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Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Huang-Huai-Hai region is the major superiority area of planting industry and breeding industry in China. With the increasing attention to the rural environment problems caused by crop straw and livestock manures, it is important to analyze “raising by planting” in Huang-Huai-Hai region, realize agricultural waste comprehensive utilization, and implement green development. “Raising by planting” was the core idea of this paper. The “raising by planting” calculation methods were as follow. First, technical regulations for production of wheat-corn and field research results in Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces were used to summarize production model of wheat-corn in Huang-Huai-Hai region. So the conventional fertilization could be defined. According to test results of researches, this paper determined the amount of partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic manures. At the same time, thermophilic aerobic composting was chosen as techniques of livestock manure comprehensive utilization. The untreated amount of livestock manures was calculated. Then, the quantities of different species of livestock and poultry were calculated. According to the technical regulations, the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer were 532.5, 562.5 and 575 kg/hm2 in Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces. The ratio of partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic manures was 30%. So the amount of replacement were 159.75, 168.75 and 172.5 kg/hm2. At the same time, there were no influence on grain security after the replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic manures. Due to the additional application of organic manures promoted soil nitrogen leaching risk, the environmental risk assessment of nitrogen in arable farmland was used. Nitrogen input mainly consisted of nitrogenous fertilizer, organic manure converted from livestock manures, seed, straw returning, atmospheric dry and wet deposition and irrigation water. Nitrogen output mainly consisted of grain and straw. Grade of environment risk in farmland in Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces were all medium risk. Nitrogen loss rate of thermophilic aerobic composting fromlivestock and poultry manures was 42.26%. Other calculation parameters of livestock and poultry production, such as feeding period, population structure, were defined by many research papers. So in production model of wheat-corn in Huang-Huai-Hai Region, 6 dairy cows, or 18 beef cattle, or 47 to 51 swine, 731 to 789 laying hens or 8062 to 8705 broilers per hectare were land carrying capacity. Besides, at the field scale, various factors, such as soil fertility and soil microbial, might affect the ratio of partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic manures. So more researches were needed in the amount of replacement. On account of medium environment risk in farmland, lowering the risks was necessary. Nitrogen input structure: 46.3% chemical fertilizer, 27.5% straw returning, 19.8% organic manure, 4.0% atmospheric dry and wet deposition, 2.0% irrigation water and 0.4% seed. So reducing straw returning was one of risk solutions. In simulation results, reducing corn stalk or wheat straw both lowered environment risk effectively. The results provide a reference for planting and raising combination in Huang-Huai-Hai region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, the agricultural non-point source pollution threatening water environment is a serious problem. The main agricultural non-point source pollution sources include fertilizers, pesticides, straws, mulching films and livestock and poultry mature. The characteristics of the agricultural non-point source pollution in different provinces are different. The paper was to study the characteristic and development tendency of the agricultural non-point source pollution in Qinghai province based on the history data and export coefficient method. Qinghai province is located in the northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It has the characteristics of low temperature, large gap in temperature between day and night, less and concentrated rainfall, long sunshine and strong solar radiation. In Qinghai province, many mulching films are used and large numbers of livestock and poultry are dispersedly raised in pastoral and semi-pastoral areas. With the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution has become more obvious. The pollution loads including 4 parameters of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) produced by fertilizers, straws, livestock and poultry had been calculated. Considering the special situation that there were many livestock and poultry by dispersion raising in pastoral and semi-pastoral areas, the calculate methods of the agricultural non-point source pollution of livestock and poultry under different breeding modes were proposed. The pollution contributions and threats of the different pollution sources were revealed and the main prevention measures were given. The results showed that fertilizers and pesticides consumption, crop and straw yield, plastic mulch, livestock and poultry manure had presented an increased tendency in the past 30 years and the crop and straw yield had slowly declined in the past 5 years in Qinghai province. In 2015, the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) pollution loads and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) produced by fertilizers were 2721, 217 and 226 t, which were 2%,15% and 2% higher than that in 2013. When the fertilizer efficiency increased to 40%, the TP load was still larger than that in 2013. The TN and TP loads produced by crop straws are 2 418 and 224 t respectively which were close to the fertilizers in 2015. The COD load was 1889 t. Oil crops produced the largest pollution, beans and tuber crops produced less pollution in Qinghai province. The COD, NH3-N, TN and TP loads produced by livestock and poultry were 1289.1, 8.5, 350.4 and 51.8 thousand ton. Under different breeding modes, the agricultural non-point source pollution load produced by small-scale rear livestock in pens was the maximum, and the NH3-N pollution loads from the large-scale breeding sites and specialized households were large，the NH3-N and TP pollution loads from the free-ranging livestock and poultry were also noticeable. In 2015, 98.8% of COD, 90.2% of NH3-N, 93.8% of TN and 93.9% of TP of agricultural non-point source pollution loads were produced by livestock and poultry manure. Additionally, based on the Environmental State Bulletin of Qinghai province, we obtained that the agriculture non-point pollution was the main source of COD which contributes 66 percentages of the total COD loads in 2015. In view of the main prevention measures, the pollution control of the animal husbandry should be strengthened, an ecosystem circulation mode considering the combination of crop farming and animal husbandry combination should be built. This paper can provide valuable information for the agricultural non-point source pollution control in Qinghai province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The implementation of biomass ash as a fertilizer is beneficial to the sustainable development of agriculture because it can return the elements taken by the plants from soil during the growth. Water solubility of biomass ash together with its elements is a vital property for the fertilizer's utilization. In this paper, the effects of ash forming temperature on the water solubility of biomass ash and its elements were investigated experimentally. Three typical types of agro-residues in China, i.e. wheat straw, corn stover and rice husk, were chosen for investigation. Materials were collected and the corresponding proximate and elemental analyses were performed. In preparation process, wheat straw and corn stover were milled into powder with the particle size of less than 1 mm. Ashes were prepared in a muffle furnace at different ash forming temperatures in the scope from 400 to 800 °C with the temperature interval of 50 °C. About 4-5 g of each sample powder and rice husk were put in the crucibles, heated from ambient temperature to ash forming temperature, and then kept at the ash forming temperature for 4 hours in the muffle furnace. After the temperature of the furnace dropped to less than 200 C, the ashes were taken out to the cabinet dryer, cooled to the ambient temperature, and then weighted and sealed in the sample bag for further measurements. It showed that ash contents of wheat straw, corn stover and rice husk decreased significantly with the increase of ash forming temperature. They decreased from 9.8%, 10.9% and 18.4% at 400 C to 6.9%, 8.7% and 16.8% at 800 C respectively. After the preparation of all the ash, two types of measurements were performed. The first was the water solubility measurement of the ashes according to the standard of GB8307-2002. Total ash of about 0.2-0.3 g was put in a beaker of 50 ml and about 25 ml distilled water was added in it. The mixture was heated and boiled for 2 min and then the solution was filtered through a quantitative filter paper. The filter residue was washed for several times using another 25 ml distilled water. After the burning of the filter residue, the insoluble ash was weighed and sealed in a sample bag. Results showed that the ash's water solubility of corn stover and wheat straw was much higher than that of rice husk. All of them were significantly affected by the ash forming temperature. They decreased from 48%, 35% and 12% to 12%, 8% and 0, respectively. The second was the water solubility measurement of the elements. This was based on the X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF) tests of the original ash and water-insoluble ash using ZSX100e. The sample ash was pressed into a thin disc with the diameter of 30 mm. Then it was measured in vacuum with full scan mode by XRF. The data of measurement was processed using SQX (semi-quantitative nonstandard analysis program) and the mass concentrations of the elements were obtained. Result showed that there were respectively 11, 10 and 4 elements whose concentrations were more than 1% in the ash of wheat straw, corn stover and rice husk. And oxygen (O), silicon (Si), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) were the major elements in all ashes, while chloride (Cl) was rich in stalks. The Cl concentration in the original ash decreased significantly with the increase of ash forming temperature. The water solubility of the elements in ash was calculated via two methods, i.e. mass conservation method and silicon trace method. Result showed that the major dissolved elements in ash were K, Cl and S (sulfur). The solubility of K and Cl decreased with the increases of ash forming temperature and the solubility of S was almost not affected by temperature. The experimental results can be used as the reference for environmental assessment and optimization of thermo-chemical process of biomass. And the method can be expanded to determine the recycling characteristics of other types of biomass ash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the popularity of understanding of pollution-free agricultural products by the public, government pays much attention to the safe application of organic fertilizer during the agricultural production process. Manure is not only the main raw material of organic fertilizer, but also one of the important factors affecting the quality of agricultural products. Due to the intensive and large-scale of livestock farming rapid development, some heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Pb are widely used in feed additives. The biological potency of these trace elements is low, and with the use of animal manure into the environment, brings potential environmental risks and hazards to human health. In order to strengthen the source control of heavy metal, and further form the heavy metal resistance control system for organic fertilizer of agricultural products, in this paper, the heavy metal content in livestock and poultry feed was sampled for investigation and analysis. The results showed that the mainly exceeded elements of heavy metal in the livestock were Cu, Zn. Heavy metals Pb, Cr, As followed, and Cd, Ni, Hg were not exceeded. The exceedance of these elements in pig manure and broile manure were the most serious for all kinds of animal manure, beef cattle manure and egg chicken manure followed, and the cow dung was not exceeded. The value of the exceeded rate of Cu, Zn for pig manure and broile manure were up to 100% and 91.67%, respectively. The mainly pollutants for broile were Cr, Cu, Zn, and the value of exceeded rate were 50%, 66.67%, and 50%, respectively, but the egg chicken manure only had Cu exceeded, exceeding the rate of 11.11%. Different livestock feed exceedances of heavy metals in pig feed and beef cattle feed werethe most serious, and broile feed and cow feed followed. According to the Ministry of Agriculture's 1224 announcement for the Cu, Zn standard, Cu and Zn in pig feed exceeded the rate of 66.67% and 80.00% respectively, and broile feed Zn exceeded 62.50%; According to the feed hygiene standards for Cr, Pb, heavy metals Cr and Pb in beef cattle exceeded 83.33% and 66.67%, Cr in cow feed exceeded 60%, Pb in egg chicken feed exceeded 53.85%, and Cd in different animal feeds were not exceeded. The content of heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn in animal manure showed a significant positive correlation with livestock feed (P<0.01), and the content of Pb in animal manure showed a significant correlation with livestock feed (P<0.05). The research helps to grasp the North China heavy metal pollution status in feed-animal manure, revealing the problem for heavy metals exceeded in manure and organic fertilizer which should be controlled from the source. This research to further reduce heavy metal pollution in the region and to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural production has an important significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, the freeze-thawing phenomenon occurs in the northeastern region, which happens in autumn, winter and early spring and can affect the structure as well as physical and chemical properties of the black soil. The concentrations and speciation of nutrition elements (nitrogen and phosphor) in black soil are also influenced by the freeze-thawing, which may have effects on the fertility of the soil or even result in eutrophication. In order to find out the change of nitrogen and phosphor concentrations and availability in black soil with various levels of fertilizers under freeze-thawing condition, a simulation freeze-thawing experiment was proposed in this paper. Various levels of inorganic nitrogen and phosphor fertilizers as well as organic fertilizer were applied in 10 maize plots based on the results of investigation on agricultural production in Heilongjiang Province and the specific circumstance of the present experiment. Then the black soil samples were collected from the 10 plots and put through simulative freeze-thawing cycles in the lab. After each cycle, the parameters of the soil samples were analyzed, including the soil properties (moisture contents, mass fraction of organic matters) and mass fractions of total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphor and available phosphor. It was shown that freeze-thawing process could increase the moisture contents of soil samples for all the 10 treatments (P<0.05). And under the freeze-thawing condition, the inorganic and organic fertilizers could improve the water holding capacity, resulting in higher moisture contents than the unfertilized soil (P<0.05). The mass fraction of organic matters in soil samples for all the 10 treatments significantly decreased after 5 freeze-thawing cycles, and the highest reduction rate after 5 cycles was obtained in the sample with only organic fertilizer (29.7%, P<0.05). For the samples with inorganic fertilizers, concentrations of total nitrogen decreased significantly after 5 freeze-thawing cycles (P<0.05), indicating that freeze-thawing process could result in the loss of total nitrogen in black soil. The reduction rate of total nitrogen concentration after 5 freeze-thawing cycles was positively related to the quantity of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (r=0.9899) when the level of inorganic phosphor fertilizer was constant. When organic fertilizer was applied, the total nitrogen concentrations in soil samples after 5 freeze-thawing cycles changed insignificantly, therefore the loss of total nitrogen could be inhibited. For all the samples except the one where inorganic nitrogen fertilizer level was the largest, concentrations of available nitrogen increased significantly after 5 freeze-thawing cycles (P<0.05), while the application of inorganic nitrogen and phosphor fertilizers could inhibit the increase of available nitrogen concentration. The increasing rate of available nitrogen concentration after 5 freeze-thawing cycles was negatively related to the quantity of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (r=-0.9675) when the level of inorganic phosphor fertilizer was constant. When the organic fertilizer was applied in the soil samples, the increasing rates of available nitrogen mass fraction were the highest among all the treatment (20.8% and 23.6%, P<0.05), indicating that application of organic fertilizer could improve the availability of nitrogen in black soil. The concentrations of total phosphor in samples for all the treatments changed insignificantly after the freeze-thawing cycles. For all the 10 treatments, the concentrations of available phosphor in soil samples increased after 5 freeze-thawing cycles (P<0.05). The application of either inorganic or organic fertilizer in the experiment could make the increasing rate higher, and the highest occurred when organic fertilizer were applied (23.4% and 27.1%, P<0.05), suggesting that the availability of phosphor in black soil could be higher when organic fertilizer was applied. In conclusion, during the agricultural practice of black soil in cold regions under freeze-thawing condition, the quantity of organic fertilizer applied should increase appropriately in order to inhibit the loss of total nitrogen, as well as to improve the availability of nitrogen and phosphor, so as to maintain the fertility of black soil and lower the risk of eutrophication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil respiration is mediated by microbial activities, temperature, humidity and other environmental factors in soil. The increase in use of microbial organic fertilizer and drip irrigation in greenhouse production could alter soil micro-environment, particularly the rhizosphere, thereby leading to a change in soil respiration. This paper investigated the response of soil respiration to different combinations of drip irrigation amounts and microbial organic fertilizer applications. We experimentally compared three irrigation amounts 15, 18 and 21 mm – associated with three microbial organic fertilizer applications 2800, 3600 and 4400 kg/hm². The treatment with inorganic fertilizer application served as the control. In each treatment, we measured soil respiration rate and accumulated carbon emission, as well as other determinants. The soil temperature and humidity were measured following the soil respiration measurement using the delta-T sensor (delta-T company, UK); soil organic matter was measured using the potassium dichromate sulfuric acid oxidation external heating method; the activity of dehydrogenase was determined using the TTC colorimetry method; the activity of urease was determined by the phenol sodium colorimetry method; the activity of catalase was determined by the KMnO4 volumetric method. We analyzed the responsive change in soil respiration to these determinants and root biomass. The results showed that, compared to the CK, drip irrigation and microbial organic fertilization improved soil organic matter and increased the activities of dehydrogenase, urease and catalase by 11.6%-27.6%, 8.0%-27.7% and 1.8%-11.2%, respectively; the increase in urease activities was at significant level (p<0.05). The soil respiration rate was positively correlated to the root biomass, temperature and organic matter content at significant level of p<0.01, and to the enzymatic activities at significant level of p<0.05. Among all treatments, irrigating 18 mm of water and applying 4400 kg/hm² of microbial organic fertilizer produced the highest root biomass, reaching 394 g/m² 120 days after the transplanting. Overall, combining drip irrigation and microbial organic fertilization increased root biomass by 25.9%-43.4%, compared to the CK. When irrigation amount was 15 and 18 mm, the carbon emission increased significantly (p<0.05) when the fertilizer application increased from 3600 kg/hm² to 4400 kg/hm². The cumulative carbon emission peaked at 415.2 g/m² when the irrigation amount was 18 mm and the microbial fertilization was 4400 kg/hm², significantly higher than that under other treatments (p<0.05). The lowest cumulative carbon emission was from the CK, being 255.3 g/m² only. In summary, this study showed that drip irrigation and microbial organic fertilization combined to impact soil carbon emission by changing organic matter content and root biomass in the soil. Our results have important implications for improving ecological cultivation in greenhouse production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Songnen plain is the main grain strategy reserve area of China, and it is also one of the three largest soda saline-alkali soil regions in the world. Soil salinization severely restricts the sustainable development of agriculture and the improvement of people's living standards. The land consolidation major projects officially launched in the west of Jilin Province in 2007 provides an effective way for comprehensive controlling salinity land. In the process of land consolidation, one of the most important problems need to be addressed was how to combine land consolidation with soil improvement to realize the purpose of increasing cultivated land areas and improving salinity soil. In order to study the Western Songnen Plain land consolidation effect on improving salinity soil, this paper took the land consolidation project in Zhenlai county of Jilin Province as study area, selected the original cultivated land, saline-alkali land and newly-added cultivated land as plots, adopted the methods of classical statistical analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to comparative study the differences of soil physical and chemical properties and soil ionic composition of different plots. And then we put forward related suggestions for land consolidation and improving salinity soil. The results showed that, in 0-20 and >20-40 cm soil layer, soil electrical conductivity of newly-added cultivated land was significantly decreased by 44.9% and 37.0% than saline-alkali land (P<0.05), but significantly higher than original cultivated land by 35.7% and 58.6%. The total actions and total anions of newly-added cultivated land were significantly lower than saline-alkali land (P<0.05). The exchange sodium percentage of saline-alkali land was around 38% and pH value was close to 10.0, that was classified to severe salinity soil. While the newly-added cultivated land soil exchange sodium percentage was 18.0% and 21.6%, and soil pH value was less than 9.0, that was classified to moderate salinity soil and close to the original cultivated land. Newly-added cultivated soil organic matter was higher than saline-alkali land by 33.4% and 61.3% significantly (P<0.05), but it was significantly lower than original cultivated 21.5% in 0-20 cm soil layer. Newly-added cultivated soil cation exchange capacity was increased by 16.7% and 25.1% than saline-alkali land (P>0.05), and it's slightly higher than original cultivated land. Canonical correspondence analysis results showed that soil physical and chemical properties and ionic composition had significant correlation with plot type distribution. Plot type changed from saline-alkali land to newly-added cultivated land was the process of soil salinization indices decreasing and fertility indices rising in the level of soil physical and chemical properties, and also the process of bicarbonate ion, carbonate ion and sodium ion content reduction in the level of soil ionic composition. Overall, the land consolidation project in Western Songnen Plain could improve salinity soil effectively, but the soil quality of newly-added cultivated land is still lower than the original cultivated land. Therefore, we suggest to improve salinity soil better through improvement of irrigation and drainage system, reasonable land leveling measure and scientific farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep fertilizing is a high efficiency fertilization method in rice fields. In order to realize deep fertilizing, according to the requirement of rice planting, a synchronous side deep fertilizing technique is developed on the base of a precision rice hill-drop drilling technique. By ditching, ridging, deep fertilizing, and seeding joint operations, the fertilizing ditch openers prescribe fertilizing ditches, and the fertilizer apparatus puts fertilizers into the fertilizing ditches which are between two seeding ditches, to provide fertility of the necessary growth for rice in the two seeding ditches. At the same time, the fertilizing ditches are covered by the skateboard. After covering, fertilizers can reduce the loss due to volatilization, denitrification, and leaching. And then the seeding ditch openers prescribe seeding ditches, and the seed-falling devices take rice into the seeding ditches, at the same time the water ditch openers prescribe water ditches, and the water in the water ditches will be provided for the rice in the seeding ditches. In order to explore the distribution of the depth of deep fertilizing and fertilizer in different soil layers, this paper investigated the special distribution of the rice root system in different planting patterns and rice varieties. The 80% rice root is in a 0-10 cm soil layer. Technical parameters for synchronous side deep fertilizing were studied based on the special distribution of the rice root system in that soil layer (0-10 cm). The optimum fertilization depth was identified as 10 cm. And according to the special distribution of the rice root in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers, fertilization distribution for the rice varieties of 'Peizataifeng' and 'Yuxiangyouzhan' in the 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm soil layers was researched. The field experiment results showed that the precision rice hill-drop drilling machine with synchronous side deep fertilizing developed in SCAU meets the requirements of the synchronous side deep fertilizing technique, which can be used as the implementation of a synchronous side deep fertilizing technique with precision rice hill-drop drilling. The field experiment results in rice production indicated that the technique can increase the yield and reduce the cost. Compared with the artificial fertilizing on the same fertilizing level, the higher effective panicle, grains per panicle, and seed setting rate were achieved with the synchronous side deep fertilizing technique. The rice yield increased by 418.5-957 kg/hm2 with an improvement of 5.86%-13.41%. The research results could provide the references for the design synchronous side deep fertilizing machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited cultivated land has become one of the major restrictions for China's social and economic development, and how to use it intensively is the focus of the Chinese government and research scholars. Based on emergy theory and methods, the cultivated land use intensity (I) was composed of production factors intensity (P) and multiples the multiple cropping index (M). On this basis, the paper analyzed the temporal and spatial change law of all the five production factor intensities, which are farm machinery, fertilizer, pesticide, agricultural film and labor, and the multiple cropping index in China from 1990 to 2011. The results showed: Firstly, during the past 22 years, the farm machinery intensity, fertilizer intensity, pesticide intensity, and agricultural film intensity were all in a linear growth trend, and their annual growth rates were 6.59%, 2.89%, 3.88% and 7.42% respectively; while the labor intensity was in a linear decreasing trend, and its decreasing rate was 5.10 percent. In 1996, the possession of industrial supplementary energy intensity, including farm machinery, fertilizer, pesticide, and agricultural film, in the total production factors intensity first exceeded 50 percent, which meant that China had entered the modern agriculture stage in the middle of 1990s. During the study period, multiple cropping index was also in a linear growth, and the annual growth rate is 0.79%; its total increasing rate was 0.1794 in the past 22 years, and was the major driving force of the increase of land use intensity. Secondly, in 1996, the provinces with high labor intensity and low development of modern agriculture were mainly located in the western part of China, and the typical characteristics of these provinces were that they were all rated with a relatively low level of social and economic development; While in the provinces with high development of economic levels and a good industrial foundation, the labor intensity was low and development of modern agriculture was high. From 1996 to 2008, most provinces in the western part of China and some of the coastal provinces in the eastern part of China, labor intensity decreased a lot; while in the provinces with high economic development and the provinces with more land and fewer persons, labor intensity decreased only a little. In the provinces with high economic development in the eastern coastal part of China and some major grain producing areas, industrial supplementary energy intensity increased a lot; In the provinces with high development of modern agriculture, industrial supplementary energy intensity increased only a little. Thirdly, from 1996 to 2008, in the major rice producing areas in southern part of China, the multiple cropping index decreased a lot, which was the major reason that contributed to the decreasing of their land use intensity; In most provinces in the northern part of China, the multiple cropping index increased a lot, which was the major reason that improved their land use intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warming climate has been a global concern. Methane is an important greenhouse gas. Double rice cropping system in Hunan province contributes a large proportion of the national rice production. In this study, we studied the effect of agricultural managements of rice on methane emissions from double cropping paddy fields in Hunan Province, China based on Meta-analysis method. Only studies designed as side-by-side paired field experiments were included in this study. Field management practices, treatments, and controls were described in detail in each study, and the location of the experiment was provided. If seasonal accumulative CH4 emission fluxes were not directly provided, these values were calculated by multiplying time and mean CH4 emissions by the measurement period. A total of 53 published peer-reviewed papers published before 2018were obtained by reference retrieval. From them, 840 groups of data were drawn. The management measures included crop rotation, symbiosis ecosystem, tillage, nitrogen fertilizer input, organic manure and residue retention. The control and treatment groups were fallow versus winter crops, paddy-rice system versus rice-duck and rice-fish systems, conventional versus no tillage, no fertilizer-N input versus fertilizer-N input, no manure input versus fertilizer-N and manure input, and fertilizer-N input versus residue retention. Natural log of response ratio was used as the effect size in the random effect meta-analysis. Results showed that CH4 emissions from both early and late rice accounted for 97.9% of annual CH4 emissions, and more CH4 emissions from late rice was observed than that for early rice. In the double rice cropping system, adding winter crops could significantly increase CH4 emissions from double rice season by 43.88% (P < 0.05) compared to winter fallow. Moreover, the increase in methane emissions from early rice was significantly higher than that from late rice. Symbiosis ecosystem of rice (i.e., with ducks or fishes) and adopting no-till significantly decreased CH4 emissions by 37.02% and 26.84% (P < 0.05), respectively. The decrease in the emission from early rice field was much higher than that from late rice field. As for yield-scaled emission, application of N fertilizer decreased yield-scaled CH4 emissions by 40.01% (P < 0.05) mainly due to the yields increased by 73.87% (P < 0.05). Additionally, organic fertilizer application and residue retention increased 68.11% and 71.80% (P < 0.05) of yield-scaled CH4 emissions without impacting the rice yield. The results suggested adopting symbiosis ecosystem rice production or no-till along with optimized N input is conducive to balancing rice yield and CH4 emissions from fields with double rice cropping system in Hunan province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of arable land quality is one of the important means to protect and manage arable land. In order to meet the needs of current arable land management work and protect the safety of national arable land resources, it is necessary to establish an arable land quality index system to evaluate the arable land quality. Based on the change of human demand for arable land resources, the components of arable land use system and the relationship between various components of arable land use system, this paper systematically expounded the theoretical framework of arable land quality evaluation，and the evaluation index system of arable land quality was established by the matching of different demand hierarchy characteristics of human and supply of arable land resources. The evaluation index system of arable land quality consisted of five dimensions: geology characteristics, soil traits, farming conditions, health status of arable land and biological characteristics of arable land. According to the different characteristics of each dimension of arable land quality, suitable evaluation methods were selected. The three dimensions of geology characteristics, soil traits and farming conditions were calculated by using the weighted additive. The health status of arable land is calculated by the “1+X” cumulative model; the biological characteristics of arable land were calculated by coefficients. Then, the quality of arable land for high yield and high efficiency demand was evaluated by the method of additive, and the quality of arable land for green health and sustainable development was evaluated by the method of revised. The quality of arable land in Daxing District of Beijing was evaluated by using multi-source and multi-scale data. The results showed that the evaluation results of arable land quality in Daxing District were divided into five grades at equal intervals of 20 points. The arable land quality index [80,100] was excellent, [60, 80) was good, [40, 60) was medium, [20, 40) was lower, and [0, 20) was poor. Under the conditions of high yield and high efficiency, the excellent area accounted for 88.27% of the total arable land, the good accounted for 11.73%. Under the condition of green health demand, the excellent accounted for 73.61% of the total arable land, and the good accounted for 26.39%. Under the conditions of sustainable development demand, the excellent accounted for 3.03% of the total arable land, and the good accounted for 52.30%, medium accounted for 40.39%, and lower accounted for 4.27%. From the perspective of space, the results of arable land quality evaluation of high yield, high efficiency, green health and sustainable development demand were all high in the east and low in the west. By comparing the results of arable land quality evaluation under different demand conditions, the area of arable land in excellent is decreasing, while the area of arable land in good, medium and lower is increasing. The health status of arable land and the biological characteristics of arable land have become important factors affecting the quality improvement of arable land. Research conclusions are that the evaluation index system of arable land quality based on sustainable development demand can provide effective support for the evaluation and management of arable land, and is more in line with the national quantity, quality and ecological management needs of arable land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is very important for the sustainable agriculture development and environmental protection to determine the environmental safety threshold of fertilizer in China. Models of fertilization environmental safety threshold were setup to study the spatio-temporal changes, reasonability of fertilization intensity and its environmental safety threshold. The results showed that: 1) the fertilizer application rate had been increasing since 1980 in China. The application rate in 2014 was as about 5 times as that in 1980, the fertilizer intensity in 2014 was as nearly 4 times as that in 1980, and the efficiency of fertilization decreased by 50% from 1980 to 2014. The proportion of N : P : K was from 1 : 0.3 : 0.05 in 1980 to 1 : 0.5 : 0.43 in 2014. Intensities of N, P and K fertilizer application rate started to exceed the environmental safety thresholds in 1988, 2000, 2009, respectively. The gaps had been increasing ever since; 2) in China, the areas with low intensity of fertilization included Qinghai, Xizang, Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, Jiangxi and Heilongjiang, mainly distributed in the west part of China. The areas with medium intensity of fertilization included Chongqing and some others. Hainan, Henan, Beijing and Tianjin belonged to those with very high intensity of fertilization. Xinjiang and some others belonged to the high intensity fertilization area. The high and very high intensity fertilization areas were located at North China Plain and south-east coastal areas; 3) There were 3 types of N fertilizer environmental safety threshold regions: low threshold area (≤125 kg/hm2), medium Nitrogen threshold region (125-165 kg/hm2), and high Nitrogen threshold region (>165 kg/hm2). More than 60% of the studied areas in China belonged to the medium environmental safety threshold area; Qinghai, Gansu, Shannxi, Shanxi, Yunnan and Guizhou belonged to the low threshold area; Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Jiangsu and Xinjiang belonged to the high threshold area. The distributions of fertilization environmental safety thresholds for P and K were same as Nitrogen threshold regions; 4) At average, the fertilization intensity in 2014 was as high as 1.2 times the environmental safety threshold, while the highest fertilization intensity in Shannxi was twice higher than its safety threshold. But there were still some provinces that had lower fertilization intensity than their fertilization environmental safety threshold, which had not met the need for fertilizers. Although N and P inputting were beyond their thresholds in many provinces, the deficient inputting of K was popular in most provinces. So each province should take different measures of fertilization to deal with the relationship between food production and environmental protection. The model of fertilization environmental safety threshold in this paper showed that the threshold of fertilization is affected by the local natural, economic and cropland management condition, which is related with local crops' production and environmental quality. It would play important roles in the eco-agricultural construction in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key problems for realizing precision agriculture include integrating heterogeneous and multi-source agricultural information, developing localization agricultural resources, and providing personalized and active information services for individual farmers. In this paper, we present an approach to precision farming in citrus production management by using semantic technology. In our work, the first step was to transfer the expert knowledge existing in technical reports and books into the citrus fertilization and irrigation ontology that could be understood and directly computed by computer systems. By developing the ontology based on the semantic technology such as the resource framework description triples graph, heterogeneous and multi-source information was integrated into computable localization resources. We described how knowledge in the form of texts, pictures, and tables were encoded into resource description framework triples respectively. In addition, we also discussed how to establish properties, which is a difficulty in ontology development. Our ontology development process was supported by a set of professional tools: TopBraid Composer, the world's most powerful modeling environment, and Gruff, a graphical triple-store browser. We created 31 properties in total and used another five standard properties from the Semantic Web standards. As our aim for building the ontology was to support the decision making for citrus production management, our citrus ontology was not just taxonomy for the citrus management knowledge compared to the existing agricultural ontologies. Then we developed a personalized decision support system for citrus fertilization and irrigation management, based on the ontology. Different from the existing agricultural information services, our system can actively provide personalized production management instructions for individual farmers via multiple terminal devices, including mobile phones and Web browsers. The demo application was implemented using JSP/Servlet. The citrus ontology was loaded into a high performance semantic database system: AllegroGraph 4.10. Applications accessed semantic data via the Java Sesame application programming interface. The real time data from orchards, such as soil sensor records, were stored in relational databases. The demo decision support system had three major functionalities: fertilization management, physiological disease control, and irrigation management. The fertilization management functionality helps farmers fertilize their citrus orchards in the four major lifecycles of citrus. The physiological disease control functionality helps farmers react to nutrient deficiency or excess. The irrigation management functionality provides a real time monitoring and instructions for orchards watering and drainage. We have conducted system validation for the three modules. By testing the fertilization module with 216 data, it generated correct outputs according to the 5 factors: age, lifecycle, soil type, terrain and yield. The physiological disease control module was validated by 100 data, which covered 12 nutrients excess and deficiency diseases. The results showed that the system could correctly detect diseases. The drainage and irrigation monitor module was tested using historical soil moisture data, and the results showed that the system could correctly alarm for abnormal conditions. Finally, the system performance was tested with 361 inputs. The average response time is within 0.23 s for Web browser application and 0.58 for mobile application. This research provides a feasible solution to the problems of precision agriculture. We have demonstrated how expert knowledge in different forms can be transformed into a computable localization resource -- semantic ontology. This kind of transformation solves the problem of integrating and modeling heterogeneous and multi-source agricultural data. In addition, the semantic ontology and triple-store have a good scalability that can be continuously extended during the interaction with farmers and experts. The developed demo system can provide active and personalized instructions for individual farmers to guide them in orchard management with expert knowledge. Our research puts forward a solution to intelligent agriculture. Although this research focused on Chongqing citrus farming, the presented results can be applied to other crops and regions in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of different combinations of irrigation and fertilizer on root growth, yield, quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency of drip fertigated greenhouse tomato. The multivariate regression analysis method was used to obtain the best combination of irrigation and fertilizer for maximum production of a single target. The spatial analysis method was further used to comprehensively evaluate the tomato yield, quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency to seek a high-yield, good-quality and low-water fertigation system for the closest acceptable production of multiple targets. The plot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse with two factors of irrigation and fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O). There were three irrigation levels (high irrigation: 100%ET0; medium irrigation: 75%ET0; low irrigation: 50%ET0, ET0 was reference crop evapotranspiration) and three fertilizer levels (high fertilizer: 240-120-150 kg/hm2; medium fertilizer: 180-90-112.5 kg/hm2; low fertilizer: 120-60-75 kg/hm2). The results showed that irrigation and fertilizer treatments significantly affected the tomato yield, quality, water use efficiency and partial factor productivity of fertilizer. Tomato yield was very significantly affected by irrigation and fertilizer interaction and which had positive correlations with irrigation and fertilizer amount. The high irrigation-high fertilizer treatment had a maximum yield of 97.1t/hm2. The water use efficiency increased but the partial factor productivity of fertilizer decreased with the decreasing irrigation water and increasing fertilizer amount, at the same time, the water use efficiency decreased but the partial factor productivity of fertilizer increased with the increasing irrigation water and decreasing fertilizer amount. The maximum water use efficiency of 47.7 kg/m3 and partial factor productivity of fertilizer of 305.5 kg/kg were recorded for the low irrigation-high fertilizer treatment and high irrigation-low fertilizer treatment, respectively, and the minimum water use efficiency of 27.8 kg/m3 and partial factor productivity of fertilizer of 152.6 kg/kg were recorded for the high irrigation-low fertilizer treatment and low irrigation-high fertilizer treatment, respectively. Vitamin C and lycopene content first increased and then decreased with increasing fertilizer amount (except for medium irrigation treatment). Soluble solids content had significant difference between high and low fertilizers. Organic acid and soluble sugar content of low fertilizer had significant difference with high and medium fertilizers. Sugar acid ratio had no significant difference between different fertilizer treatments. The root dry weight was very significantly influenced by irrigation and fertilization interaction, total root length and total root volume were significantly influenced by single factor of fertilizer and irrigation amount, the total root surface area was only significantly influenced by fertilizer amount. The root dry weight first increased and then decreased with increasing fertilizer amount under high and medium irrigation treatments, and which was significantly reduced with decreasing irrigation amount under medium fertilizer treatment. The root weight, length, surface area and volume had obvious linear positive correlations with tomato yield. Through the multivariate regression analysis and the spatial analysis methods, the results showed that the maximum water use efficiency was obtained with a combination of irrigation 159 mm and fertilizer 479.4 kg/hm2; the maximum lycopene and sugar acid ratio were obtained with irrigation 159 mm and fertilizer 404.4 and 382. 8 kg/hm2; the maximum yield was obtained with irrigation 279 mm and fertilizer 510 kg/hm2; the maximum partial factor productivity of fertilizer was obtained with irrigation 262 mm and fertilizer 225 kg/hm2. Acceptable yield and quality were (⩾85% of corresponding maximum values) were obtained within the range of irrigation water 210∼230 mm and fertilizer amount 385∼453 kg/hm2, while the acceptable yield, lycopene and water use efficiency (⩾85% of corresponding maximum values) were obtained within the range of irrigation water 198∼208 mm and fertilizer amount 442∼180 kg/hm2. The research provides a guidance basis for scientific management of water and fertilizer in greenhouse tomato production under the local drip fertigated condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water and fertilizer affect a range of physiological processes in the cotton crop and are key factors controlling cotton productivity and yield. Two-year experiments (2012 and 2013) were conducted to evaluate the effects of different fertigation regimes on cotton growth, yield, water use efficiency and partial factor productivity of fertilizers in Shihezi areas of Xinjiang. The fertilization treatment was based on different ratios of N - P2O5 -K2O and the irrigation treatment was based on the crop evapotranspiration (ETC). Five fertilizer treatments were designed including 60% (F0.6), 80 (F0.8), 100% (F1.0), 120% (F1.2) and 140% (F1.4) of recommended rates with N (250)-P2O5 (100) -K2O (50) kg/hm2, and three irrigation treatments included 60% ETC (W1), 80% ETC (W2) and 100% ETC (W3). Irrigation amount was decided by a 20-cm inner diameter evaporation pan. Evaporation pan-crop coefficient in seedling, budding period and flowering period, boll opening period were 0.2, 0.4, 0.7 and 0.25, respectively. During the experiment, plant height, leaf area index and dry mass accumulation, and yield components were measured. Harvest index (HI), water use efficiency (ratio between yield/irrigation amounts, WUE) and partial factor productivity of fertilizer (PFP) were calculated. The results showed that compared to W3F1.0, plant height, LAI, effective bolls number per plant, seed cotton yield and quality of dry matter and WUE of W1F0.6, W1F0.8, W1F1.0, W1F1.2 and W1F1.4 treatments have dropped significantly. Besides W2F0.6 in 2013, W2 and W3 irrigation level under various fertilizer treatments, plant height were between 60 and 71 and LAI were between 3.4 and 4.2. The effective bolls number per plant of W3F1.0, W3F1.2 and W3F1.4 treatments were above 6.8 per plant. Cotton effective bolls number per plant was more sensitive than the 100-boll weight. In 2012 and 2013, the irrigation amount ranged from 291 to 445 mm and from 267 to 392 mm, cotton ET ranged from 277 to 419 mm and from 316 to 438 mm, WUE ranged from 1.27 to 1.65 kg/m3 and from 1.27 to 1.52 kg/m3 in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The highest seed cotton yield was obtained in the combination treatments of W3F1.2 and W3F1.0 with the value of 5 896 and 5 888 kg/hm2 in 2012 and 2013, respectively. W2F1.0 combination treatment had the highest WUE. PFP decreased with the increase of fertilization rate but increased with the increased irrigation amount and W3F0.6 combination treatment had the highest PFP. Considering the water shortage condition in the northern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the treatment of 80% ETC combined with 250-100-50 kg/hm2 (N-P2O5-K2O) was suggested to be optimal for cotton production since the treatment could save 63 to 77 mm irrigation amount while keeping 95% seed cotton yields compared with the treatment of 100% ETC combined with 250-100-50 kg/hm2 (N-P2O5-K2O). The saved water accounted for more than half amount of the averaged precipitation in this area. The study can provide valuable information for improving management of cotton crop in North of Xinjiang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]