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The subject of this paper is the study of a certain segment of positive environmental law in the Republic of Serbia in the context of administrative legal protection. The leading international instrument in the field of environmental protection is the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention). The Aarhus Convention rests on the so-called "pillars", the first two of which represent the availability of environmental information and public participation in decision-making. Therefore, the presentation of the administrative and legal protection of the environment in the Republic of Serbia will be presented from the aspect of these two elements, while in the final part of the paper, the application of some of the mentioned institutes will be considered using an example from practice.

Financial fraud poses a significant threat to the stability and integrity of financial systems around the world. The Republic of Serbia, as an economy in dynamic development, is no exception to this challenge. This research paper investigates the key role of the profession of internal auditors in the fight against financial fraud in the Republic of Serbia. By exploring the practices and challenges faced by internal auditors, this paper aims to provide valuable insights and recommendations to strengthen the effectiveness of internal audit functions in detecting and preventing financial fraud. The importance of internal audit as a vital component of corporate governance and risk management was emphasized through a review of relevant literature and consideration of various activities of internal auditors and their role in preventing financial fraud. Internal auditors play a key role in assessing and monitoring internal controls, identifying vulnerabilities and making recommendations to mitigate fraud risk. Examining the legal and regulatory framework that regulates internal audits in the Republic of Serbia, the importance of implementing a strong control environment and effective monitoring mechanisms in preventing financial fraud is highlighted. The paper's conclusions highlight the specific challenges internal auditors face in the Republic of Serbia in preventing financial fraud, such as resource limitations, limited independence and insufficient awareness of fraud. The findings and recommendations presented in the paper can serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, regulatory bodies and organizations seeking to strengthen their financial fraud defense mechanisms and their internal audit function.

This paper explores the pivotal role of entrepreneurship in economic development and the maintenance of a stable social structure. Entrepreneurship, as a combination of labor, creativity, capital, and technology, generates innovative products, services, and socioeconomic activities, becoming increasingly significant in post-industrial societies. Its efficiency, particularly in the development of small businesses, is becoming crucial in mitigating the influence of the corporate world. In the specific context of Bosnia and Herzegovina, entrepreneurial spirit and the potential of citizens emerge as key factors for economic development and social stability. The paper utilizes a theoretical framework encompassing the characteristics of entrepreneurship, along with social, economic, cultural, and educational assumptions for its development, aligning them with the current socioeconomic conditions in the country. Empirical research analyzes the motives, ambitions, and readiness of citizens to initiate their own entrepreneurship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a specific focus on unemployed youth and their social integration as drivers of socioeconomic development.

This paper presents some statistical tests that can be used to test hypotheses of interest for implementing new technologies and improving the efficiency, functionality and business performance of business systems or companies. DEA is a non-parametric technique based on linear programming for measuring the efficiency of decision-making units (DMU) with heterogeneous inputs/outputs. Generally speaking, DEA has a possible large number of inputs and outputs, and the essential problem is that it is often not clear which inputs and which outputs should be chosen when applied to a real problem, that is, when evaluating the efficiency of the system. In tests, the deviation from the DEA borderline can be viewed as a stochastic variable. The DEA estimate is certainly biased in finite samples (debatable statistics), while the expected value of the DEA efficiency is almost certainly the true value of the parameter in large samples (complete statistics). The application of a flexible DEA structure is significant, if there are situations where insufficient information can prevent the use of parametric statistical tests in the processes and outcomes of management and production. The possibility of using DEA analysis in researching the efficiency of constituent units (branches; decision-making unit - DMU) of business systems should be taken into account in research concerning the functionality of business systems and their optimization in terms of productivity, efficiency and functionality. The research results in this paper are presented in tabular and graphical form.

Block chain technology is becoming more and more important as it is being applied in many fields of business. Blockchain serves as a continuing book of records enabling transactions to develop in decentralized circumstances. Although it is a relatively new technology (first theoretical work dates from 2008), developed and applied primarily in payment systems (Bitcoin), it appeared that its potentials are far beyond it. Within the period from its beginning until the present day, this technology has been considerably improved, applied algorithms perfected and accommodated to contemporary business environment. Research in the field of application concerning this technology was made on the basis of available literature and papers published in relevant journals. The paper represents a comprehensive review of possibilities in Blockchain technology application in contemporary business environment, its benefits and shortcomings as well as security problems appearing in theory and practice. This paper also deals with the analysis of possible trends in the mentioned field.

Wine tourism has a great potential in the agro-industrial sector of Serbia and must be intensively developed in order to provide positive local and regional effects on the economy. The proper development of wine sector will have positive effects on economic flows. The positive implications will be manifested in generating of income from the sale market-oriented products, as well as, the employment of new people in this segment of the economy. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of wineries in AP Vojvodina with a focus on four municipalities: Beocin, Irig, Novi Sad and Sremski Karlovci. The subject of the paper includes the analysis of wineries business in selected municipalities from the aspect of liquidity and profitability for the period 2006-2019. The analysis results show that the observed wineries achieved average values of general and quick liquidity of 1.51, and 0.79. On the other hand, wineries recorded average return on assets of 0.03% and average return on equity of 0.73% in the observed period. Analyzing by the municipalities, it can conclude that wineries in Irig and Novi Sad were profitable, while this was not the case with wineries in Beočin and Sremski Karlovci for the observed period.

Social network account audit is an independent review of social network activities to express a professional opinion on the fulfillment of objectives, business compliance, and information security of orders on social networks. It is in principle a voluntary activity and is not subject to legal obligation like some other types of audit such as the audit of financial statements. However, this does not diminish its fundamental importance, which is reflected in the fact that in situations where the other party is entrusted with the management of accounts on social networks, there is a gap in expectations that should be mitigated by performing a professional and independent review that will result in an objective and professional opinion. Therefore, the issue of contracting the social network account audit is exciting, especially given the sensitivity of the data being audited and the specific status of the parameters for logging into the account whose disposal must be subjected to strict treatment to ensure the safety of account holders. The subject of this paper is the analysis of aspects of contracting the audit of orders on social networks through the analysis of contracting parties and elements of the subject of contracting. The paper's main conclusion is that auditing is a sensitive topic that should be given additional attention and focus during preliminary social network account audit activities.

Financial exchanges are the basic form of a country's financial market. The subject of this research is the Belgrade Stock Exchange, while the aim of the paper is to analyze the main indicators of the business of the stock exchange as a single company. The analysis covers the period from 2017 to 2020, where in addition to observing the basic items of assets, liabilities, income and expenses of the stock exchange, we also deal with the ratio analysis of liquidity, indebtedness, coverage, activities and profitability of the stock exchange. The results indicate a pronounced liquidity of the market and debt control, but very low profitability of the company itself. Financial analysis also provides additional more precise insight into the business of the stock exchange as a single company. The paper also provides a basis for further research in terms of comparative analysis with other developed stock exchanges in the world.

Social networks can have a significant impact on an organization's operations, on the performance and results of its operations. The social networks accounts audit can be an independent review of relevant activities and other subject issues from the impact on accounts on social networks with the aim of issuing an independent professional opinion on the status and performance of accounts on social networks. Social networks account management is a strategy and risk-based approach for establishing protection mechanisms and strategic activities related to social media accounts, such as brand protection, brand promotion, customer protection, acquiring new customers, communicating with customers and more. The subject of research in this paper is to examine the attitudes of managers about the advantages and disadvantages of internal social networks accounts audit. The main conclusion of the paper is that managers point out the control function in the field of business regularity as the advantage of internal audit in the field of social networks, ie., providing a certain type of assurance on compliance of social media activities with strategic guidelines and internal rules and procedures of the company, while the insufficient level of knowledge of persons engaged in auditing activities on social networks is stated as a flaw.

Innovation emerged as a subject of major research in the second half of the twentieth century, so that researchers observe this period as the beginning of the development of innovation studies. The paper presents an analysis of relevant literature that indicates innovation as a significant factor in increasing the competitiveness of the economy. The European System of Innovation Indicators (EIS and IUS) is explained, which enables a comparable assessment of the success of innovation in EU countries, pointing out the relative strengths and weaknesses of their research and innovation systems. In this way, it helps Member States to assess areas that would be good to focus on in order to strengthen their profits in the field of innovation. The paper presents an analysis and a comparative innovation index of Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia for 2021 according to the IUS methodology.

In the last decade, changes driven by globalization, constant shifts in consumer preferences, and frequent alterations in business strategy have become prominent. This research focuses on changes in the presentation and interpretation of information related to key company performances. Traditional financial reports, although informative, are no longer sufficient to meet the needs of target audiences. Increased demands regarding corporate responsibility and sustainable business practices have prompted companies to provide qualitative information about their business operations, as well as about intangible aspects of the company, which have become crucial for stakeholders. This has given rise to the need for an integrated report that would include a wide spectrum of interest groups. This paper explores the importance of implementing integrated reporting in company presentations. While the adoption of such reports is still in its infancy, there is a growing awareness of their significance.

Deprivation of parental rights is one of the most difficult forms of state interference and intervention in family legal relations. It appears and is represented today as one of the current topics of this institute. From complete authority over the child, we have come to the path of the child as the holder of rights, the child as an important link in the entire society. The state derives the legitimacy of participation in this new position of the child, where it appears as its complete and ultimate protector against parents who do not perform their duty adequately. But is it always like that? Is it in the interest of the child and when? These are the questions we will try to answer with a comparative legal, methodological and historical analysis of this institute. The aim of this paper is to highlight the degree of importance of the child's interests when making a decision on deprivation of parental rights.

This paper presents modalities and instruments of financing social enterpreneurship which solve problems in the business of social enterprises and at the same time influence and contribute to the development of society. The survival, growth and development of these enterprises is their primary characteristic and the problem mostly determined by sources of their financing, their price and other conditions of use. Grants, micro credits, social bonds, hybrid financing, mezzanine financing, crowfunding are just some of the instruments available to social enterprises in the countries of the region, and the biggest support for their application comes from the European Union funds.

The well-known goal of business operations is profit maximization, but nevertheless, the survival and development of the company are also goals that must be closely related to profit maximization. The subject of research in this paper is a comparative analysis of the financial performance of selected companies operating in the textile industry of the Republic of Serbia, and the selection criteria was made by searching Web presentations and social networks of the first ten results from the previously listed step. The aim of the research is to point out the necessity of having the best possible interpretation on the Internet, since in the world we live in, without electronic commerce, companies cannot expect satisfactory financial results-because customers are on the Web. The results of the case study show that it is already necessary today to have an adequate internet presentation, upgraded with content on social networks and an e-store, with the possibility of simpler purchases, payments, cheaper delivery, i.e. the entire package of products and services.

Internal communication is a fundamental component of the company's successful development and has a direct impact on the efficiency, commitment, satisfaction and motivation of employees. Internal communication is directly related to the company's goals and represents the basis of strategic management. Companies should strive to establish an optimal system of internal communication, in order to build quality relations among employees, team spirit, commitment, improvement of the motivation system, as well as an incentive for innovation and initiative. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of internal business communication on the commitment of employees in tourism companies. Research results show that internal business communication has a positive impact on employee commitment. Managers in companies that deal with tourism must take into account the advantages of internal business communication and the opportunities brought by its adequate use, when it comes to the impact on the commitment of employees. Modern tourism companies in the world pay more and more attention to internal communication and its effects, so Serbian tourism companies also follow the example of positive business practices and thus improve the commitment of employees.

The budget is a set of all planned revenues and expenditures of individuals and corporations, institutions, the state... for a certain time frame, usually per year. We will put emphasis on the government budget. In a situation where exactly these planned revenues are at a lower level compared to planned expenditures, a government budget deficit occurs. The big problem of the modern states is the chronic budget deficit. It arises in a situation where a negative gap between public revenues and expenditures appears every year for a long period of time. The so-called tax revenues have a huge importance in the public revenues of the budgets of modern states. In the paper itself, we will pay attention to tax revenues. We will show an empirical presentation of the trends in the structure of these revenues in countries with different levels of income per capita, we will analyze the impact of tax revenues on the level of the budget deficit. The structure of tax revenues largely depends on the level of development of that country's economy.

In this paper, the author points out the problems that arise in the case of compensation for damages caused by an injury at work, or due to death of a worker, as a result of an injury at work. This institute is regulated by a positive legislative framework, but in practice many problems occur when trying to get adequate satisfaction for injuries that occurred during the performance of regular work activities, because employers (of course there are exceptions) try in every way to minimize compensation that should have belonged to the worker. The purpose of that compensation should be to restore the former state of the worker, more precisely, monetary satisfaction for the physical damage suffered, as well as the physical and mental pain suffered, but this is most often not the case. The question of this compensation is particularly sensitive in the case of the death of a worker, which occurs as a result of an injury at work, when that compensation belongs to the immediate family members of the injured worker and when the question arises as to what is an adequate compensation that should be some kind of compensation for the loss of a loved one.

With the emergence of the COVID-19 virus pandemic, a new type of work engagement is coming to the fore, which implies remote work, i.e. work from home. This type of employment is known as freelancing. This document will present the taxation of freelancers in the Republic of Serbia, the Republic of Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina before and during the COVID-19 virus pandemic. The document will present all taxation models in detail, as well as their shortcomings and recommendations for improvement. From the analysis, we can see how the Republic of Croatia, as a member of the European Union, defined the legal status of these workers, and how it was done by the Republic of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, which are not members of the European Union, but which are gradually adapting their legislation to the European Union. The assumption is that during the analyzed period, the number of freelancers in these countries increased significantly, primarily due to the measures adopted to prevent the spread of the COVID19 virus pandemic. This paper should also point out the importance that freelancers have for all countries in terms of generating income based on their taxation.

In modern business conditions most countries of the world have increasingly been adopting policies and strategies that encourage innovation, because they have realized that without systematically encouraging the development of innovation there is no global competitiveness. The Global Innovation Index (GII) is the index which measures the achieved level of innovation of certain countries, based on two sub-indices: the Index of Innovation Inputs and the Index of Innovation Outputs. Both sub-indices include certain pillars, so that the Index of Innovation Inputs includes five pillars, while the Index of Innovation Outputs includes two pillars. This paper analyzes the ranking results of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the global Innovation Index, which is published every year by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), as well as all the pillars of the Global Innovation Index for both countries.

The starting point from which we began our research was that many companies around the world could not predict and adapt to the new changes taking place in the environment (closure due to the corona virus pandemic, war in Ukraine, sanctions against Russia). Through strategic analysis, companies were able to gather information about planned scenarios and based on them, quality decisions could be made. The goal of the research is to point out the importance of strategic analysis, as an important phase in strategic planning, in order to avoid or mitigate all threats that have arisen in the external environment. The paper will present methods and techniques, with which management will collect data, all with the aim of making timely decisions. The methods we used for the work are: analysis and synthesis. The results of the research show us that if companies master these methods and techniques of strategic management on the one hand and have quality management on the other hand, they can largely predict the emergence of potential threats from the external environment. To avoid crisis situations, it is necessary for every company to incorporate crisis management within its organization.

Insurance, as a source of society's aspirations, represents the association of all those who are exposed to the same danger. The coronavirus pandemic has affected various aspects of life, including the insurance industry. Life insurance is one of the types of insurance where the obligations of insurance companies to policyholders have increased during the coronavirus pandemic. The paper analyzes the normative complex of the insurance premium with the specifics and characteristics of this topic. We consider it important to comprehensively explain the premium as an essential element of the life insurance contract. The analysis includes how the coronavirus pandemic is affecting life insurance premiums. This period of change could be a turning point and lead to transformational changes in the life insurance industry. Those who are able to adapt quickly to changes in the environment, who prioritize the insurance consumer and who see this crisis as an opportunity to start from scratch and fundamentally rethink the way they do business will quickly find their place when things calm down.

Family businesses play an important role in the economies of many countries. The family business is an area that is gaining more and more attention today among researchers, theorists, investors, policymakers and many others. The subject of this paper is to point out the specifics of human resource management in family businesses with reference to the media.

Economic diplomacy as such includes targeted activities carried out by representatives of one country with representatives of another country, which in their core aim to increase foreign investments, greater volume of exports or imports, as well as strengthening the positions of domestic companies in other countries. In addition to the aforementioned activities, economic diplomacy also includes activities that a country undertakes by participating in international economic organizations as well as joining them. This discipline represents the future and the direction of diplomacy of every modern state that wants to survive in today's market conditions, which are unstable, changing and a decisive factor for every participant. The main goal, focus and function of economic diplomacy must be the protection of national economic interests in every international relationship, whatever level it may be. In this paper, economic diplomacy as a discipline will be dealt with, a short theoretical review will be given, as well as the author's perspectives and views on the progress of the Republic of Serbia and the countries of the region in this field.

Establishing communication between job candidates and companies has always been a priority for both sides. The Internet and Internet technologies brought significant changes in communication methods and expanded opportunities for both parties. From the company's point of view finding the adequate candidates is a demanding task. It needs to broadcast vacancies publicly and make them visible to a large number of potential employees. Based on the received job applications, it is necessary to select the right applicants. New technologies allow pre-selection without the need of candidates physical presence, which significantly reduces costs. From the aspect of job candidates, changes in communication have brought significant advantages. Exploring for a potential jobs is easier via the Internet, applying and sending application documents is simplified and with minimal costs. The opportunity for the candidates to present their skills, creates good preconditions for the employment. The paper analyzes the possibilities for the selection of employees by companies and the potential that the Internet provides to individuals to find vacancies and apply for jobs. Special attention has been put on the analysis of the job databases as well as databases of those who are willing to offer their knowledge and find an employment.

Global business changes and technology development open up new opportunities for banks to improve the quality of their services while reducing costs and increasing efficiency. One of the consequences of accelerated technological development and the efforts of banks to increase competitiveness is the emergence of electronic or internet banking. Electronic banking in Serbia began to be applied somewhere in 2003, but at a much slower pace than in developed countries. The main limitations of the insufficient use of electronic banking are related to the still insufficient use of the Internet and advanced technology, the resistance of the population to changes, the weak information system and the lack of information. Recently, the development of e-business in Serbia has been faster, and the assumptions are that this development will continue, especially in terms of the use of mobile banking. Banks should make efforts to create a culture of trust among customers and promote e-banking services, in order to influence public awareness of the positive aspects of this form of banking services. The paper describes the origin, current development and future perspectives of the use of electronic banking in the Republic of Serbia.

The amendment to the Law on Prohibition of Discrimination ("Official Gazette of RS" No. 52/21) amended and supplemented almost half of the provisions of the general anti-discrimination law of Serbia, in order to harmonize with European Union and domestic laws. This paper examines the legal justification and expediency of this intervention of the legislator and assesses the extent to which the accepted novelties have improved protection against discrimination. The results of the research indicate positive prospects, mainly due to the specifying of provisions, the expansion of the scope of antidiscrimination law and the authority of the Commissioner for the protection of equality, the clarification of the concepts of discrimination and affirmative action, the tightening of penal policy, and the recognition of statistical records as evidence. However, the realisation of these positive effects seems dubious, because the opportunity to concretize concepts of the binding anti-discrimination law of the Council of Europe and the Constitution of Serbia was missed.