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A common feature in the pathophysiology of different types of diabetes is the reduction of β cell mass and/or impairment of β cell function. Diagnosis and treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes is currently hampered by a lack of reliable techniques to restore β cell survival, to improve insulin secretion, and to quantify β cell mass in patients. Current new approaches may allow us to precisely and specifically visualize β cells in vivo and provide viable therapeutic strategies to preserve, recover, and regenerate β cells. In this review, we discuss recent protective approaches for β cells and the advantages and limitations of current imaging probes in the field., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a large family of enzymes that generally oppose the actions of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Genetic polymorphisms for particular PTPs are associated with altered risk of both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Moreover, recent evidence suggests that PTPs play crucial roles in metabolism. They can act as regulators of liver homeostasis, food intake, or immune-mediated pancreatic b cell death. In this review we describe the mechanisms by which different members of the non-receptor PTP (PTPN) family influence metabolic physiology. This 'metabolic job' of PTPs is discussed in depth and the role of these proteins in different cell types compared. Understanding the pathways regulated by PTPs will provide novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diabetes.