial to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of, and fidelity to, the interventions and research and communication protocols. The pilot controlled trial will be conducted with 60 inmates who will be randomized to either DDMI-IGT or treatment as usual. A baseline assessment will be conducted in jail, and four community-based assessments will be conducted during a 6-month follow-up period. Implementation, clinical, public health, and treatment preference outcomes will be evaluated.Discussion: Findings have the potential to improve both jail- and community-based treatment services for adults with CODs as well as inform methods for conducting rigorous pilot implementation and evaluation research in correctional settings and as inmates re-enter the community. Findings will contribute to a growing area of work focused on interrupting the cycle of limited treatment engagement, unaddressed criminogenic risks, and (re)arrest among adults with CODs.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02214667 . Registered on 10 August 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although conventional laparoscopic and hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer is widely used today, there remain many technical challenges especially for right colon cancer in obese patients. Herein, we develop a novel hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) with complete mesocolic excision (CME), D3 lymphadenectomy, and a total "no-touch" isolation technique (HALS-CME) in right hemicolectomy to overcome these issues. According to previous clinic practice, this novel procedure is not only feasible and safe but has several technical merits. However, the feasibility, short-term minimally invasive virtues, long-term oncological superiority, and potential total "no-touch" isolation technique benefits of HALS-CME should be confirmed by a prospective randomized controlled trial.Methods/design: This is a single-center, open-label, noninferiority, randomized controlled trial. Eligible participants will be randomly assigned to the HALS-CME group or to the laparoscopic surgery with CME, D3 lymphadenectomy, and total "no-touch" isolation technique (LAP-CME) group, or to conventional laparoscopic surgery with CME and D3 lymphadenectomy (cLAP) group at a 1:1:1 ratio using a centralized randomization list. Primary endpoints include safety, efficacy, and being oncologically clear, and 3-year disease-free, progression-free, and overall survival. Second endpoints include operative outcomes (operation time, blood loss, and incision length), pathologic evaluation (grading the plane of surgery, length of proximal and distal resection margins, distance between the tumor and the central arterial high tie, distance between the nearest bowel wall and the same high tie, area of mesentery resected, width of the chain of lymph-adipose tissue, length of the central lymph-adipose chain, number of harvested lymph nodes), and postoperative outcomes (pain intensity, postoperative inflammatory and immune responses, postoperative recovery).Discussion: This trial will provide valuable clinical evidence for the feasibility, safety, and potential total "no-touch" isolation technique benefits of HALS-CME for right hemicolectomy. The hypothesis is that HALS-CME is feasible for the radical D3 resection of right colon cancer and offers short-term safety and long-term oncological superiority compared with conventional laparoscopic surgery.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02625272 . Registered on 8 December 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression is a highly prevalent and costly disorder. Effective treatments are available but are not always delivered to the right person at the right time, with both under- and over-treatment a problem. Up to half the patients presenting to general practice report symptoms of depression, but general practitioners have no systematic way of efficiently identifying level of need and allocating treatment accordingly. Therefore, our team developed a new clinical prediction tool (CPT) to assist with this task. The CPT predicts depressive symptom severity in three months' time and based on these scores classifies individuals into three groups (minimal/mild, moderate, severe), then provides a matched treatment recommendation. This study aims to test whether using the CPT reduces depressive symptoms at three months compared with usual care.Methods: The Target-D study is an individually randomized controlled trial. Participants will be 1320 general practice patients with depressive symptoms who will be approached in the practice waiting room by a research assistant and invited to complete eligibility screening on an iPad. Eligible patients will provide informed consent and complete the CPT on a purpose-built website. A computer-generated allocation sequence stratified by practice and depressive symptom severity group, will randomly assign participants to intervention (treatment recommendation matched to predicted depressive symptom severity group) or comparison (usual care plus Target-D attention control) arms. Follow-up assessments will be completed online at three and 12 months. The primary outcome is depressive symptom severity at three months. Secondary outcomes include anxiety, mental health self-efficacy, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness. Intention-to-treat analyses will test for differences in outcome means between study arms overall and by depressive symptom severity group.Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first depressive symptom stratification tool designed for primary care which takes a prognosis-based approach to provide a tailored treatment recommendation. If shown to be effective, this tool could be used to assist general practitioners to implement stepped mental-healthcare models and contribute to a more efficient and effective mental health system.Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR 12616000537459 ). Retrospectively registered on 27 April 2016. See Additional file 1 for trial registration data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acupuncture and moxibustion has been widely applied to hyperlipidemia treatment in clinical practice in China, serving as an alternative treatment to statins. Warm-needling acupuncture and medicinal cake-separated moxibustion have been separately reported with potential therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia treatment in several studies but with limitations in study methodology. Combining these two modalities may provide a more advantageous strategy in treating hyperlipidemia. Therefore, a strict evaluation through well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCT) is necessary to determine their efficacy and safety on hyperlipidemia.Methods: The study a multicenter, open-label, randomized, stratified, active-controlled, noninferiority trial with two parallel groups. Subjects with hyperlipidemia will be stratified into different groups by risk levels of heart diseases. They then will be instructed to the Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) diet. Those who have not reached the target lipid level will be randomly assigned to the treatments of either acupuncture and moxibustion or simvastatin with a 1:1 allocation. One hundred and thirty subjects are aimed to be recruited. The duration of intervention for this study will be 12 weeks, followed by another 4 weeks for post-treatment assessment. The primary outcome is percentage change from baseline to the end of the study in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Other indicators in lipid change, safety and adherence will also be assessed secondarily. The repeated measures, linear mixed-effects model will be applied to the analysis.Discussion: Acupuncture and moxibustion could be a potentially effective treatment alternative for hyperlipidemia. A study with careful design is developed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined acupuncture and moxibustion, by integrating the traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) regimens with the standardized Western medicine appraisal approach.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02269046 . Registered on 26 September 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Attention has shifted to the use of non-pharmacological interventions to prevent cognitive decline as a preventive strategy, as well as for those at risk and those with mild cognitive impairment. Early introduction of psycho-social interventions can address cognitive decline and significantly impact quality of life and the wellbeing of elderly individuals. This pilot study explores the feasibility of using art therapy and music reminiscence activity to improve the cognition of community living elderly with mild cognitive impairment.Methods/design: This open-label, interventional study involves a parallel randomized controlled trial design with three arms (two intervention arms and a control group) over a nine-month period. Participants will be community-living elderly individuals aged 60-85 years, both genders, who meet predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the initial three months, interventions will be provided weekly and for the remaining six months fortnightly. A sample size of 90 participants is targeted based on expected neuropsychological test performance, a primary outcome measure, and drop-out rates. The randomization procedure will be carried out via a web-based randomization system. Interventions will be provided by trained staff with a control group not receiving any intervention but continuing life as usual. Assessments will be done at baseline, three months, and nine months, and include neuroimaging to measure cerebral changes and neuropsychological tests to measure for changes in cognition. Secondary outcome measures will include mood changes in anxiety and depression and telomere lengths. Statistical analysis will be undertaken by statisticians; all efficacy analysis will be carried out on an intention-to-treat basis. Primary and secondary outcomes will be modeled using the linear mixed model for repeated measurements and further analysis may be undertaken to adjust for potential confounders.Discussion: This will be the first study to compare the effectiveness of art therapy and music reminiscence activity in a randomized controlled trial. We expect that the trial will provide useful evidence for developing psychosocial interventions for the elderly with mild cognitive impairment.Trial Registration: The study was registered on 7 July 2016 at Clinical Trials.gov, a service of the US National Institute of Health ( NCT02854085 ), retrospectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Family caregivers (FC) often experience higher distress levels than their relative with cancer. Many cancer centers have implemented distress screening programs, but most of them concentrate their efforts on patients, with little attention to their FC. To fill this gap, a pragmatic intervention has been designed to improve supportive care for FC of patients with lung cancer. This article describes the study protocol of a single-center randomized controlled trial to assess its effectiveness.Methods/design: A total of 120 lung cancer patients and their FC are randomly assigned to the experimental group (exposed to intervention, N = 60) or to the control group (usual care, N = 60). The intervention includes: (1) systematic FC distress screening and problem assessment near their relative's cancer diagnosis, and every 2 months, (2) privileged contact with an oncology nurse (ON) away from the patient to address FC problems and (3) liaison by the ON with the family physician of FC reporting high distress (thermometer score ≥5/10), or problems relying on FP expertise. In both groups, FC, patient and process-of-care outcomes are measured at baseline and every 3 months, up to 9 months. The primary endpoint is FC distress measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Psychological Distress Index used in the Quebec Health Survey (PDQHS). Individual interviews with 10 FC and a focus group with the oncology team will be conducted at the study end to further document the effectiveness of the intervention and its impact on quality of life (for FC) and practice organization (for the oncology team).Discussion: This trial will assess the effectiveness of an innovative intervention based on interprofessional collaboration between primary care and oncology care. It targets a population in great need, yet often neglected, and has the potential to clearly improve patient and caregiver experience of cancer care, and reduce the burden of disease.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02531464 . Registered on 15 July 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A randomized controlled trial of adults with empyema recently demonstrated decreased length of stay in hospital in patients treated with intrapleurally administered dornase alfa and fibrinolytics compared to fibrinolytics alone. Whether this treatment strategy is safe and effective in children remains unknown.Methods/design: This study protocol is for a superiority, placebo-controlled, parallel-design, multicenter randomized controlled trial. The participants are previously well children admitted to a children's hospital with a diagnosis of empyema requiring chest tube insertion and fibrinolytics administered intrapleurally. Children will be randomized after the treating physician has decided that pleural drainage is required but prior to chest tube insertion. After chest tube insertion, participants in the treatment group will receive intrapleurally administered tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) 4 mg followed by dornase alfa 5 mg. Participants in the placebo group will receive tPA 4 mg followed by normal saline. Study treatments will be administered once daily for 3 days. All participants, parents or caregivers, clinicians, and research personnel will remain blinded. The primary outcome is length of stay from chest tube insertion to discharge from hospital. Secondary outcomes include time to meeting discharge criteria, chest tube duration, fever duration, need for additional procedures, adverse events, hospital readmission, cost of hospitalization, and mortality.Discussion: This multicenter randomized controlled trial will assess the safety, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of combined treatment with dornase alfa and fibrinolytics compared to fibrinolytics alone for the treatment of empyema in children.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01717742 . Registered on 8 October 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the lack of scientific studies on biofield therapies, they are widely acclaimed by patients. The mechanisms of action are not explained by current allopathic medical approaches. Warts are common and contagious viral lesions that may be refractory to standard dermatologic treatments such as cryotherapy, laser therapy, and keratolytic ointments. Biofield therapies are efficient in various pathologies. Their ability to treat warts has never been demonstrated in a scientific study with a robust methodology. Patients with refractory warts often place their trust in these alternative therapies because of the poor results obtained from traditional medicine. We propose a prospective, randomized, single-blind, assessor-blind trial to evaluate the efficacy of treatment of warts by biofield therapy.Methods/design: Subjects with warts on their feet or hands will be randomized into two groups: real biofield therapy versus sham therapy. The diagnosis will be made at the time of inclusion, and follow-up will take place in week 3. Comparison of pictures of the warts at baseline and after 3 weeks will be used as the primary outcome measure. The hypothesis is that the extent of the disappearance of the original wart in the group treated by real biofield therapy will be 70% and that it will be 30% in the group treated by sham therapy. Using 90% power and an alpha risk of 5%, 31 subjects are required in each group for a two-tailed proportion comparison test.Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the efficacy of biofield therapy on warts. Therefore, the aim of this study is to extend knowledge of biofield therapy to another area of medicine such as dermatology and to propose complementary or alternative practices to improve patient well-being. The main strength of the study is that it is a randomized, single-blind, assessor-blind, placebo-controlled study.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02773719 . Registered on 22 April 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple pregnancies are one of the major safety concerns of in vitro fertilization (IVF) due to the increased risk of maternal and neonatal complications. Single embryo transfer is the most effective way to reduce the risk of multiple pregnancies. Selection of the embryo and optimization of the implantation environment are crucial to retain the success rate when the number of transferred embryos is diminished. Fresh embryo transfer with supra-physiological levels of hormones has been suggested to have an adverse effect on implantation. Elective frozen embryo transfer has been suggested to result in a higher rate of live birth than fresh embryo transfer. However, there is still a lack of evidence from randomized clinical trials comparing the efficacy and safety between frozen and fresh single blastocyst transfers.Methods/design: We are conducting a randomized controlled trial in women aged 20-35 undergoing their first cycle of IVF with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection. After ovarian stimulation with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol, women who obtain four or more embryos on day 3 of the embryo culture are randomized into two parallel groups: a single fresh blastocyst transfer group and a single frozen blastocyst transfer group (all blastocysts vitrified and a deferred frozen blastocyst transfer). The primary outcome is singleton live birth.Discussion: The results of this study will provide evidence for the efficacy and safety of the strategy of elective frozen single blastocyst transfer in women with a good prognosis.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-IOR-14005405 . Registered on 30 Oct 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: De Qi is a special sensational response upon acupuncture needling. According to traditional acupuncture theory, the treatment is "effective only after Qi arrival"; that is, De Qi is an important indicator of therapeutic efficacy and good prognosis. However, it is still disputable whether De Qi improves the efficacy of acupuncture therapy. This prospective, randomized controlled trial aims to explore the influence of De Qi induced by acupuncture on immediate and accumulated analgesic effects in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).Methods/design: Eighty-eight patients with KOA will be recruited and randomly assigned to the De Qi group (enhanced stimulation to evoke De Qi) and the control group (weak stimulation to avoid De Qi) in the Department of Acupuncture and Physical Therapy, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University. Each patient will receive three 30-minute sessions per week for 4 consecutive weeks and undergo a 1 month follow-up. The severity of knee pain, as measured on a 100-mm visual analog scale (where 0 indicates no pain and 100 indicates intolerable pain) will be used as the primary outcome, and the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score will be used as the secondary outcome. Both indexes will be measured before and after the 1st (for evaluating the immediate analgesic effects), 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th (for evaluating the accumulated analgesic effects) treatments and at the end of the follow-up. The intensity of the De Qi sensation will be assessed by the Chinese-Modified Massachusetts General Hospital Acupuncture Sensation Scale at the end of each treatment. Side effects during the treatments will be recorded and analyzed as well. The comparisons between the De Qi group and the control group will be done by using both an intention-to-treat analysis and a per-protocol analysis.Discussion: This prospective randomized controlled study will be helpful in enhancing our understanding of the analgesic effect of De Qi on patients with KOA and may provide a clinical basis for further investigation of the relationship between De Qi and the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture, thereby offering some evidence for the role of De Qi in an efficacious acupuncture therapy.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-IIR-16008972 . Registered on 4 August 2016 Additional file 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Placenta accreta (PA), a severe complication during delivery, is closely linked with massive hemorrhage which could endanger the lives of both mother and baby. Moreover, the incidence of PA has increased dramatically with the increasing rate of cesarean deliveries in the past few decades. Therefore, studies evaluating the effects of different perioperative managements based on different modalities in the treatment of PA are necessary. Among the numerous treatment measures, prophylactic abdominal aortic balloon occlusion (AABO) in combination with cesarean section for PA seems to be more advantageous than others. However, up to now, all studies on AABO were almost retrospective. Current evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against routinely using the AABO technology for control intraoperative hemorrhage in patients with PA. Thus, we hope to carry out a prospective, randomized controlled trial (RCT) study to confirm the effectiveness of the AABO technology in patients with PA.Methods/design: This trial is an investigator-initiated, prospective RCT that will test the superiority of AABO in combination with cesarean section compared to the traditional hysterectomy following cesarean section for parturients with PA. A total of 170 parturients with PA undergoing cesarean section will be randomized to receive either AABO in combination with cesarean section or the traditional hysterectomy following cesarean section. The primary outcome is estimated blood loss. The most important secondary outcome is the occurrence of cesarean hysterectomy during delivery; others include blood transfusion volume, operating time, neonate's Apgar scores (collected at 1, 5 and 10 min), length of stay in intensive care unit, total hospital stay, and balloon occlusion-relative data.Discussion: This prospective trial will test the superiority of AABO in combination with cesarean section compared to the traditional hysterectomy following cesarean section for parturients with PA. It may provide strong evidence about the benefits and risks of AABO in combination with cesarean section for parturients with PA.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-INR-16008842 . Registered on 14 July 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnant women with depression and/or anxiety prior to pregnancy are at higher risk of preterm birth, breastfeeding problems, postpartum depression, and disruption of the mother-infant attachment. It is well documented that exercise improves psychological well-being in nonpregnant subjects with symptoms of depression. However, in only a few small studies have researchers examined the effect of exercise on symptoms of depression among pregnant women. We hypothesize that physiotherapist-supervised group exercise for pregnant women at risk of antenatal depression increases their psychological well-being. This paper describes the study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) on a supervised group exercise intervention for pregnant women with a current or previous history of depression and/or anxiety.Methods/design: The RCT is being carried out at the Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, in the period 2016-2019. The inclusion criteria are pregnant women ≥18 years of age with depression and/or anxiety requiring treatment by a psychiatrist or a psychologist within the last 10 years and/or intake of antidepressants in the 3 months prior to conception and/or during pregnancy. The women must have appropriate Danish language skills, be pregnant with a single fetus, give written informed consent, and be at 17-22 gestational weeks when the intervention begins. The primary outcome is psychological well-being (the five-item World Health Organization Well-being Index). Secondary outcomes are symptoms of depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), functional ability (General Health Questionnaire), clinical symptoms of anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), sleep quality and sleep disturbances (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), and pregnancy and delivery outcomes. The intervention is supervised group exercise twice weekly for 12 weeks. The control group will receive standard antenatal care. On the basis of sample size calculation, a total of 300 women will be randomly assigned to either the intervention or the control group in a ratio of 1:1.Discussion: The trial is expected to contribute to the body of knowledge used in planning antenatal care for pregnant women at risk of depression.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02833519 . Registered on 19 May 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Conventional moxibustion is a representative non-drug intervention in traditional Chinese medicine, and it has been reported to produce encouraging results and benefits in relieving symptoms and improving the quality of life for patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in previous clinical trials and systematic reviews. Given that increasing concerns on the safety of generated smoke from conventional moxibustion have received much attention, smoke-free moxibustion is regarded as a potential alternative. However, whether smoke-free moxibustion would display a similar efficacy to that of conventional moxibustion still remains unclear. Therefore, this randomized controlled trial attempts to investigate the difference of efficacy between conventional moxibustion and smoke-free moxibustion in patients with KOA.Methods/design: This is a multicenter, randomized, single-blinded, parallel-group clinical trial. A total of 138 eligible participants with KOA will be randomly allocated to two groups (conventional moxibustion group and smoke-free moxibustion group) in seven hospitals in China. Participants will receive 12 sessions of moxibustion treatment at three acupoints (EX-LE4, ST35, and ST36) over a period of 4 weeks (3 sessions per week). A smoke-removing device is placed at the top of the moxibustion device for the smoke-free moxibustion group (n = 69), while the conventional moxibustion group (n = 69) is treated with traditional moxibustion. The primary outcome measure will be the change of the global scale of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) from the baseline to 4 weeks. Secondary outcomes include the visual analog scale VASand Patient Global Assessment scores. Follow-up measurements will be performed on the 8th and 12th weeks after random allocation.Discussion: This study will contribute to providing a solid foundation for the selection of moxibustion in clinical application as well as future research in moxibustion therapy.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02772055 . Registered on 12 May 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer incidence and social isolation increase along with advanced age, and social isolation potentiates the relative risk of death by cancer. Once spotted, social isolation can be averted with the intervention of a multidisciplinary team. Techniques of automation and remote assistance have already demonstrated their positive impact on falls prevention and quality of life (QoL), though little is known about their impact on socially isolated elderly patients supported for cancer. The primary objective of the PREDOMOS study is to evaluate the impact of establishing a Program of Social intervention associated with techniques of Domotic and Remote assistance (PS-DR) on the improvement of QoL of elderly isolated patients, treated for locally advanced or metastatic cancer. The secondary objectives include treatment failure, tolerance, survival, and autonomy.Methods/design: This trial is a multicenter, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label, two-parallel group study. The setting is 10 French oncogeriatric centers. Inclusion criteria are patients aged at least 70 years with a social isolation risk and a histological diagnosis of cancer, locally advanced or metastatic disease. The groups are (1) the control group, receiving usual care; (2) the experimental group, receiving usual care associating with monthly social assistance, domotic, and remote assistance. Participants are randomized in a 1:1 allocation ratio. Evaluation times involve inclusion (randomization) and follow-up (12 months). The primary endpoint is QoL at 3 months (via European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ C30); secondary endpoints are social isolation, time to treatment failure, toxicity, dose response-intensity, survival, autonomy, and QoL at 6 months. For the sample size, 320 individuals are required to obtain 90% power to detect a 10-point difference (standard deviation 25) in QoL score between the two groups (20% loss to follow-up patients expected).Discussion: The randomized controlled design is the most appropriate design to demonstrate the efficacy of a new experimental strategy (Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group classification). National and international recommendations could be updated based on the findings of this study.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02829762 . Registered on 29 June 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common pruritic inflammatory skin disease with increasing prevalence. It can manifest with many different clinical phenotypes; however, in its chronic stage, hyperpigmentation, excoriation, lichenification, and dryness are the main symptoms. Jaungo comprises two herbs, Lithospermi radix and Angelica gigantis radix, and three carrier oils, and is an approved herbal ointment for xerosis cutis in Korea. In past studies, we demonstrated that Jaungo had anti-inflammatory and antiallergic activity in in vitro and in vivo AD models; however, there are few relevant randomized controlled clinical trials on Jaungo in AD.Methods/design: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center, phase IIa clinical trial was designed to investigate the safety, preliminary efficacy, and dose response of Jaungo in AD. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital (No. KOMCIRB-160617-HR-027) and the Korea Food and Drug Administration (No. 30907). The study aims to enroll 34 AD patients to be randomly distributed among three parallel groups: treatment 1, treatment 2, and the placebo group. Treatment group 1 applies Jaungo twice a day, while treatment group 2 applies Jaungo and the placebo ointment once a day, separately, and the placebo group applies the placebo ointment twice a day, for a total of 3 weeks each. Participants will be evaluated for eczema before and after the application of the ointments based on several parameters including the Eczema Area and Severity Index, the SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis Index, the Dermatology Life Quality Index, transepidermal water loss, total IgE level, eosinophil count, and IL-17, IL-22, and IFN-γ levels.Discussion: The trial is currently ongoing and the enrollment of subjects has been initiated. There is an urgent need to develop a drug for the treatment of dry, hyperpigmented, scaly, and thickened skin in chronic-stage AD. This study will determine the efficacy and safety of Jaungo in AD, providing evidence for specific AD symptoms treated by Jaungo.Trial Registration: Clinical Trials.gov, identifier: NCT02900131 . Registered on 2 September 2016. Korea Clinical Research Information Service, identifier: KCT0002060 . Registered on 22 July 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study is to explore the efficacy of Guizhifulingwan (GFW) in the treatment of climacteric syndrome in women.Methods/design: This is a single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design pilot trial. Fifty participants with climacteric syndrome will be randomly allocated to the GFW or placebo group in a 1:1 ratio. The participants will be administered GFW or placebo granules three times a day for 4 weeks and will be followed up for a further 4 weeks. The primary outcome is the mean change in menopause rating scale score at 5 weeks after randomization. Secondary outcomes include the World Health Organization quality of life-BREF scores, degrees of upward movement of qi and lower abdominal resistance and tenderness, blood stasis pattern questionnaire scores, and results of blood tests including assays for lipid profile, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol. The feasibility outcomes include recruitment and completion rates and adherence to medication.Discussion: The results of this study will provide basic data for the design of a large-scale clinical trial for evaluating the efficacy of GFW in the treatment of climacteric syndrome in women.Trial Registration: Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), Republic of Korea, KCT0002040 . Registered on 5 September 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative recovery after live donor nephrectomy is largely determined by the consequences of postoperative pain and analgesia consumptions. The use of deep neuromuscular blockade has been shown to reduce postoperative pain scores after laparoscopic surgery. In this study, we will investigate whether deep neuromuscular blockade also improves the early quality of recovery after live donor nephrectomy.Methods: The RELAX-study is a phase IV, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial, in which 96 patients, scheduled for living donor nephrectomy, will be randomized into two groups: one with deep and one with moderate neuromuscular blockade. Deep neuromuscular blockade is defined as a post-tetanic count of 1-2. Our primary outcome measurement will be the Quality of Recovery-40 questionnaire (overall score) at 24 h after extubation.Discussion: This study is, to our knowledge, the first randomized study to assess the effectiveness of deep neuromuscular blockade during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy in enhancing postoperative recovery. The study findings may also be applicable for other laparoscopic procedures.Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02838134 . Registered on 29 June 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs are aimed at minimizing postoperative stress and accelerating postoperative recovery by implementing multiple perioperative principles. "Early mobilization" is one such principle, but the quality of assessment and monitoring is poor, and evidence of improved outcome is lacking. Activity trackers allow precise monitoring and automatic feedback to the patients to enhance their motivation for early mobilization. The aim of the study is to monitor and increase the postoperative mobilization of patients by giving them continuous automatic feedback in the form of a step count using activity-tracking wristbands.Methods/design: Patients undergoing elective open and laparoscopic surgery of the colon, rectum, stomach, pancreas, and liver for any indication will be included. Further inclusion criteria are age between 18 and 75 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status class less than IV, and a signed informed consent form. Patients will be stratified into two subgroups, laparoscopic and open surgery, and will be randomized 1:1 for automatic feedback of their step count using an activity tracker wristband. The control group will have no automatic feedback. The sample size (n = 30 patients in each of the four groups, overall n = 120) is calculated on the basis of an assumed difference in step count of 250 steps daily (intervention group versus control group). The primary study endpoint is the average step count during the first 5 postoperative days; secondary endpoints are the percentage of patients in the two groups who master the predefined mobilization (step count) targets, assessment of additional activity data obtained from the devices, assessment of preoperative mobility, length of hospital and intensive care unit stays, number of patients who receive physiotherapy, 30-day mortality, and overall 30-day morbidity.Discussion: Early mobilization is a key element of ERAS. However, enhanced early mobilization is difficult to define, to assess objectively, and to implement in clinical practice. Consequently, there is a discrepancy between ERAS targets and actual practice, especially in patients undergoing major visceral surgery. This study is the first randomized controlled trial investigating the use and feasibility of activity tracking to monitor and enhance postoperative early mobilization.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02834338 . Registered on 15 June 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early hospital readmission of patients after discharge is a public health problem. One major cause of hospital readmission is dysfunctions in integrated pathways between community and hospital care that can cause adverse drug events. Furthermore, the French ENEIS 2 study showed that 1.3% of hospital stays originated from serious adverse drug events in 2009. Pharmacy-led medication reviews at hospital transitions are an effective means of decreasing medication discrepancies when conducted at admission or discharge. However, it is difficult to assess the true impact of pharmacist-led medication reviews in specific high-risk populations, such as pediatric and geriatric populations. In such a context, it is important to demonstrate the effectiveness of medication reconciliation as part of a standardized medication review process-in pediatric and elderly populations-on all-cause readmissions in a large randomized controlled clinical trial. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of the pharmacist-led medication review on the rate of readmissions and/or death after hospital discharge and patient treatment satisfaction.Methods/design: The study is a randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 1400 hospitalized patients will be randomized in two groups: (1) the experimental group (group receiving a pharmacist-led medication review) and (2) the control group (group receiving usual care). The pharmacist-led medication review process includes medication reconciliation, treatment review and medication liaison service. The primary endpoint will be the rate of readmissions and/or death at 30 days following initial hospitalization discharge. The secondary endpoints will be the rate of hospital readmission, the rate of emergency department visits, the rate of mortality, the number of consultations and patient treatment satisfaction at 30 days following initial hospitalization discharge.Discussion: A randomized controlled trial provides the most extensive evidence on the impact of pharmacist-led medication reviews on early hospital readmission for extreme age populations.Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials, NCT02734017 . Registered on 4 May 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many community-based self-management programs have been developed for older adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), bolstered by evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that T2DM can be prevented and managed through lifestyle modifications. However, the evidence for their effectiveness is contradictory and weakened by reliance on single-group designs and/or small samples. Additionally, older adults with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) are often excluded because of recruiting and retention challenges. This paper presents a protocol for a two-armed, multisite, pragmatic, mixed-methods RCT examining the effectiveness and implementation of the Aging, Community and Health Research Unit-Community Partnership Program (ACHRU-CPP), a new 6-month interprofessional, nurse-led program to promote self-management in older adults (aged 65 years or older) with T2DM and MCC and support their caregivers (including family and friends).Methods/design: The study will enroll 160 participants in two Canadian provinces, Ontario and Alberta. Participants will be randomly assigned to the control (usual care) or program study arm. The program will be delivered by registered nurses (RNs) and registered dietitians (RDs) from participating diabetes education centers (Ontario) or primary care networks (Alberta) and program coordinators from partnering community-based organizations. The 6-month program includes three in-home visits, monthly group sessions, monthly team meetings for providers, and nurse-led care coordination. The primary outcome is the change in physical functioning as measured by the Physical Component Summary (PCS-12) score from the short form-12v2 health survey (SF-12). Secondary client outcomes include changes in mental functioning, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and self-efficacy. Caregiver outcomes include health-related quality of life and depressive symptoms. The study includes a comparison of health care service costs for the intervention and control groups, and a subgroup analysis to determine which clients benefit the most from the program. Descriptive and qualitative data will be collected to examine implementation of the program and effects on interprofessional/team collaboration.Discussion: This study will provide evidence of the effectiveness of a community-based self-management program for a complex target population. By studying both implementation and effectiveness, we hope to improve the uptake of the program within the existing community-based structures, and reduce the research-to-practice gap.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT02158741 . Registered on 3 June 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The introduction of anti-tumor necrosis factor medications has revolutionized the treatment of psoriasis with achievement of treatment goals (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score 75, remission) that are not usually met with conventional systemics. Nevertheless, some patients continue to experience persistent disease activity or treatment failure over time. Strategies to optimize treatment outcomes include the use of concomitant methotrexate, which has demonstrated beneficial effects on pharmacokinetics and treatment efficacy in psoriasis and other inflammatory diseases.Methods: This is an investigator-initiated, multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to compare the combination treatment of adalimumab and methotrexate with adalimumab monotherapy in patients with psoriasis. The primary outcome is adalimumab drug survival at week 49. Other outcomes include improvement in disease severity and quality of life, tolerability, and safety. Moreover, anti-adalimumab antibodies and adalimumab serum concentrations will be measured and correlations between genotypes and clinical outcomes will be assessed. Patient recruitment started in March 2014. Up to now, 36 patients have been randomized. Many more patients have been (pre)screened. A total of 93 patients is desired to meet an adequate sample size. In our experience, the main limitation for recruitment is prior adalimumab therapy and intolerability or toxicity for methotrexate in the past.Discussion: OPTIMAP is the first RCT to examine combination therapy with adalimumab and methotrexate in a psoriasis population. With data derived from this study we expect to provide valuable clinical data on long-term treatment outcomes. These data will be supported by assessment of the impact of concomitant methotrexate on adalimumab pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, the influence of several single nucleotide polymorphisms on adalimumab response will be analyzed in order to support the development of a more personalized approach for this targeted therapy.Trial Registration: NTR4499 . Registered on 7 April 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicidal thoughts are common, causing distress for millions of people all over the world. However, people with suicidal thoughts might not access support due to financial restraints, stigma or a lack of available treatment offers. Self-help programs provided online could overcome these barriers, and previous efforts show promising results in terms of reducing suicidal thoughts. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of an online self-help intervention in reducing suicidal thoughts among people at risk of suicide. The Danish Self-help Online against Suicidal thoughts (SOS) trial is a partial replication of a previously conducted Dutch trial.Methods and Design: A randomized, waiting-list controlled trial with 1:1 allocation ratio will be carried out. A total of 438 people with suicidal thoughts will be recruited from the Danish suicide hotline, The Lifeline's, website and allocated to the intervention condition (N = 219) or the control condition (N = 219). The intervention condition consists of a 6-week, Internet-based self-help therapy intervention. The format of the intervention is self-help, but the participants can be guided by the trial manager. The control condition consists of a waiting-list assignment for 32 weeks. The primary outcomes are frequency and intensity of suicidal thoughts. Secondary outcome measures include depressive symptoms, hopelessness, worrying, quality of life, costs related to health care utilization and production loss. Number of deliberate self-harm episodes, suicides and deaths will, as well as the participant's evaluation of the intervention and the experience of negative effects, be investigated. Assessments will be conducted over the intervention website through self-report questionnaires at baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 32 weeks (6 months post intervention).Discussion: If we find the intervention to be linked to reductions in suicidal thoughts, this will strengthen the evidence that online self-help interventions are relevant tools for people with suicidal thoughts.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02872610 . Registered on 9 August 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Approximately 50% of heart failure patients are readmitted to hospital within 6 months, owing to deterioration of their condition. Thus, symptomatic treatment of heart failure requires significant improvement. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of torasemide and furosemide on biochemical parameters of haemodynamic and neurohormonal compensation, myocardial remodelling, clinical outcomes and quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure.Methods: This is a multicentre, randomized, open, blinded endpoint phase-IV trial. The study includes 120 heart failure patients in NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class II-IV, treated with optimal heart failure therapy, with indications for use of loop diuretics. At enrolment, patients are stable, with a fixed dose of loop diuretics. Patients are randomized to treatment with furosemide or torasemide (randomization 1:1). After randomization, the current fixed dose of furosemide is continued or is replaced by an equipotential dose of torasemide (4:1). The study consists of two control visits (3 and 6 months after enrolment) with minimal follow-up of 6 months. Assessment involves clinical examination, Quality of Life Questionnaire, laboratory tests, echocardiography, electrocardiography, 24 h Holter-electrocardiography monitoring, 6 -min walk test and assessment of fluid retention. Any need for dose adjustment is assessed during the observation. The primary objective is to compare the effects of torasemide and furosemide on clinical and biochemical parameters of haemodynamic and neurohormonal compensation and myocardial remodelling. Secondary objectives include monitoring of: changes in signs and symptoms of heart failure, NYHA functional class, quality of life, dosage changes, rate of readmissions and mortality.Discussion: Despite decades of the diuretic's history, knowledge about diuretic therapy is still unsatisfactory. The most widely used diuretic, furosemide, has a stormy pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and is associated with a high risk of mortality and hospitalization for worsening heart failure. Reports are very encouraging and suggest beneficial effects of torasemide. Hence, there is a need for further studies of the overall effect of torasemide, compared with furosemide. This can translate into improved quality of life and better prognosis of patients with heart failure.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01942109 . Registered on 24 August 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Marital bereavement and separation or divorce are among the most stressful critical life events in later life. These events require a dissolution of social and emotional ties, adjustments in daily routine and changes in identity and perspectives for the future. After a normative grief or distress reaction, most individuals cope well with the loss. However, some develop a prolonged grief reaction. Internet-based self-help interventions have proved beneficial for a broad range of disorders, including complicated grief. Based on the task model and the dual-process model of coping with bereavement, we developed a guided internet-based self-help intervention for individuals who experienced marital bereavement, separation or divorce at least 6 months prior to enrolment. The intervention consists of 10 text-based self-help sessions and one supportive email a week. The primary purpose of this study is the evaluation of the feasibility and efficacy of the intervention compared with a waiting control group. The secondary purpose is to compare the effects in bereaved and separated participants. Furthermore, we aim to analyze other predictors, moderators and mediators of the outcome, such as age, psychological distress and intensity of use of the intervention.Methods: The design is a randomized controlled trial with a waiting control condition of 12 weeks and a 24-weeks follow-up. At least 72 widowed or separated participants will be recruited via our study website and internet forums. Primary outcomes are reductions in grief symptoms, depression and psychological distress. Secondary outcome measures are related to loneliness, satisfaction with life, embitterment and the sessions.Discussion: The trial will provide insights into the acceptance and efficacy of internet-based interventions among adults experiencing grief symptoms, psychological distress and adaptation problems in daily life after spousal bereavement, separation or divorce. Findings will add to existing knowledge by (1) evaluating an internet-based intervention specifically designed for spousal bereavement and its consequences; (2) testing whether this intervention is equally effective for individuals after separation or divorce; and (3) suggesting adaptations to improve the efficacy of the intervention, selective indication and adaptations for different needs.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02900534 . Registered on 1 September 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders and has a significant societal economic burden. Antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy are two primary interventions for the standardized treatment of MDD. However, their weaknesses, such as a low response rate, a high risk of adverse events from medication, and the high cost of cognitive behavioral therapy, have resulted in a need for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Among the various therapeutic interventions in CAM, electroacupuncture and moxibustion have been widely used to treat various mental illnesses, including MDD. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of conducting a full-scale randomized controlled trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of electroacupuncture plus moxibustion therapy for MDD.Methods/design: We will include patients between the ages of 19 to 65 years with MDD. A total of 30 participants will be recruited, and they will be randomly allocated into two groups at a 1:1 ratio. Patients in the treatment and control groups will, respectively, receive real and sham electroacupuncture/moxibustion treatments, for a total of 20 sessions over 8 weeks. The primary outcome will be the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and the secondary outcomes will be Beck's Depression Inventory, the Insomnia Severity Index, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the EuroQol 5-Dimension Index, the Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile version 2, and electroencephalography. Adverse events will be monitored at each visit to assess safety. All outcomes will be assessed and analyzed by researchers blinded to the treatment allocation.Discussion: This is a two-armed, parallel-design, patient-assessor blinded, multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled pilot clinical trial. Data will be analyzed before and after treatment and during a 4-week follow-up. The results of the trial will provide a basis for further studies assessing the efficacy and safety of electroacupuncture plus moxibustion treatment for MDD.Trial Registration: Korean Clinical Trial Registry, CRIS-KCT0001810 . Registered on 5 February 2016 (retrospectively registered; date of enrollment of the first participant to the trial: 2 December 2015). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Impairment of prospective memory (PM) is common following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and negatively impacts on independent living. Compensatory approaches to PM rehabilitation have been found to minimize the impact of PM impairment in adults with TBI; however, poor self-awareness after TBI poses a major barrier to the generalization of compensatory strategies in daily life. Metacognitive skills training (MST) is a cognitive rehabilitation approach that aims to facilitate the development of self-awareness in adults with TBI. This paper describes the protocol of a study that aims to evaluate the efficacy of a MST approach to compensatory PM rehabilitation for improving everyday PM performance and psychosocial outcomes after TBI.Methods/design: This randomized controlled trial has three treatment groups: compensatory training plus metacognitive skills training (COMP-MST), compensatory training only (COMP), and waitlist control. Participants in the COMP-MST and COMP groups will complete a 6-week intervention consisting of six 2-h weekly training sessions. Each 1.5-h session will involve compensatory strategy training and 0.5 h will incorporate either MST (COMP-MST group) or filler activity as an active control (COMP group). Participants in the waitlist group receive care as usual for 6 weeks, followed by the COMP-MST intervention. Based on the sample size estimate, 90 participants with moderate to severe TBI will be randomized into the three groups using a stratified sampling approach. The primary outcomes include measures of PM performance in everyday life and level of psychosocial reintegration. Secondary outcomes include measures of PM function on psychometric testing, strategy use, self-awareness, and level of support needs following TBI. Blinded assessments will be conducted pre and post intervention, and at 3-month and 6-month follow-ups.Discussion: This study seeks to determine the efficacy of COMP-MST for improving and maintaining everyday PM performance and level of psychosocial integration in adults with moderate to severe TBI. The findings will advance theoretical understanding of the role of self-awareness in compensatory PM rehabilitation and skills generalization. COMP-MST has the potential to reduce the cost of rehabilitation and lifestyle support following TBI because the intervention could enhance generalization success and lifelong application of PM compensatory strategies.Trial Registration: New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12615000996561 . Registered on 23 September 2015; retrospectively registered 2 months after commencement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The common cold is a common and frequent respiratory disease mainly caused by viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. Chinese herbal medicine has been increasingly prescribed to treat the common cold; however, there is a lack of evidence to support the wide utility of this regimen. This protocol describes an ongoing phase II randomized controlled clinical trial, based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with the objective of evaluating the efficacy and safety of Lian-Ju-Gan-Mao capsules (LJGMC), a Chinese patent medicine, compared with placebo in patients suffering from the common cold with wind-heat syndrome (CCWHS).Methods/design: This is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial. A total of 240 patients will be recruited and randomly assigned to a high-dose group, medium-dose group, low-dose group, and placebo-matched group in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. The treatment course is 3 consecutive days, with a 5-day follow-up. The primary outcome is time to all symptoms' clearance. Secondary outcomes include time to the disappearance of primary symptoms and each secondary symptom, time to fever relief, time to fever clearance, and change in TCM symptom and sign scores.Discussion: This trial is a well-designed study according to principles and regulations issued by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). The results will provide high-quality evidence on the efficacy and safety of LJGMC in treating CCWHS and help to optimize the dose for the next phase III clinical trial. Moreover, the protocol presents a detailed and practical methodology for future clinical trials of drugs developed based on TCM.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-IPR-15006504 . Registered on 4 June 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recurrent cardiovascular event remains high in stable coronary artery disease (SCAD), especially in patients with multiple risk factors, despite a high rate of use conventional treatment. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a promising complementary and alternative medicine for treating SCAD, while evidence for its effect on long-term survival is limited. This study was designed to test if Chinese herbal medicine in addition to conventional treatment is more effective than conventional treatment alone in reducing major adverse cardiac event (MACE) for SCAD patients with multiple risk factors during a 1-year follow-up.Methods: This is a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 1500 patients are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive the Qing-Xin-Jie-Yu Granules (QXJYG) or the placebo granules, twice daily for 6 months. The primary outcome is the combined outcomes including cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and revascularization. The secondary outcome is the combined outcomes including all-cause mortality, re-admission for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), heart failure, malignant supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmia influencing hemodynamics, ischemic stroke, and other thromboembolic events during 1-year follow-up. The assessment is performed at baseline (before randomization), 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after randomization.Discussion: This is the first multicenter trial sponsored by the national funding of China to evaluate TCM in combination with conventional treatment on 1-year survival in high-risk SCAD patients. If successful, it will provide an evidence-based complementary therapeutic approach for reducing MACE from SCAD.Trial Registration: The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on December 28, 2013. The registration number is ChiCTR-TRC-13004370 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) is a common distressing symptom complex during the postoperative period, especially after urologic procedures with a relatively greater size urinary catheter. In this study, we will enroll male patients undergoing elective prostate surgery with urinary catheterization under general anesthesia, and we will compare the efficacy of pudendal nerve block (PNB) and intravenous tramadol in CRBD prevention.Methods/design: This trial is a prospective, randomized controlled trial that will test the superiority of bilateral PNB with 0.33 % ropivacaine compared with intravenous tramadol 1.5 mg/kg for CRBD prevention. A total of 94 male patients undergoing elective prostate surgery with urinary catheterization after anesthesia induction will be randomized to receive either bilateral PNB with 0.33 % ropivacaine (the PNB group) or intravenous tramadol 1.5 mg/kg (the tramadol group) after the completion of surgery. The primary outcome is the incidence of CRBD. The most important secondary outcome is the severity of postoperative CRBD, and other secondary outcomes include Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) score for postoperative pain; incidence of postoperative side effects such as postoperative nausea/vomiting, sedation, dizziness, and dry mouth; postoperative requirement for tramadol as a rescue treatment for CRBD and sufentanil as a rescue analgesic for postoperative pain; and NRS score for acceptance of an indwelling urinary catheter.Discussion: This trial is planned to test the superiority of PNB with 0.33 % ropivacaine compared with intravenous tramadol 1.5 mg/kg. It may provide a basis for a new clinical practice for the prevention of CRBD.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02683070 . Registered on 11 February 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The risk of cardiovascular events remains high in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Panax quinquefolius saponin, a major component of Xinyue capsule, has been used to treat patients with CHD. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Xinyue capsules in patients with CHD after PCI.Methods/design: This study is a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 1100 participants are randomly allocated to two groups: the intervention group and a placebo group. The intervention group receives Xinyue capsules plus conventional treatment, and the placebo group receives placebo capsules plus conventional treatment. The patients receive either Xinyue or placebo capsules three times daily (1.8 g/day) for up to 24 weeks. The primary outcome measure is the time from randomization to the first occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events. The secondary outcome measure is the time from randomization to the first occurrence of stroke, pulmonary embolism, and peripheral vascular events, as well as death due to any cause. All outcome measures will be assessed at 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks after randomization. Adverse events will be monitored during the trial.Discussion: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Xinyue capsules on patients with CHD after interventional treatment. The results of this trial will provide critical evidence regarding Chinese herbal medicine treatment for CHD.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trials Registry identifier ChiCTR-IPR-14005475. Registered on 10 November 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Miscarriage is a common complication of pregnancy occurring in 15-20 % of all clinically recognized pregnancies. Currently, there is still no good scientific evidence to support the routine use of progestogens for the treatment of threatened miscarriage because the existing studies were not large enough to show a significant difference and some of them were not randomized or double-blind.Methods: This is a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. A total of 400 patients presenting with first-trimester threatened miscarriage will be enrolled. They will be randomized to take dydrogesterone 40 mg per os, followed by 10 mg per os three times a day or placebo until twelve completed weeks of gestation or 1 week after the bleeding has stopped, whichever is longer. The primary outcome is the percentage of miscarriage before 20 weeks of gestation.Discussion: We postulate that the dydrogesterone therapy will significantly reduce the risk of miscarriage in women with threatened miscarriage.Trial Registration: This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02128685 . Registered on 29 April 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current concepts in conservative dentistry advocate minimally invasive dentistry and pulp vitality preservation. Moreover, complete removal of carious dentin in deep carious lesions often leads to pulp exposure and root canal treatment, despite the absence of irreversible pulp inflammation. For years, partial caries removal has been performed on primary teeth, but little evidence supports its effectiveness for permanent teeth. Furthermore, the recent development of new antibacterial adhesive systems could be interesting in the treatment of such lesions. The objectives of this study are to compare the effectiveness of partial versus complete carious dentin removal in deep lesions (primary objective) and the use of an antibacterial versus a traditional two-step self-etch adhesive system (main secondary objective).Methods/design: The DEep CAries Treatment (DECAT) study protocol is a multicenter, randomized, controlled superiority trial comparing partial versus complete caries removal followed by adhesive restoration. The minimum sample size required is 464 patients. Two successive randomizations will be performed (allocation ratio 1:1): the first for the type of excavation (partial versus complete) and the second (if no root canal treatment is required) for the type of adhesive (antibacterial versus traditional). For the two objectives, the outcome is the success of the treatment after 1 year, measured according to a composite outcome of five FDI criteria: material fracture and retention, marginal adaptation, radiographic examination (including apical pathologies), postoperative sensitivity and tooth vitality, and carious lesion recurrence.Discussion: The study will investigate the interest of a conservative approach for the management of deep carious lesions in terms of dentin excavation and bioactive adhesive systems. The results may help practitioners achieve the most efficient restorative procedure to maintain pulp vitality and increase the restoration longevity.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02286388 . Registered in November 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prostate cancer prevention study funded by the National Cancer Institute and conducted by SWOG (Southwest Oncology Group). A total of 35,533 men were assigned randomly to one of four treatment groups (vitamin E + placebo, selenium + placebo, vitamin E + selenium, placebo + placebo). At the time of the trial's development, NIH had invested substantial resources in evaluating the potential benefits of these antioxidants. To capitalize on the knowledge gained from following a large cohort of healthy, aging males on the effects of selenium and/or vitamin E, ancillary studies with other disease endpoints were solicited.Methods: Four ancillary studies were added. Each drew from the same population but had independent objectives and an endpoint other than prostate cancer. These studies fell into two categories: those prospectively enrolling and following participants (studies of Alzheimer's disease and respiratory function) and those requiring a retrospective medical record review after a reported event (cataracts/age-related macular degeneration and colorectal screening). An examination of the challenges and opportunities of adding ancillary studies is provided. The impact of the ancillary studies on adherence to SELECT was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazards model.Results: While the addition of ancillary studies appears to have improved participant adherence to the primary trial, this did not come without added complexity. Activation of the ancillary studies happened after the SELECT randomizations had begun resulting in accrual problems to some of the studies. Study site participation in the ancillary trials varied greatly and depended on the interest of the study site principal investigator. Procedures for each were integrated into the primary trial and all monitoring was done by the SELECT Data and Safety Monitoring Committee. The impact of the early closure of the primary trial was different for each of the ancillary trials.Conclusions: The ancillary studies allowed study sites to broaden the research opportunities for their participants. Their implementation was efficient because of the established infrastructure of the primary trial. Implementation of these ancillary trials took substantial planning and coordination but enriched the overall primary trial.Trial Registration: NCT00006392-S0000 : Selenium and Vitamin E in Preventing Prostate Cancer (SELECT) (4 October 2000). NCT00780689-S0000A :  Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease by Vitamin E and Selenium (PREADVISE) (25 June 2002). NCT00784225-S0000B : Vitamin E and/or Selenium in Preventing Cataract and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Men on SELECT SWOG-S0000 (SEE) (31 October 2008). NCT00706121-S0000D : Effect of Vitamin E and/or Selenium on Colorectal Polyps in Men Enrolled on SELECT Trial SWOG-S0000 (ACP) (26 June 2008). NCT00063453-S0000C : Vitamin E and/or Selenium in Preventing Loss of Lung Function in Older Men Enrolled on SELECT Clinical Trial SWOG-S0000 (26 June 2003). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most positive psychology interventions conducted in the West have been focused on the individual. Family relationships are highly valued in the Chinese collectivist culture, and it is of interest to know whether family-focused interventions can improve the well-being of Chinese people. We have previously reported the effectiveness of a positive psychology family intervention in terms of family well-being. Based on the data derived from the Happy Family Kitchen II project, this paper examines the effectiveness of a community-based positive psychology family intervention on subjective happiness and health-related quality of life.Methods: Thirty-one social service units and schools organized intervention programs for 2070 participants in Hong Kong. In a cluster randomized controlled trial, participants were randomly assigned on the basis of computer-generated numbers into the intervention group or the control group. The intervention programs emphasized one of five positive psychology themes: joy, gratitude, flow, savoring, and listening. The control group engaged in activities unrelated to the intervention, such as arts and crafts workshops. Subjective happiness and mental and physical quality of life were assessed at baseline and at 4 weeks and 12 weeks postintervention.Results: Data of 1261 participants were analyzed. The results showed that the intervention was more effective than the control condition in improving subjective happiness, with a small effect size, at 12 weeks postintervention (β = .15, p = .020, Cohen's d = .16). However, there were no improvements in mental and physical quality of life in the intervention group compared with the control group at 4 weeks (β = .39, p = .494, d = .05; β = -.10, p = 1.000, d = -.01, respectively) and 12 weeks postintervention (β = .71, p = .233, d = .08; β = -.05, p = 1.000, d = -.01, respectively). Furthermore, the booster session was no more effective than the tea gathering session in improving subjective happiness (β = .00, p = .990, d = .00) or mental (β = 1.20, p = 1.000, d = -.04) and physical quality of life (β = .15, p = 1.000, d = -.01).Conclusions: The analyses extend previous findings of salutary effects on family well-being by showing that positive psychology family interventions can improve subjective happiness. Suggestions for future research are proposed.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01796275 . Retrospectively registered 19 February 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurological disorder affecting 5 % of children worldwide. A prevalent problem for children with ADHD is initial insomnia. The gold standard treatment to manage ADHD symptoms is stimulant medications, which may exacerbate the severity of existing initial insomnia. Currently, no gold standard treatment option exists for initial insomnia for these children. Melatonin, a hormone and a popular natural health product, is commonly provided to children by parents and recommended by healthcare providers, but high quality pediatric evidence is lacking.Methods/design: This trial is a multicenter randomized triple-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, randomized, controlled trial (RCT), in which each participant is offered an N-of-1 trial. An N-of-1 trial is a multiple-crossover, randomized, controlled trial conducted in a single individual. For the N-of-1 trial, each participant will undergo three pairs of treatment/placebo periods; each period is 1 week in length. Half the participants will have melatonin in the first period, the other half will start with placebo, and this will make up the parallel-group RCT. The primary outcome will be mean difference in sleep onset latency as measured by sleep diaries. A comparison of treatment effects yielded by the RCT data versus the aggregated N-of-1 trial data will also be assessed.Discussion: This trial will provide rigorous evidence for the effectiveness of melatonin in children with ADHD on stimulants who experience initial insomnia. Further, this study will provide the first prospectively planned head-to-head comparison of RCT data with pooled data from a series of N-of-1 trials. Aggregated N-of-1 trials may be a powerful tool to produce high quality clinical trial evidence.Trial Registration Numbers: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02333149 . Registered on 16 December 2014. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12614000542695 . Registered on 21 May 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]