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One hundred and fifty-four patients received allogeneic stem cell transplantations from HLA-matched siblings for various hematological disorders from July 2001 to September 2006. Indications for transplantation included aplastic anemia (n=66), beta-thalassemia major (n=40), CML (n=33), acute leukemia (n=8), and miscellaneous disorders (n=7). One hundred and twenty patients were males and 34 were females. Median patient age was 14 years (range, 1(1/4)-54 years). All patients achieved successful engraftment. Median time to engraftment (ANC>0.5x10(9)/L) was 14 days. Posttransplant complications encountered in our patients included acute graft versus host disease (GvHD) (grade II-IV) 28.5%, chronic GvHD 15.5%, hemorrhagic cystitis 9.7%, VOD liver 5.1%, acute renal failure 3.2%, bacterial infections 51.2%, fungal infections 15.0%, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection 4%, herpes zoster 4%, tuberculosis 2.6%, Pneumocystis jirovicii infection 0.6%, malaria 0.6% patients, graft rejection 5.2% patients, and relapse in 4% patients. Certain unexpected and rare posttransplant complications were also observed in our patients. These included Hickman catheter embolization, Guillain-Barré (GB) syndrome, deep vein thrombosis, hemorrhagic pericarditis with clots leading to cardiac tamponade, idiopathic polycythemia, dengue fever, and cyclosporine-induced neurotoxicity. Mortality was observed in 27.2% patients. Major causes of mortality were GvHD, VOD, disease relapse, intracranial hemorrhage, acute renal failure, pseudomonas septicemia, tuberculosis, disseminated aspergillosis, and CMV infection. At 5 years, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 72.5% and 70.7%, respectively.

The efficacy of isoniazid (INH) prophylaxis in renal allograft recipients who are on long-term immunosuppression in a region highly prevalent for tuberculosis (TB) was studied. INH (300 mg/d in patients weighing more than 35 kg and 5 mg/kg/d in patients with <35 kg body weight) together with Pyridoxine 50 mg/d for 1 year was started in randomly assigned renal allograft recipients. Occurrence of clinical tuberculosis during the initial 2 years posttransplantation was observed in the risk group and patients at no risk. Risks were defined as acute rejection episodes and exposure to antirejection therapy, past history of TB completely or incompletely treated, radiological evidence of past tuberculosis, history of tuberculosis in close contacts. Among 480 patients registered in the study, INH prophylaxis was given to 219 randomly assigned renal allograft recipients. Results were compared among patients developing TB during the initial 2 years posttransplantation in both the groups. Risk factors were analyzed for comparison in both groups. No significant difference was observed in terms of past history of TB, TB in close contacts, episodes of acute rejection during the initial 3 months, and comorbidities such as cytomegalovirus infection, hepatitis C virus infection, and posttransplant diabetes. One patient from the INH group and 10 patients from the non-INH group developed TB during the initial 2 years posttransplantation (P < .0001). None of patients required discontinuation of INH. INH was observed to be safe and effective as a chemoprophylactic agent in renal allograft recipients.

The course of pregnancy and its outcome was studied in renal allograft recipients. Between November 1985 and November 2005, a total of 1481 renal transplants were carried out at the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT); among them were 348 females, with 73 potential females for pregnancy. All patients received cyclosporine and prednisolone, with 82% also receiving azathioprine and 4 patients mycophenolate mofetil as a third immunosuppressant drug. We evaluated incidence of hypertension, diabetes, pre-eclampsia, urinary tract infection (UTI), rejection during pregnancy and during 3 months' postdelivery as well as outcomes of pregnancy. Among 73 potential candidates, 31 had 47 pregnancies, after an average of 31 months (8-86 months). Of 31 subjects, 21 subjects were hypertensive on one or two drugs prior to conception. A rise in blood pressure during pregnancy was noticed in 7 patients. Albuminuria from trace to 3+ appeared in 13 patients and glycosuria in one other. Blood sugar levels remained within normal range in all subjects. UTIs occurred during pregnancy in 7 patients. Among 47 pregnancies, 9 had abortions (7 spontaneous, 2 therapeutic) and 6 had preterm deliveries. The others were full-term deliveries: 12 via a lower segment caesarean section and 20 were normal vaginal deliveries. Average birth weight was 4.8 lbs. At an average follow-up of 38 months the serum creatinine values ranged from 0.94 to 2.3 mg %. One patient developed acute irreversible graft dysfunction soon after delivery. Our study demonstrated that pregnancy did not reduce renal graft survival, but newborns are at greater risk of premature birth and low birth weight.

Organ transplantation started with organs donated by living subjects. Increasing demands brought cadaveric organ donation. The brain-death law, mandatory for this procedure, is prevalent in all countries involved in organ transplantation except Pakistan. Spain is the leading country in cadaveric organ donation (32.5 pmp). Despite the sources of living and cadaveric organs, both heart-beating and non-heart-beating, the gap between the demand and supply has widened. An example is the United States, where the numbers of patients on the waiting list for kidney transplantation have risen from 30,000 in 1988 to more than 116,000 in 2001. This has caused a resurgence in living donors all over the world. These can be related, unrelated, spousal, marginal, or ABO-incompatible donors. Family apprehensions, medical care costs, and nonexistent social security can be barriers to this form of organ donation. Unrelated organ donation can open the doors to commercialism. To make this process more successful, transplantation should be made reachable by all sectors of the population. This is possible when transplantation is taken to the public sector institutions and financed jointly by the government and community. To increase living organ donation especially in Asian countries, which face barriers of low literacy rates, ignorance, and cultural and religious beliefs, more efforts are needed. Public awareness and education play an important role. Appreciation and supporting the donors is necessary and justified. It is a noble act and should be recognized by offering job security, health insurance, and free education for the donor's children.