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The recent warming in the mountain regions affect forest productivity in terms of tree growth, especially in the Himalayan region. However, the effects of climate change on the response of radial growth of different age-class trees in the Himalayan region remains unclear. The sensitivity of different age-class trees can differ from younger to old age-class tree growth which create uncertainty in tree-ring calibration against the climatic parameters. In the present study, we assessed the effect of climate change on the radial growth of Cedrus deodara (cedar) from two different age classes; young (age 100 years) in lower temperate zone of Indian Western Himalaya for the period 1950-2015 CE. We modelled basal area increment (BAI) using the Generalized additive model (GAM) which predicted the observed pattern of BAI as a function of year and random effect of tree. The trend of old age stand BAI increased significantly by 0.13 cm2/year whereas it significantly declined by -0.27 cm2/year for young deodar stand. However, from 1990 CE both age classes showed significant decline (p

The present study synthesizes existing literature on Forest Ecosystem Vulnerability (FEV) assessments across the world's mountain regions. The synthesis reveals a globally substantial number of studies are available on FEV assessment. However, such studies are limited in the mountain regions. Of the total 75 peer-reviewed research papers considered for synthesis, there are 61 (81.32%) studies specific to the country, 6 (8%) to continental, 4 (5.34%) to global scales, and the remaining 4 (5.34%) to local. The study results reveal that most assessments are model-based projections, where complex topography of mountains creates uncertainty for climate projections in limited analyses of socio-ecological indicators. Only a few studies (12%) have considered socio-ecological and ground-based data, which are primarily required for adaptation and management planning at the local level. Overall synthesis of literature provided vital information on climate change impacts and suggested management and adaptation plans but was far from a broad reality for the future of the mountain ecosystem under the paradox of climate change. Scales, targets, indicators, and assessment approaches varied widely and focused on only a subset of resources. We recommend forest managers should critically examine the scale, indicators, methods, and targets when planning forest vulnerability assessments. This synthesis of FEV assessment will help suggest the best approaches and indicators given the limited number of model studies in the mountain area for decision and policy making for forest resource management.