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Objectives: In conditional automation for automated vehicles (AVs), drivers are tasked with remaining vigilant and ready to assume control should the system encounter a malfunction. However, little to no information is provided to the driver either about the AV's intended maneuvers or the AV's awareness of potential threats in the surrounding environment. To address this research gap, the present study proposes 2 human-machine interaction (HMI) concepts: Firstly, the shared intended pathway (SIP), which presents a forecast of the AV's intended maneuvers and, secondly, object recognition bounding boxes (ORBBs), which place transparent blue squares around other road users likely to contribute to a crash., Methods: An online experiment with both within- and between-group factors tested 2 HMI designs: One with both SIP and ORBB and one with SIP only. Six videos were presented sequentially, each depicting 10 to 15 s of automated driving, to 394 participants ( M age  = 28.24 years, 64% male) in Australia. Participants monitored the AV in each of the videos, which were presented in 1 of 3 randomized conditions: no HMI display, SIP only, or SIP + ORBB. Questions after each video measured trust, situational awareness, stress, and user acceptance, as measured by the technology acceptance model (TAM) about user acceptance., Results: Results suggest that SIP is beneficial in conditional automation monitoring, in terms of reduced stress, increased perceived usefulness, and future intentions to use AVs. Further, ORBB presence increased participant ratings of perceived usefulness and intentions to use AVs compared to no ORBB. The findings also provided support for the TAM, because perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness were found to be significant positive predictors of future intentions to use AVs., Conclusions: The current study provides some evidence to suggest that SIP may be beneficial in automated driving. However, further on-road testing of HMI displays for AVs that include SIP and ORBBs are needed to enhance the user experience and acceptability of AVs and to provide more ecological validity.

Objective: This study examined whether reward and punishment sensitivities, as conceptualized by Gray and McNaughton's revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST), influenced young female drivers' attention toward a series of positive and negative antispeeding advertisement images. Young females' increasing crash risk is associated with their engagement in risky behaviors, which, in turn, has been associated with a stronger behavioral approach system (BAS; sensitive to rewards). It was predicted that individuals with a stronger BAS would elicit larger N100 and N200 mean amplitudes (reflecting greater attention) toward the positive images. Similar associations were predicted in relation to the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS; sensitive to punishments) for negative images., Method: Twenty-four female drivers (17-25 years; final N = 16) completed Corr-Cooper's RST-Personality Questionnaire, prior to undergoing an event-related potential computerized visual task (i.e., oddball paradigm) that included positive, negative, and neutral images as targets against checkerboard image distractors., Results: Contrary to expectations, individuals with a stronger BAS (Reward Reactivity and Impulsivity) demonstrated significantly larger N200 mean amplitudes at the Cz electrode site on presentation of the negative images than those with a weaker BAS. No other significant RST effects were found., Conclusions: These findings provide some preliminary objective support for the use of negative emotion-based road safety advertisements for young females. Further, this study provides support for using psychophysiological measures to enhance understanding of traffic injury persuasion.

Objective: Self-report measures are typically used to assess the effectiveness of road safety advertisements. However, psychophysiological measures of persuasive processing (i.e., skin conductance response [SCR]) and objective driving measures of persuasive outcomes (i.e., in-vehicle Global Positioning System [GPS] devices) may provide further insights into the effectiveness of these advertisements. This study aimed to explore the persuasive processing and outcomes of 2 anti-speeding advertisements by incorporating both self-report and objective measures of speeding behavior. In addition, this study aimed to compare the findings derived from these different measurement approaches., Methods: Young drivers (N = 20, M age = 21.01 years) viewed either a positive or negative emotion-based anti-speeding television advertisement. While viewing the advertisement, SCR activity was measured to assess ad-evoked arousal responses. The RoadScout GPS device was then installed in participants' vehicles for 1 week to measure on-road speed-related driving behavior. Self-report measures assessed persuasive processing (emotional and arousal responses) and actual driving behavior., Results: There was general correspondence between the self-report measures of arousal and the SCR and between the self-report measure of actual driving behavior and the objective driving data (as assessed via the GPS devices)., Conclusions: This study provides insights into how psychophysiological and GPS devices could be used as objective measures in conjunction with self-report measures to further understand the persuasive processes and outcomes of emotion-based anti-speeding advertisements.