1. Surface reactivity, cytotoxic, and morphological transforming effects of diatomaceous Earth products in Syrian hamster embryo cells
- Author
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Mara Ghiazza, Zoé Elias, Ildiko Matekovits, C. Coulais, Bice Fubini, Ivana Fenoglio, Christian Darne, O. Poirot, Marie–Céleste Danière, and F. Terzetti
- Subjects
Hot Temperature ,Silicon dioxide ,Cell Survival ,Surface Properties ,Radical ,Mitosis ,QUARTZ HAZARD ,Toxicology ,TOXICITY ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cricetinae ,INDUCED DNA-DAMAGE ,Organic chemistry ,PARTICLES ,Animals ,Formate ,Reactivity (chemistry) ,Particle Size ,Hydrogen peroxide ,Cells, Cultured ,FREE-RADICAL GENERATION ,Cell Proliferation ,Mesocricetus ,Hydroxyl Radical ,CARCINOGENESIS ,IN-VITRO ,Quartz ,Carbon Dioxide ,Ascorbic acid ,CRYSTALLINE SILICA ,DIVISION ABERRATIONS ,DUSTS ,Silicon Dioxide ,Cristobalite ,Diatomaceous Earth ,Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ,chemistry ,Hydroxyl radical ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of thermal treatments on the surface reactivity and carcinogenic potential of diatomaceous earth (DE) products, the physicochemical features of some specimens--derived by heating the same original material--were compared with their cytotoxic and transforming potency. The samples were an untreated DE (amorphous) progressively heated in the laboratory at 900 degrees C (DE 900) and 1200 degrees C (DE 1200) and a commercial product manufactured from the same DE (Chd) from which the finer fraction (10-microm diameter) was separated (Chd-F). Quartz (Min-U-Sil 5) and a vitreous silica (amorphous) smoothed up with hydrofluoric acid and were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. All samples were analyzed for their degree of crystallization, for their ability to release free radicals and reactive oxygen species, and for their cytotoxic and transforming potencies in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. X-ray diffractometry showed that DE 900, like DE, was still amorphous, whereas DE 1200 as well as the commercial product (Chd) were partially crystallized into cristobalite. The ability of the dust to release hydroxyl (*OH) radicals in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, as revealed by the spin-trapping technique, was as follows: Chd-F, DE 1200ChdDE 900DE, suggesting that on heating, the surface acquires a higher potential for free radical release. Most of the silica samples generated COO* radicals from the formate ion, following homolytic rupture of the carbon-hydrogen bond, in the presence of ascorbic acid. A concentration-dependent decrease in cell proliferation and colony-forming efficiency was observed in SHE cultures treated with Chd-F, Chd, and DE. Heating abolished DE cytotoxicity but conferred a transforming ability to thermal treated particles. DE was the only sample that did not induce morphological transformation of cells. According to their transformation capacity, the samples were classified as follows: Chd-FChd, DE 1200DE 900DE. Taken together, the reported results suggest that (1) the transforming potential of a biogenic amorphous silica is related to the thermal treatment that transforms the original structure in cristobalite and generates surface active sites; (2) the reactivity of samples in releasing *OH radicals correlates to their transforming ability; (3) the finer fraction of the commercial product is significantly more toxic and transforming than the coarse dust; and (4) opposite to silica dusts of mineral origin, which loose both cytotoxicity and transforming ability upon heating, heated diatomite acquires a cell-transforming potency. DE products should be thus considered a set apart of silica-based potentially toxic materials.
- Published
- 2006